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Demography and Census MCQs
1. What is demography primarily the study of?
a) Economic systems
b) Human populations
c) Cultural practices
d) Political boundaries
2. A census is typically conducted how often in most countries?
a) Annually
b) Every 5 years
c) Every 10 years
d) Every 20 years
3. Which demographic rate measures annual births per 1,000 people?
a) Death rate
b) Fertility rate
c) Birth rate
d) Migration rate
4. The "crude death rate" refers to:
a) Deaths from violence per 1,000 people
b) Total deaths per 1,000 people per year
c) Infant deaths per 1,000 live births
d) Deaths of elderly people per year
5. What does TFR stand for in demography?
a) Total Fertility Ratio
b) Total Family Rate
c) Total Fertility Rate
d) Temporary Fertility Ratio
6. Which stage of the Demographic Transition Theory features high birth
and death rates?
a) Stage 1
b) Stage 2
c) Stage 3
d) Stage 4
7. Net migration is calculated as:
a) Immigrants + Emigrants
b) Immigrants - Emigrants
c) Emigrants - Immigrants
d) (Immigrants + Emigrants) / 2
8. A population pyramid with a wide base and narrow top typically
indicates:
a) Aging population
b) Population decline
c) High youth dependency
d) Low birth rates
9. Which organization conducts the decennial census in India?
a) NITI Aayog
b) Registrar General of India
c) Ministry of Health
d) Reserve Bank of India
10. The first modern population census was conducted in:
a) France
b) United States
c) Sweden
d) England
11. What is the dependency ratio?
a) Children per working adult
b) (Children + Elderly) / Working-age population × 100
c) Elderly per 100 workers
d) Immigrants per native-born
12. Which measure indicates the average number of children a woman would
bear in her lifetime?
a) Birth rate
b) Replacement fertility
c) Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
d) Gross Reproduction Rate
13. Replacement-level fertility is approximately:
a) 1.0 children per woman
b) 2.1 children per woman
c) 3.5 children per woman
d) 4.0 children per woman
14. The "infant mortality rate" measures:
a) Deaths under age 5 per 1,000 live births
b) Deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births
c) Maternal deaths per 10,000 births
d) Stillbirths per 1,000 pregnancies
15. Which of these is a "push factor" for migration?
a) Job opportunities abroad
b) High wages in another country
c) Political persecution
d) Quality education elsewhere
16. Demographic dividend refers to:
a) Aging population burden
b) Economic growth from a large working-age population
c) High child dependency ratio
d) Declining population
17. Which census was the first to use digital data processing?
a) 1950 U.S. Census
b) 1960 U.S. Census
c) 1970 U.S. Census
d) 1980 U.S. Census
18. Urbanization is defined as:
a) Decline in rural populations
b) Increase in the proportion of people living in cities
c) Growth of agricultural areas
d) Migration to coastal regions
19. Thomas Malthus is best known for his theory about:
a) Demographic transition
b) Population growth vs. food supply
c) Migration pull factors
d) Fertility decline
20. The sex ratio is calculated as:
a) Males per 100 females
b) Females per 100 males
c) (Males + Females) / 2
d) Males per 1,000 population
21. Which country has the world’s largest population?
a) India
b) China
c) United States
d) Indonesia
22. A "de jure" census counts people based on:
a) Where they are found on census day
b) Their permanent residence
c) Citizenship status
d) Employment location
23. The Demographic Transition Theory was developed primarily for:
a) Asian societies
b) Industrialized European societies
c) African tribes
d) Pre-colonial Americas
24. Life expectancy at birth refers to:
a) Average age of death in a population
b) Number of years a newborn is expected to live
c) Maximum lifespan in a population
d) Age when 50% of a cohort has died
25. Zero population growth occurs when:
a) Birth rate = Death rate
b) Birth rate = Migration rate
c) Death rate = Infant mortality rate
d) TFR = 1.0
26. Which continent has the highest fertility rates?
a) Europe
b) Asia
c) Africa
d) North America
27. The "crude rate of natural increase" is:
a) Birth rate - Death rate
b) Birth rate + Migration rate
c) Death rate - Birth rate
d) (Birth rate + Death rate) / 2
28. In demography, "cohort" refers to:
a) A geographic region
b) A group sharing a common demographic experience
c) A statistical error
d) A type of census
29. Which is NOT a source of demographic data?
a) Census
b) Vital registration
c) Stock market reports
d) Surveys
30. The "population doubling time" depends on:
a) Birth rate alone
b) Death rate alone
c) Growth rate
d) Migration rate
31. Which country conducts a quinquennial census?
a) India
b) Australia
c) Japan
d) Canada
32. The U.S. census is mandated by:
a) The President
b) The Supreme Court
c) The Constitution
d) Congress
33. "Replacement migration" addresses issues related to:
a) Refugee crises
b) Population aging and decline
c) Urban overcrowding
d) Child labor
34. Which age group defines the "working-age population"?
a) 0-14 years
b) 15-64 years
c) 65+ years
d) 20-60 years
35. "Carrying capacity" refers to:
a) Maximum population an environment can sustain
b) Birth rate limits
c) Migration quotas
d) Urban housing limits
36. The 2020 U.S. census introduced a major change by:
a) Eliminating race questions
b) Allowing online responses
c) Including non-citizens in apportionment
d) Ending door-to-door visits
37. Which is a "vital event" in demography?
a) Marriage
b) Graduation
c) Employment
d) Voting
38. The "proximate determinants of fertility" framework was developed by:
a) Thomas Malthus
b) Warren Thompson
c) John Bongaarts
d) Alfred Sauvy
39. Population momentum occurs because:
a) Migration increases
b) Large cohorts enter reproductive age
c) Death rates rise
d) Governments encourage births
40. Which country uses a rolling census model?
a) Canada
b) France
c) China
d) Nigeria
41. "Density of population" is measured as:
a) People per household
b) People per square kilometer
c) Births per capita
d) Urban vs. rural ratio
42. Which index measures gender imbalance at birth?
a) Gini coefficient
b) Sex ratio
c) Maternal mortality ratio
d) Human Development Index
43. The "old-age dependency ratio" includes people aged:
a) 0-14 years
b) 15-64 years
c) 65+ years
d) 60+ years
44. Which is NOT a limitation of census data?
a) Cost
b) Regularity
c) Undercoverage
d) Respondent errors
45. Demographers use "cohort analysis" to study:
a) Geographic distribution
b) Lifetime patterns of groups
c) Economic policies
d) Climate impact
46. The "baby boom" refers to a surge in births after:
a) World War I
b) World War II
c) The Great Depression
d) The Cold War
47. In which stage of demographic transition does population growth peak?
a) Stage 1
b) Stage 2
c) Stage 3
d) Stage 4
48. Which country has a population policy promoting childbearing?
a) India
b) China
c) Japan
d) Nigeria
49. "Internal migration" refers to movement:
a) Between countries
b) Within a country
c) Forced by conflict
d) To urban areas only
50. The UN publishes global population projections every:
a) Year
b) 2 years
c) 5 years
d) 10 years
51. "Demographic window" occurs when:
a) Death rates exceed birth rates
b) Dependency ratio is low
c) Population declines
d) Urbanization peaks
52. Which census question helps measure education?
a) Income level
b) Literacy status
c) Employment sector
d) Housing type
53. The "Gini coefficient" measures:
a) Population density
b) Income inequality
c) Fertility rates
d) Migration flows
54. "Refugees" are migrants who:
a) Seek economic opportunity
b) Flee persecution or conflict
c) Move seasonally
d) Relocate for education
55. A "de facto" census counts people where?
a) At their permanent home
b) Where they are on census night
c) Based on citizenship
d) By ancestry
56. Which region has the lowest fertility rates?
a) Sub-Saharan Africa
b) South Asia
c) Europe
d) Latin America
57. The "maternal mortality ratio" is measured per:
a) 100,000 live births
b) 1,000 women
c) 10,000 pregnancies
d) 100,000 population
58. India’s census is conducted under the:
a) Census of India Act, 1948
b) Population Control Act
c) National Statistical Office
d) Ministry of Health
59. "Chain migration" involves:
a) Government-sponsored relocation
b) Movement through kinship networks
c) Refugee resettlement
d) Temporary labor migration
60. Which is a "pull factor" for rural-to-urban migration?
a) Poverty
b) Job opportunities
c) Natural disasters
d) War
61. The "demographic balancing equation" is:
a) Population = Births - Deaths
b) P2 = P1 + Births - Deaths + Immigrants - Emigrants
c) Growth rate = (Births + Migration) / Population
d) P2 = P1 × (1 + r)^n
62. "Population register" systems are common in:
a) Scandinavia
b) Sub-Saharan Africa
c) South America
d) Southeast Asia
63. The "pre-reproductive" age group is:
a) 0-14 years
b) 15-49 years
c) 20-34 years
d) Under 5 years
64. Which country’s census includes caste data?
a) China
b) United States
c) India
d) Brazil
65. "Ecumene" refers to:
a) Uninhabited areas
b) Permanently inhabited land
c) Urban slums
d) Protected forests
66. The "total mid-year population" is used to calculate:
a) Birth rates
b) GDP per capita
c) Migration quotas
d) Housing density
67. "Step migration" involves:
a) Movement in stages
b) Direct relocation
c) Forced displacement
d) Seasonal work
68. Which factor does NOT affect fertility?
a) Education levels
b) Access to contraception
c) Inflation rates
d) Cultural norms
69. "Population explosion" is associated with:
a) Stage 1 of demographic transition
b) Stage 2 of demographic transition
c) Stage 3 of demographic transition
d) Stage 4 of demographic transition
70. The UNFPA supports:
a) Military alliances
b) Population and reproductive health programs
c) Climate treaties
d) Trade agreements
71. Which census was the first to record data electronically?
a) 1790 U.S. Census
b) 1851 UK Census
c) 1890 U.S. Census
d) 1950 India Census
72. "Youth bulge" refers to a high proportion of:
a) Elderly
b) Working-age adults
c) Children and youth
d) Women
73. The "demographic gift" is another term for:
a) Population decline
b) Demographic dividend
c) Aging population
d) Migration surplus
74. Which measure is used for population projections?
a) Arithmetic growth
b) Exponential growth
c) Logistic growth
d) All of the above
75. "Census metadata" includes:
a) Raw population counts
b) Definitions and methodologies
c) Respondent names
d) Political boundaries
76. The "One-Child Policy" was implemented in:
a) India
b) China
c) Japan
d) Iran
77. Which is NOT a type of migration?
a) Step migration
b) Chain migration
c) Circular migration
d) Static migration
78. "Population stabilization" occurs when:
a) Birth rate = Death rate
b) Migration = 0
c) TFR = 1.0
d) Growth rate = 0
79. The "demographic equation" includes all EXCEPT:
a) Births
b) Deaths
c) Income
d) Migration
80. "Overpopulation" is defined as:
a) High density
b) Exceeding carrying capacity
c) Rapid growth
d) Low resource use
81. Which census question identifies disabilities?
a) Employment status
b) Education level
c) Health conditions
d) Housing type
82. The "lottery method" is used in:
a) Census sampling
b) Population projections
c) Migration selection
d) Fertility treatments
83. "Demographic fatigue" affects countries with:
a) Low growth
b) Aging populations
c) Very high growth and limited resources
d) High emigration
84. Which country has a "population register"?
a) Sweden
b) India
c) Nigeria
d) Brazil
85. "Population ecology" studies:
a) Human-environment interactions
b) Voting patterns
c) Urban planning
d) Genetic diversity
86. The "median age" of a population indicates:
a) Average age
b) Age dividing population into two equal groups
c) Most common age
d) Life expectancy
87. "Census tracts" are small geographic units used in:
a) Europe
b) United States
c) India
d) China
88. Which is a "non-probability sampling" method?
a) Simple random sampling
b) Quota sampling
c) Systematic sampling
d) Stratified sampling
89. "Cohort-component method" is used for:
a) Fertility analysis
b) Population projections
c) Mortality tables
d) Migration estimates
90. The "Domesday Book" was an early census in:
a) France
b) England
c) China
d) Egypt
91. "Population implosion" refers to:
a) Rapid growth
b) Sudden decline
c) Urban explosion
d) Refugee influx
92. Which is NOT a goal of population policies?
a) Reduce fertility
b) Increase immigration
c) Control inflation
d) Manage aging
93. "Demographic entrapment" occurs when:
a) Population exceeds resources with no migration escape
b) Fertility rates drop suddenly
c) Urban areas shrink
d) Dependency ratio falls
94. The "J-curve" describes:
a) Exponential population growth
b) Mortality decline
c) Migration waves
d) Aging trends
95. "Ethnic enclaves" result from:
a) Chain migration
b) Government policies
c) Low fertility
d) Census errors
96. Which census introduced "multiple race" options in the U.S.?
a) 1990
b) 2000
c) 2010
d) 2020
97. "Population geography" focuses on:
a) Spatial distribution of people
b) Genetic diversity
c) Historical birth records
d) Economic models
98. The "Bongaarts model" decomposes fertility into:
a) 4 proximate determinants
b) 7 demographic variables
c) 3 migration factors
d) 5 mortality causes
99. "Census undercount" disproportionately affects:
a) Wealthy households
b) Urban populations
c) Minorities and homeless
d) Rural farmers
100. The world population reached 8 billion in:
a) 2010
b) 2015
c) 2020
d) 2023
Answers
1. b
2. c
3. c
4. b
5. c
6. a
7. b
8. c
9. b
10. c
11. b
12. c
13. b
14. b
15. c
16. b
17. b
18. b
19. b
20. a
21. b (as of 2023; India is projected to surpass China)
22. b
23. b
24. b
25. a
26. c
27. a
28. b
29. c
30. c
31. b
32. c
33. b
34. b
35. a
36. b
37. a
38. c
39. b
40. b
41. b
42. b
43. c
44. b
45. b
46. b
47. b
48. c
49. b
50. b
51. b
52. b
53. b
54. b
55. b
56. c
57. a
58. a
59. b
60. b
61. b
62. a
63. a
64. c
65. b
66. a
67. a
68. c
69. b
70. b
71. c
72. c
73. b
74. d
75. b
76. b
77. d
78. d
79. c
80. b
81. c
82. a
83. c
84. a
85. a
86. b
87. b
88. b
89. b
90. b
91. b
92. c
93. a
94. a
95. a
96. b
97. a
98. a
99. c
100. d
Dear Expert Sir
For Any Kind of Study Material ⬇️ ⬇️ ⬇️
JKSSB SSC KAS IAS RRB SBI JKBANK ⬇️ ⬇️ ⬇️
WhatsApp:- 7006796375
Dear Expert Sir Provides The Best Study Material You Have Never Seen In Your
Life
Important Note
• Subscribe Our YouTube channel
Dear Expert Sir 👇 👇 👇
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