Secondary 4 Mathematics: Matrices
1. Definition of a Matrix
• A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns
1 3
• Example !5 7 ' is a matrix with 3 rows and 2 columns.
9 11
- We can say the matrix above has an order of 3 by 2 and is known as a 3 × 2 matrix.
• In general, a m × n matrix has m rows and n columns. The numbers inside a matrix are
called the elements of the matrix.
2. Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓 𝑎±𝑒 𝑏±𝑓
) .±0 5=0 5
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ 𝑐±𝑔 𝑑±ℎ
Example
1 3 11 3 1 + 11 3+3
!5 7 ' + ! 5 6'=!5+5 7+6 '
9 11 4 12 9 + 4 11 + 12
12 6
= !10 13'
13 23
3. Equal Matrices
• Two matrices are equal if they have the same order and have the same corresponding
elements.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓
If A = ) ., B = 0 5 and A = B, then ) .=0 5
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ 𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ
∴ 𝑎 = 𝑒, 𝑏 = 𝑓, 𝑐 = 𝑔, 𝑑 = ℎ
1
4. Multiplication of a Matrix by a Real Number
• When a matrix is multiplied by a real number k, the product will be the matrix with
each of its elements multiplied by k.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑏
𝑘) .=) .
𝑐 𝑑 𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑑
Example
2 4 6 2×3 4×3 6×3
3) .=) .
1 5 9 1×3 5×3 9×3
6 12 18
=) .
3 15 27
5. Multiplication of Two Matrices
• For matrix multiplication of two two matrices A and B, the product AB is only possible
when the number of columns of A = number of rows of B
• The multiplication of its matrices is not commutative, i.e. AB ≠ BA
• The multiplication of matrices is associative, i.e. A(BC) = AB(C)
2
Matrices (Worksheet 1)
1 2 2 2 2 4
1. Given that 𝑷 = ) .,𝑸=) . and 𝑹 = ) ., find
3 4 6 4 6 8
(a) 𝑷 + 𝑹
Answer: (a) ________________
(b) 𝑹 − 𝑸
Answer: (b) ________________
(c) 2𝑹 − 𝑷
Answer: (c) ________________
3
10 5 𝑥 1 15 𝑦
2. Given that 𝑷 = ) .,𝑸=) . and 𝑹 = ) ., find the values of x and
3 −2 0 −1 3 −1
y such that 𝑷 − 𝑸 = 𝑹.
Answer: x = ________________
y = ________________
1 𝑥 0 5 2 2
3. Given that 𝑷 = ) .,𝑸=0 5 and 𝑹 = ) ., find the values of x and y and the
5 0 𝑦 1 6 4
scalar k such that 𝑷 + 2𝑸 = 𝑘𝑹.
Answer: x = ________________
y = ________________
k = ________________
4
−3 −1 −1
4. Given that 𝑨 = ) . , 𝑩 = ) . and 𝑪 = (5 −1), find
1 0 2
(a) AB, (b) BC, (c) 𝑨!
Answer: (a) ________________
(b) ________________
(c) ________________
5
𝑎
3 −2 0 9 6
5. It is given that ) . M N = ) .. Find the value of a and of b.
1 0 2 𝑏 −7
Answer: a = ________________
b = ________________
2 3 16
6. If h and k are constants such that ℎ ) . + 𝑘 ) . = ) ., find the values of h and k.
8 4 48
Answer: h = ________________
k = ________________
6
1
1 −3
7. It is given that 𝑨 = (1 0 1) , 𝑩 = !−28' , 𝑪 = ) . and AB = 2D. Find
5 0
2
(a) D (b) C2
Answer: (a) D = ________________
(b) C2 = ________________
7
2 𝑧 𝑦 4 1 3
8. Given that ) .=) .) . , find the values of x, y and z.
5 𝑥 5 −2 0 2
Answer: x = ________________
y = ________________
z = ________________
8
9. A drink stall sells ice-lemon tea and barley drink, each available in small, regular and large
cups. The number of cups of drinks sold over a 10-minute period is given in the table below.
Size of cup Small Regular Large
Ice-lemon tea 4 8 2
Barley 1 5 0
Price per cup $1.30 $1.50 $1.80
1.3
4 8 2
It is given that M = ) . and 𝑵 = !1.5'.
1 5 0
1.8
(a) (i) Find MN.
(ii) Explain what your answer (a)(i) represents.
Answer: (a)(i) MN = ________________
(a)(ii) ___________________________________________________________________
(b) (i) Given that 𝑷 = (1 1), find PM.
(ii) Explain what your answer (b)(i) represents.
Answer: (b)(i) PM = ________________
(b)(ii) ___________________________________________________________________
9
10. A toy factory makes toy cars and toy trains. The following table is used in calculating the
cost of making each toy.
Labour (hours) Metal Cast (pieces) Paint (tins)
Car 2 3 2
Trains 3 P 1
Labour costs $8 per hour, metal cast costs $1 per piece and paint costs $q per tin. The
information can be summarized in the matrices A and B, where
8
2 3 2
A=0 5 and 𝑩 = !1'.
3 𝑝 1
𝑞
29
(a) Given that AB = ) ., find the value of p and of q.
35
Answer: (a) p = ________________
q = ________________
29
(b) Evaluate (200 150) ) ..
35
Answer: (b) ________________
(c) Explain what your answer to (b) represents.
Answer : (c) ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10
Matrices (Worksheet 2)
1. In store A, paint costs $23.20 per litre, detergent costs $4.50 per litre and alcohol costs
$9.80 per litre. In store B, paint costs $19.70 per litre, detergent costs $5.50 per litre and
alcohol costs $9.20 per litre.
This information can be represented by the matrix Q =
(a) John buys 8 litres of paint, 6 litres of detergent and 5 litres of alcohol.
Paul buys 7 litres of paint, 5 litres of detergent and 10 litres of alcohol.
Represent their purchase in a 2 × 3 matrix P.
Answer: (a) P = ________________
(b) Evaluate the matrix 𝐑 = 𝐏𝐐.
Answer: (b) R = ________________
11
(c) How much money would Paul save by shopping in store B?
Answer: (c) Savings = $________________
(d) John shops in store A.
He has a shopping voucher that gives a discount of 20%.
How much does he pay in total for his items?
Answer: (d) $________________
2 −3 4 3
2. Find the matrix A such that 4A + ) .=) ..
−2 4 6 8
Answer: A = ________________
12
3 −4 1 0 −2 −1
3. Given that 𝐃 = ) .,𝐄=) . and 𝐅 = ) .,
0 2 0 1 1 4
evaluate 2𝐃 + 𝐄 − 3𝐅.
Answer: ________________
4. Two cafes sell coffee from different countries. The sale and price of the coffee at the two
cafés are shown in the table below.
Ethopia ($8) Myanmar ($6) Columbia ($7)
Café A 18 9 10
Café B 15 7 24
(a) Represent the information above by a 2 × 3 matrix C.
Answer: (a) C = ________________
1
(b) Evaluate the matrix S = C !1' .
1
Answer: (b) S = ________________
13
(c) Explain what the elements of S represent.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(d) Represent the price of the coffee using matrix P.
Answer: (d) P = ________________
(e) Using matrix C and P, find the total sales T by each café. .
Answer: (e) T = ________________
5. A prata shop operates for 7 days a week.
The matrix M represents the number of pratas of different types that are sold each day.
(a) Evaluate P = 7M.
Answer: (a) P = ________________
14
(b) Plain prata costs $0.50 each to make.
Egg prata costs $0.75 each to make.
Milo prata costs $1.20 each to make.
Chocolate prata costs $1.20 each to make.
Represent these amounts in a 4 × 1 column matrix N.
Answer: (b) N = ________________
(c) Evaluate the matrix T = PN.
Answer: (c) T = ________________
(d) State what each of the elements of T represents.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
15
6. A Thai restaurant sells 3 different types of dinner sets. Each dinner set contains packets of
4 different types of food items: fried rice, stir fried vegetables, sambal tofu and mango
sticky rice.
Matrix T shows the breakdown of the number of packets of each type of food item within
the 3 different sets.
(a) On average, the restaurant sells 5 set A, 3 set B and 6 set C per day.
Represent this as a 3 × 1 matrix R.
Answer: (a) R = ________________
(b) Evaluate the matrix N = 7R.
Answer: (b) N = ________________
(c) Evaluate M = TN.
Answer: (c) M = ________________
16
(d) State what each of the element(s) of M represent.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(e) (i) If the restaurant sells Set A at $24, set B at $43 and set C at $70, calculate the total
sales from the dinner sets.
Answer: (e)(i) Total sales = $ ________________
(ii) Instead of buying dinner sets where the combination of food items is fixed, the food
items can also be bought individually (this is known as á la carte).
For á la carte purchase, a packet of rice costs $4, mixed vegetable $6.50, sambal
tofu $5 and mango sticky rice $5. In order to boost business, the restaurany also
extends a discount of 10% for all á la carte purchases.
Calculate the percentage loss in sales when the restaurant sells dinner sets instead
of á la carte.
Answer: (e)(ii) % loss = ________________
17
7. Three brands of tennis shoes, Ace, Niks, Wils, are sold at two stores, Joe Sporting House
and Mikasa Sports.
The following table shows the price of each brand at the two stores.
Price of one pair of shoes ($)
Joe Sporting House Mikasa Sports
Ace 159 175
Niks 230 215
Wils 205 223
(a) Represent the information in the above table by a 3 × 2 matrix A.
Answer: (a) A = ________________
A tennis club manager plans to order 8, 25 and 12 pairs of brands Ace, Niks and Wils
respectively. She can enjoy free delivery of the shoes if she orders from the same store.
(b) Write down a 3 × 1 matrix P to represent the orders.
Answer: (b) P = ________________
(c) Evaluate the matrix C, where C = PA.
Answer: (c) C = ________________
18
(d) Explain what the elements in C represent.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(e) Both stores Joe Sporting House and Mikasa Sports are offering a discount of 10% and
15% respectively.
(i) Write down a 2 × 2 matrix Q such that the matrix multiplication AQ give the
discounted price of each brand of shoes from each store.
Answer: (e)(i) Q = ________________
(ii) Hence, using matrix multiplication, determine which store the manager should
buy the tennis shoes from.
Answer: (e)(ii) She should buy from ________________________________
19
Name : _________________________
Date: _________________________
Matrices (Worksheet 3)
1. A satay shop offers two types of combo sets.
Combo Set X includes 20 sticks of chicken (C), 10 sticks of mutton (M) and 10 sticks of
beef (B).
Combo Set Y includes 25 sticks of chicken (C), 15 sticks of mutton (M) and no beef (B).
(a) Represent the information in the above table by a 2 × 3 matrix P.
Answer: (a) P = ________________
(b) The cost of a stick of satay is 90 cents for chicken, $1.20 for mutton and $x for beef.
Write down a 3 × 1 matrix T to represent this information.
Answer: (b) T = ________________
(c) Find, in terms of x, matrix Q, where Q = PT.
Answer: (c) Q = ________________
20
(d) Explain what the elements in Q represent.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(f) The total cost is the same for both Set X and Y. Calculate x.
Answer: (f) x = ________________
2. A factory supplies coffee beans to shop A, B and C.
The matrix, P, shows the number of bags of 5 kg, 10 kg and 15 kg sold to shop A, B and C.
The factory delivers the coffee beans to shop A, B and C three times yearly.
(a) Evaluate the matrix S = 3P.
Answer: (a) S = ________________
(b) The cost of 5 kg, 10 kg and 15 kg bags are $9.50, $12.60 and $23 respectively.
Represent the prices of the coffee beans in a 2 × 3 matrix Q.
Answer: (b) Q = ________________
21
(c) Evaluate the matrix T = SQ.
Answer: (c) T = ________________
(d) State what each of the elements in T represents.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. The following table shows the number of property transactions of an agent from Januaray
to March 2019.
Type of property Sale Transaction Rental Transaction
HDB Flats 6 8
Private Condominium 4 2
Landed Houses 3 1
6 8
1
The information above is represented by the matrix P = !4 2' and Q = )1..
3 1
(a) Evaluate W = PQ and explain the significance of the elements in W.
Answer: (a) W = ________________
Signifcance of the elements in W : _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
22
The commission received and the government tax charged under each type of transaction
is shown in the table below:
HDB Flats Private Condominium Landed Houses
Commission $3000 $7000 $11000
Government Tax $800 $1800 $2500
(b) Represent the above information with R and evaluate S = RW.
Explain the significance of the elements in S.
Answer: (b) S = ________________
Signifcance of the elements in R : _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
23
(c) Write down another matrix T such that the product TS gives the amount of money
earned by the agent after dedecuting the government tax from January to March 2019.
Hence, find the amount of money earned by the agent.
Answer: (c) T = ________________
Amount of money earned = $ ________________
24
4. A business owner operates two beauty salons at two different locations.
The table below shows the number of staff in these 2 salons.
Facial theapist Hair stylist Nail technicain
Glow@Clementi 7 3 5
Glow@Tampines 6 4 2
The staff monthly salary is made up of a basic wage component and fringe benefits.
The table below shows the basic wage and fringe benefits of the staff.
Basic Wage ($) Fringe benefits ($)
Facial theapist 2500 200
Hair stylist 3500 300
Nail technicain 2000 80
2500 200
7 3 5
It is given that the matrix P = )6 4 2. and the matrix Q = !3500 300'.
2000 80
(a) Evaluate the matrix R = PQ,
Answer: (b) R = ________________
(b) State what each of the elements of R represents.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
25
(c) The fringe benefits for each staff increased by 10. Using the matrix R found in part (a)
and another matrix, find the new total monthly salary paid to all the staff at each salon
respectively.
Answer: (c) Glow@Clementi = $ ________________
Glow@Tampines = $ ________________
5. A fitness centre offers daily zumba classes for morning and afternoon classes.
On every weekday morning, 15 males and 10 females will attend the zumba class, while
20 males and 15 females attend the afternoon zumba class.
This information may be represented by the matrix D below.
On each weekend, 30 males and 20 females will attend the morning class, while 25 males
and 25 females will attend the afternoon class.
(a) Represent the number of people attending the fitness class on each weekend by a 2 × 3
matrix E.
Answer: (a) E = ________________
26
(b) Evaluate the matrix S = 5D + 2E.
Answer: (b) S = ________________
(c) The fitness center charges each person $10 for a morning session and $15 for an
afternoon session. Represent the charges by a row matrix P.
Answer: (c) S = ________________
(d) Evaluate the matrix T= PS.
Answer: (d) T = ________________
(e) State what the elements of T represent.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
27
6. The number of copies of Chinese and English copies of a tittle were sold in two outlets of
a bookstore in a particular month as shown in the following table.
Chinese English
Hougang outlet 35 46
Bishan outlet 43 70
The average production costs of a Chinese copy and an English copy of the title are $15
and $10 respectively.
35 46 15
(a) The information above can be represented by the matrices N = )43 70. and C =)10.
(i) Find the matrix NC.
Answer: (a) NC = ________________
(ii) State what does the elements of NC represent.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
(b) Given that the selling prices of Chinese and English copies are $p and $q respectively
at the two outlets, write down a 2 × 1 matrix, S, to represent this information. Hence,
find the matrix NS in terms of p and q.
Answer: (c) S = ________________ NS = ________________
28
(c) The total earnings in the Hougang and Bishan outlets from selling all the copies of the
title are $1905 and $2745 respectively. Using your answers from (a)(i) and (b), solve
for the values of p and q.
Answer: (c) p = ________________ , q = ________________
29
7. The following table shows the number of letters, cards and parcels sent by Kim and Mary.
Letters Cards Parcels
Kim 4 10 2
Mary 5 5 3
(a) The information for the number of letters, cards and parcels sent by Kim and Mary can
be presented by a 2 × 3 matrix, N. Write down the matrix N.
Answer: (a) N = ________________
(b) Postage is charged at $0.30 for a letter, $0.50 for a card and $6 for a parcel. Write down
a a 3 × 1 matrix C to represent each type of postage charge.
Answer: (b) C = ________________
(c) (i) Given P = NC, evaluate P.
Answer: (c)(i) P = ________________
(ii) State what does the elements of P represent.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
30
(d) If the postage is increased by 20% for a letter, 10% for a postcard and 5% for a parcel,
(i) formulate and write down a 3 × 3 matrix, R, such that the matrix RC will give
the revised cost for each type of postage charge.
Answer: (c)(i) R = ________________
(ii) calculate the total amount that Kim and Mary need to pay to send out the letters,
cards, parcels witth the revised postage charges.
Answer: (c)(ii) $ ________________
31
8. The table below shows the amount of flour, sugar and number of eggs needed for each type
of pastry sold in a café.
Flour (g) Sugar (g) Number of eggs
Cookie 90 50 1.5
Cake 220 200 8
Pancake 60 80 2
90 50 1.5
The above information is represented by a matrix D = !220 200 8 '.
60 80 2
(a) Each kg of flour and sugar costs $1.50 and $1.80 respectively. A dozen of eggs costs
$2.70. Complete the cost in $ for every gram of flour and sugar as well as the cost in $
for each egg in the table below:
Flour ($/g) Sugar ($/g) Number of eggs ($/egg)
(b) Write down a a a 3 × 1 matrix E such that its elements represent the unit cost of each
ingredient needed for the various pastries.
Answer: (b) E = ________________
(c) Calculate DE.
Answer: (c) DE = ________________
32
(d) State what the elements of DE represent.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(e) The café prepared 70 cookies, 30 cakes and 120 pancakes on a particular day. Using
matrix multiplication, calculate the total cost of the basic ingredients for all the pastries
prepared on this day.
Answer: (e) $ ________________
33