UNIT – 1

Chapter1
Introduction to Internet of Things

1.1 Introduction

Internet of Things (IoT) comprises things that have unique identities and are
connected to theinternet.
• Existing devises , such as networked computers or 4G enabled mobile
phones already have some form of unique identities and are also
connected to the internet, the focus on IoT in the configuration, control
and networking via the internet of devices or things , thatare traditionally
not associated with the Internet. These include devices such as
thermostats, utility meters, a blue tooth- connected headset, irrigation
pumps and sensor or control circuits for an electric car’s engine
• Experts forecast that by the year 2020 there will be a total of 50 billion
devices/ things connected to the internet.

• The scope of IoT is not limited to just connected things(Devices, appliance,

machines) tothe Internet.
• Applications on IoT networks extract and create information from lower
level data by filtering, processing , categorizing, condensing and
contextualizing the data.
• The information obtained is then organized and structured to infer
knowledge about the system and or its user, its environment and its
operations and progress towards its objectives, allowing a smarter
performance.

Definition and characteristics of IoT:

Definition

A dynamic global network infrastructure with self – configuring based on

standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and
virtual “things” have identified, physical attributes, and virtual
personalities and use intelligent interfaces, often communicate data
associated with users and their environment

1
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

Characteristics
• Dynamic and self-Adapting:
IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt
with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating
[Link]: Surveillance cameras can adapt their modes based on
whether it is day or night.
• Self – Configuring:
IoT devices may have self-Configuring capability allowing a large number
of devices to work together to provide certain functionality .
• Interoperable communication protocols:
IoT Devices may support a number of interoperable communication
protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with the
infrastructure.
• Unique Identity:
Each IoT devices has a unique identity and a unique [Link],
URI).IoT systems may have intelligent interfaces which adapt based on the
context, allow communication with users and the environment contexts.
• Integrated into information network:
IoT devices are usually integrated into the information network that
allows them to communicate and exchange data with other devices and
systems.

1.2 Physical Design of IoT

1.2.1 Things of IoT

The “Things” in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities
and can perform remote sensing, Actuating and monitoring capabilities. IoT
devices can exchange data with other connected devices and applications
(directly or indirectly), or collect datafrom other devices and process the data
locally or send the data to Centralized servers or cloud based applications back
ends for processing the data or from some task locally and other task within
the IoT infrastructure, based on temporal and space constraints (ie : Memory,
processing calibrators, communication latencies and speed and deadlines).

An IoT device may consist of several interfaces connections to other devices, both
wired and wireless. These include I)IoT interfaces for sensors
II) interfaces for internet connectivity III) memory and storage interfaces IV) audio
video interfaces. An IoT Devicecan collect various types of data from the the
onboard or attached sensors, such as temperature e , humidity, light intensity.
IoT devices can also be varied types, for instance, wearable sensors, smart
2
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

watches, LED light automobiles and industrial machines. Almost all I would
advise generate data in Some form or the other which when processed by Data
Analytics systems leads to Usefulinformation to guide further actions locally or
remotely.
1.2.2 IoT Protocol

Link Layer:
Link Layer protocols determine how the data is physically sent over the networks
physicallayer or medium(example copper wire, electrical cable, or radio wave).
The Scope of The Link Layer is the Last Local Network connections to which host
is attached. Host on the same link exchange data packets over the link layer using
the link layer protocol. Link layer determines how the packets are coded and
signaled by the hardware device over themedium to which the host is attached.

802.3 Ethernet:

802.3 is a collections of wired Ethernet standards for the link layer. For
example 802.3 10BASE5 Ethernet that uses coaxial cable as a shared medium,
802.3.i is standard for 10 BASET Ethernet over copper twisted pair connection,
Standards provide data rates from10 Mb/s to 40 gigabits per second and the
higher. The shared medium in Ethernet can be a coaxial cable , twisted pair wire
or and Optical fiber. Shared medium carries the communication for all the
devices on the network.

802.1- WI-FI:

IEEE 802.3 is a collections of wireless Local area network.(WLAN)

communication standards, including extensive descriptions of the link layer.
For example 802.11a operate in the 5 GHz band, 802.11b and 802.11g operate
in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11ac operates in the 5G hertz band.

802.16 wiMAX:

IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wirless broadband and Standards, including

extensive descriptions for the link layer also called WiMAX wimax standard
provides a data rates from from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s the recent update provides data
rates of hundred megabits per second for mobile station.

802.15.4 LR-WPAN:

3
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

IEEE 802.1 5.4 is a collections of standard for low rate wireless personal area
network(LR-WPAN).These standard form the basis of specifications for high
level communication Zigbee. LR-WPAN standards provide data rates from 40 k
b/ s. These standards provide low cost and low speed Communications for
power constrained devices.

2G / 3G / 4G mobile communications:

These are the different generations of mobile communication standards

including second generation (2G including GSM and CDMA). 3rd Generation
(3G including UMTS and CDMA2000) and 4th generation 4G including LTE.

Network / internet layer :

The network layer are responsible for sending of IP datagrams from the source
network to the destination network. This layer Performs the host addressing and
packet routing. The datagrams contains a source and destination address which
are used to route them from the source to the destination across multiple
networks. Host Identification is done using the hierarchy IP addressing schemes
such as ipv4 or IPv6.

IPV4: Internet protocol versions for open parents close (IPV4) is there most
deployed internet protocol that is used to identify the device is on a network
usinga hierarchy latest schemes. It uses 32 bit addresses scheme that allows
total of 2 32 address. As more and more devices got connected to the internet. The
Ipv4 hassucceeded by IPv6.

IPv6: It is the newest versions of internet protocol and successor to IPv4. IPv6
uses 128 bit address schemes that are lost total of 2 128 are 3.4* 10 38 address.

6LoWPAN:
IPv6 over low power wireless personal area networks brings IP protocol to the low
power device which have limited processing capability it operate in the 2.4 GHz
frequency range and provide the data transfer rate off to 50 kb/s.

Transport layer :
The Transport layer protocols provides end-to-end message transfer capability
independent of the underlying network. The message transfer

4
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

capability can be set up on connections, either using handshake or without

handshake acknowledgements. Provides functions such as error control ,
segmentation, flow control and congestion control.

• TCP: Transmission control protocol is the most widely used to transport

layer protocol that is used by the web browsers along with HTTP , HTTPS
application layer protocols email program (SMTP application layer protocol)
and file transfer protocol. TCP is a connection Oriented and stateful protocol
while IP protocol deals with sending packets, TCP ensures reliable
transmissions of packets in order. TCP also provide error deductioncapability
so that duplicate packets can be discarded and low packets are retransmitted
.The flow control capability ensures that the rate at which the sender since the data
is nowto too to high for the receiver to process.
UDP: unlike TCP, which requires carrying out an initial setup procedure, UDP
is a connection less protocol. UDP is useful for time sensitive application they
have very smalldata units to exchange and do not want the overhead of
connection setup. UDP is a transactions oriented and stateless protocol. UDP
does not provide guaranteed delivery, ordering of messages and duplicate
eliminations.

Application layer :
Application layer protocol define how the application interfaces with the lower
layer protocols to send the data over the network. Data are typically in files, is
encoded by the application layer protocol and encapsulated in the transport
layer protocol .Application layer protocol enable process-to- process connection
using ports.

Http: Hypertext transfer protocol is the application layer protocol that forms the
foundations of world wide web http includes,
,commands such as GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, HEAD, TRACE, OPTIONS etc. The
protocol follows a request-response model where are client sends request to
server using the http, commands. Http is a stateless protocol and each http
request is independent father request and http client can be a browser or an
application running on the client example and application running on an
IoT device
,mobile mobile applications or other software.

CoAP: Constrained application protocol is an application layer protocol for

machine to machine application M2M meant for constrained environment with
constrained devices and constrained networks. Like http CoAP is a web
transfer protocol and uses a

5
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

request- response model, however it runs on the top of the UDP instead of TC
CoAP uses a client –server architecture where client communicate with server
using connectionless [Link] is designed to easily interface with http like
http,CoAP supports method such as GET, PUT, DELETE .

Websocket:Websocket protocol allows full duplex communication over a single

socket connections for sending message between client and server. Websocket is
based on TCP and Allows streams of messages to be sent back and forth between
the client and server while keeping the TCP connection open. The client can be a
browser, a mobile application and IoT device

MQTT :Message Queue Telemetry Transport it is a lightweight message protocol

based on public -subscribe model MQTT uses a client server Architecture by the
clients such as an IoT device connect to the server also called the MQTT broker
and publishers message to topic on the server. The broker forward the message
to

6
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

the clients subscribed to topic MQTT is well suited for constrained and
environments.

XMPP: Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol it is a protocol for real-time

communication and streaming XML data between network entities XMPP
powers wide range of applications including messaging, presence, data
syndication, gaming multiparty chat and voice / voice calls. XMPP Allows
sending small chunks of XML data from one network entity to another in real
time. XMPP supports both client to server and server –client communication
path.

DDS: Data distribution service is the date centric middleware standard for
device- to-device machine to machine communication DDS uses a publish
subscribe modelwhere publisher example device that generate data create
topics to which subscribers per can subscribe publisher is an object responsible
for data distributions and the subscriber responsible for receiving published
data. DDS provide quality of service (QoS) control and configurable reliability

AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing protocols. it is an open application layer

protocol for business messaging. AMQP support point to point and publish -
subscribe model routing and queuing. AMQP broker receive message from
publishers example devices or applications that generate data and about them
overconnections to consumers publishers publish the message to exchange which
then distribute message copies to queues.

1.3 Logical design of IoT

Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of
the entities andprocess without going into low level specification of the
implementations .

1.3.1 IoT functional block

An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide
the system thecapabilities for identification , sensing, actuation
,communication and Management.
The function blocks are described as follows
Devices: An IoT system comprises of the devices that provide sensing,
actuation,monitoring and control function

Communication: communication block handle the communication

systems

7
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

Services : An IoT system uses various types of IoT services such as services
for device monitoring ,device control services ,data publishing services
and services for device Discovery.

Management: Functional blocks provide various functions to govern the

IoT system

Security: Security functional block security IoT system and by providing

functions such as application authorization message and content integrity
and data security.

Application: IoT application provides and interface that the user can used to
control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Application also allow
users to view the systemstatus and view or analyze the processed to data.

1.3.2 IoT communication model

• Request response: Request-response is a Communications model in which
the client sends request to the server and the server responds to the
requests. when the server receives a request it decides how to respond, if
it shows the data retrieved resources definitions for the response , and
then send the response to the client. Access to response model is a
stateless communication model and each request response per is
independent of others the crime and server interactions in the request
response model.

• Publish - Subscribe: Respect is a communication model that involve

Publishers brokers and consumers. Publishers are the source of data.
Publishers send the data to the topics which is managed by the broker.
Publishers are not aware of the consumer. Consumers Subscribe to the
topic which are managed by the broker. When the broker receives the data
for a topic from the publisher, it send the data to all the subscribed
consumers.

• Push pull: Push pull is communication model in which the data producers
push the data toqueues and the consumers pull the data from the queues.
Producers do not need to be aware of the consumer. Queues help in
decoupling the messaging between the Producers and Consumers . It also
act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch

8
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

between the rate at which the produces push data and the rate at which
the consumers fullthe data

• Exclusive pair: Exclusive pair is a bi directional, fully duplex

communication model that uses a persistent connections between the
client and the server. once the condition is setupit remains open until the
client sends a request to close the connection. client and server can send
messages to each other after connection setup. Exclusive pair is a stateful
Communications model and the server is aware of all the open
connections.

1.3.3 IoT communication

APIs REST- based
communication API:
Representational state transfer is a set of architectural principles by which
you can designweb service and Web API that focus on a system resources and
how resources states and addressed the transferred. REST API follow the
request- response communication model.
The REST architectural constraints apply to the components, connectors,
and data elements .
• Client server:
The principle behind the client-server conference separations of concerns for
example client should not be concerned with the storage of data which is
their concern of the [Link] the server should not be concerned
about the user interface which is a concern of the client. separation allows
client and server to be independently deployed and updated.

• Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the
information necessary to understand the request , and cannot take
advantage of any stored context on the server .

• Catchable: Catch constrain requires that the data within the response to a
request be implicitly or explicitly labeled as catchable or non-catchable.
Then a client cache is giventhe right to reuse that response data for later,
equivalent requests. completely eliminate some attractions and improve
efficiency and scalability.
• Layered system:
System constraint come off constraints, constrains the behavior of
components such that each component cannot see beyond the immediate
layer with which they are interacting. Example client cannot tell whether
it is connected directly to the end server or to an intermediary along the way
system scalability can be improved allowing intermediaries torespond
9
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

to request instead of tender server.

• Uniform interface:
Uniform interface constraints requires that the method of communication
between clientand server must be uniform. Resources are identified in the
request and separate from the representation of the resource that are
returned to the client. When climbing holds a representation of your resource
it has all the information required to update or delete the resource

• Code on demand : Service can provide executable code script for clients to
execute in theircontext.

WebSocket based communication API:

WebSocket API allow bi directional, full duplex communication between

client and server. Unlike request-response API allow full duplex
communication and do not require new connection to be set up for each
message to be sent. Websocket communication begins with connection
setup request send by the client to the server. The request is sent over http
and the server interprets it as an upgrade request. If the server support
protocol response to the website handshake response after the connection
setup the client and the server cansend data or messages to each other in
full duplex model. WebSocket API reduce network traffic and latency as
there is no overhead for connection setup and determination records to
each message.

1.4 IoT enabling Technologies

It is enabled by several Technologies including wireless sensor networks,
cloud computingbig Data Analytics, embedded system, security protocols
and architectures, communication protocols, web service, mobile internet
and semantic search engine .

1.4.1 wireless sensor network

Wireless sensor network ( wsn) comprise of distributed devices with the

sensor which are used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions.
A WSN consists of a numberof end nodes and routers and a coordinator. End
nodes have several sensors attached to them. End node can also act as a
routers. Routers are responsible for routing the data

10
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

packet from end nodes to the coordinator. The coordinator node collect
the data from all the notes coordinator also act as a Gateway that connects
the WSN to the internet. IoT systems are described as follows
• Weather monitoring system using WSN in which the nodes collect
temperature, humidityand other data which is aggregated and analyzed .
• Indoor air quality monitoring system using WSN to collect data on the
indoor air qualityand connections of various gases.
• Soil moisture monitoring system using WSN to monitor soil moisture at
various location.
• Surveillance systems use WSN for collecting surveillance data(motion
detection data)
• Smart grid use wireless sensor network for monitoring the grid at various
point.
• Structural health monitoring systems use WSN to monitor the health of
structure bywriting vibration data from sensor nodes deployed at
various points in the structure.

1.4.2 Cloud computing:

Cloud Computing is a transformative computing paradigm that involves

delivering applications and services over the internet. Cloud Computing
involves provisioning of computing networking and storage resources on
demand and providing these resources asmetered services to the users, in
a “ pay as you go” model. cloud Computing resources can be provisioned
on demand by the user without requiring interactions with the Cloud
Service Provider. The process of provisioning resources used automatic
Cloud Computing resources can be accessed then it worked using
standard access mechanism that provide platform-independent access
through the use of heterogeneous client platforms such as workstations
laptops tablets and Smartphones the computing and storage resources
provided by Cloud Service Provider our food to serve multiple user using
multi [Link]-tenant aspects on the multiple users to be served by
the same physical hardware .
Cloud Computing services are offered to user in different forms

11
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

Infrastructure as a service(IAAS) :
IaaS provides the user the ability provision computing and storage
resources. These resources are provided to the users as virtual machine
instances and virtual storage. Userscan start, stop configure and manage
the virtual machines instance on the virtual storage using can deploy
operating systems and applications on their choice on the actual resources
provisions in the cloud . Cloud Service Provider manages the underlying
infrastructure.

Platform as a service(PaaS) :
platform as a service provides the user the ability to develop and deploy
application in the cloud using the deployment tool application
programming interfaces API, software libraries and services provided by
the Cloud Service Provider. The Cloud Service Provider manages the
underlying cloud infrastructure including servers, network, operating
systemsand storage .

Software as a service(SaaS) :
Provide the user a complete software applications of the user interface to
the application itself . The Cloud Service Provider manage the underlying
cloud infrastructure including server, network storage and application
software, and the user is unaware of the underlying architecture of the
cloud. Applications are provided to the user through a thin client interface
example Browser application. SaaS applications are accessed from various
clientsmartphones running different operating system.

1.4.3 Big Data Analytics

Big data is defined as collections of data set whose volume, velocity in
terms of its temporal variations )or variety, is so large that it is difficult to
store, manage, process and analyze the data using traditional database
and data processing tools. Big Data Analytics involving several steps
starting from Data cleaning data munging data processing and
visualization.
Some examples of big data generated by IoT systems are described as follows
1. Sensor data generated by IoT system such as weather monitoring
stations
2. Machine sensor data collected from sensor embedded in Industrial and
energy systemfor monitoring their files and protecting failure
3. Health and fitness data generated by IoT devices such as wearable
fitness band.
4. Data generated by IoT system for Location tracking of vehicle.
5. Data generated by retail inventory monitoring system.

12
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

Characteristics of data include:

Volume: Through there is no fixed threshold for volume of data to be

considered as big data, however the term big data is used for massive scale
data that is difficult to store, manage and process using traditional data
bases and data processing architecture. The
volume of data generated by modern IT, industrial and Healthcare systems
for example isa growing exponentially driven by the lowering cost of data
storage and processing architectures and the need to extract valuable
insights from the data to improve business processes, efficiency and services
to consumer.

Velocity: Velocity is another important characteristics of big data and the

primary reasonsfor exponential growth of data velocity of the data of a store
how fast the data is generated and how frequently it varies. Modern IT
Industrial and other systems are generating data at increasing the highest
speeds.

Variety: Variety refers to the forms of the data. Big data comes in for
different forms such as structured or unstructured data including text
data, audio, video and sensor data .

1.4.1 Communications protocol:

Communications protocols form the backbone of IoT system and enable

network connectivity and coupling to applications. Communications
protocols allow device to exchange data over the network. These protocols
define the data exchange formats and data encoding schemes for devices
and routing of packets from source to destination. Other function of the
protocol include sequence control flow control and transmissions of Lost
packet.

1.4.5 Embedded systems

An Embedded system is computer system that has computer hardware

and software embedded perform specific task. In contrast to general purpose
computers or personal computers which can perform various types of tasks,
embedded systems are designed to perform a specific set of tasks.
Embedded system include Microprocessor and Microcontroller
13
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

memory Ram ROM cache networking units (Ethernet WI-FI adaptor)

input/output unit display keyboard , display and storage such as Flash
Memory some embedded system have specialist processes such as digital
signal processor DSP graphic processor and application.
1.5 IoT levels and Deployment Templates
In this section we define various levels of IoT systems with increasing
completely. IoT system comprises of the following components:
1. Device : An IoT device allow identification, remote sensing, actuating and
remote monitoring capabilities.
2. Resources : Resources are software components on the device for
accessing and storing information for controlling actuator connected to
the device also include software components that enable network access
for the device .
3. ontroller service: Controller Service is a native service that runs on the device
and interact with the web services. Controller service sends data from the
device to the web service receive command from the application from
controlling the device.
4. Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data
generated by theIoT device.
5. Web service: Serve as a link between the device, application database and
analysis components. Web Services can be implemented using HTTP and
REST principles or usingwebsite protocol.
A comparison of restaurant website is provided below:

Stateless/stateful: Rest services stateless in nature. Each request contain

all the informationneeded to process it. Request are independent of each
other. Website on the other hand is stateful in nature where the server
maintains the state and is aware of all the open connections.

Directional / Bi- directional: REST service operate over http and

unidirectional. Request is always sent by a client and the server response
to the request. And other hand website is a bi directional product server
to send message to each other

Request response / full duplex: REST service follower request response

Communications model where the client sends request and the server
response to the request. Website and the other hand Allow full-duplex
Communications between the client and server, it meansboth client and
server can send messages to can independently.

TCP connections: For REST Service each http request involves setting up
in a new TCP connections Websocket on the other hand involves a single
TCP connection over which the client and server communicate in a full
14
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

duplex mode.

Headache Overhead: REST service operate over http , and each request is
independent ofothers . Thus each request carries http header which is an
overhead. Due to the overhead of http headers, REST is not suitable for
real time applications left hand does not involveoverhead of headers. After
the initial handshake the client and server exchange messages with
minimal frame information.

Scalability: Scalability is easier in this case of the REST services of request

are independent And no state information needs to be maintained by the
server. Thus both horizontal out and vertical scaling solutions are possible
for REST services. For webSockets horizontal scaling can be cumbersome
due to stateful nature of the communication. Since the server maintains
the state of our connection, vertical scaling is easier for Websocket than
horizontal scaling.

Analysis component: The analysis component is responsible for analyzing the

IoT data and generate results in the form which are easy for the user to
understand. Analysis of IoT
data can be performed either locally or in the cloud. Analyzed results are
stored in the localor cloud database.

Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the user can use to
control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also
allow user to view the systemstatus and view the processed data.

1.5.1 IoT level 1:

Level One IoT system has a single node / device that performs sensing
and/or actuation, stores data, reforms analysis and the host to the
application. Level 1 IoT systems are suitable for modeling low cost and low
complexity solutions where the data involving is not big and the analysis
requirements are not computationally intensive.
Let us now consider done example of Level 1 IoT system for home
automation. This system consists of the single node that allows controlling
the lights and appliances inyour home remotely . The device used in this
system interface with their lights and appliances using electronic relay
switches.

The status information of each light or appliance is maintained in a local

database. RESTservice deployed locally Allow retrieving and updating the
state of the each light or appliances in the status database.
15
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

The controller service continuously monitor the state of each light or

appliance and triggers the relay switches accordingly. The applications
which is deployed locally has a user interface for controlling the lights or
appliances. since the device is connected to the internet, the application
can be accessed remotely as well.

1.5.2 IoT level 2:

Level 2 IoT system has a single node that performs sensing and/or
actuation and local analysis. Data is stored in the cloud and application is
usually cloud based systems are suitable for solutions where the data in
world is big, however the primary analysis requirement is not
computationally intensive and can be done local itself.
Construct an example of Level 2 IoT system for smart irrigation.
The system consists of the single node that monitor the soil moisture level
and control segregation system. The device used in this system collect soil
moisture data from sensorthe controller service continuously monitor the
moisture level. If the monster level drops below a threshold t , the
irrigation system is turned on. For controlling the irrigation system
actuators such as solenoid valve can be used.. Rest Web Services is used
for storing and retrieving data which is stored in the cloud database. A
cloud based application is used for visualizing the moisture level over a
period of time, which can help in making decisions about irrigation
schedules.
1.5.3 IoT Level 3:

Level 3 system has a single node . Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud
application is cloud-based. Level 3 IoT system suitable for solutions where
the data involved is big and analysis requirements computationally
intensive.
Let us considered example of Level 3 IoT system tracking package
handling. The systemconsists of a single node that monitors the vibration
level for package being shipped.

The device in the system uses accelerometer and gyroscope sensor for
monitoring vibration levels. The controller service send sensor data to the
cloud in real time using a website service. The data is stored in the cloud and
also visualized using a cloud based application.

The analysis component in the cloud can Trigger alert the vibration level
become greater than threshold. The benefit of using websocket service
instead of the REST service this example the sensor data can be sent in
16
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

real-time to the cloud. Cloud based application cansubscribe to the sensor

data feeds for you in the real-time data.

1.5.4 IoT level 4

A level 4 IoT system has multiple notes that perform local analysis. Data
is stored in the cloud and application is cloud based, level 4 contains local
and cloud based observer notes which can subscribe to and receive
information collected in the cloud from IoT devices. Observer node can
process information and use it for various applications, however observer
notes do not perform any control function. level 4 IoT systems are suitable
for solutions where multiple nodes are required the data involved is big
and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.

let us consider an example of level four IoT system for noise monitoring. The
system consists of multiple notes placed in different locations for monitoring
noise level in an area. In this example with sound sensor. Nodes are
independent of each other each node runs in one controller service that sends
the data to the cloud. The data is stored in a cloud database the analysis of
the data collected from a number of notes is done in the cloud

1.5.5 IoT Level 5:

IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator notes and notes
that perform sensing and / or actuation. Coordinator node collects data
from the entry and send to the cloud. Data is stored and analyzed in the
cloud and applications is cloud based. Level 5 IoT system are suitable for
forest fire detection. The system consists of multiple nodes placed in
different locations for monitoring temperature, humidity and carbon
dioxide
levels in a forest. The endnotes in this example are equipped with various
sensors such astemperature humidity and to CO2. The coordinator node
collects the data from the end nodes and act as a Gateway that provides
internet connectivity to the IoT system. The controller service on the
coordinator device sends the collected data to the cloud .The data is stored in
the cloud database. The analysis of the data is done in the computing cloudto
aggregate the data and make prediction.

1.5.6 IoT Level 6:

17
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

IoT Level 6 system has multiple Independent and nodes that perform
sensing and / or actuations and send data to the cloud. Data is stored in
the cloud and applications is cloudbased .
The analytics component analyze the data and store the results in the
cloud database. The results are visualized with the cloud based
application. The centralized controller is awareof the status of all the end
notes and send control commands to the notes.
Let us consider an example of the level 6 IoT system for weather
monitoring. The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different
location for monitoring temperature, humidity and pressure in an area.
The end nodes are equipped with various sensors such as temperature
,pressure and humidity. The end nodes send the data to the cloud in real
time using a websocket service .The data is stored in a cloud database. The
analysis of the data is done in the cloud to aggregate the data and make
predictions. A cloud based applications is used for visualizing the data.
Domain-specific IoT

2.1 Introduction:

Internet of things applications span wide range of Dubai including homes,

cities environment, energy systems, retail, logistics, industry, agriculture
and health.

2.2 Home Automation:

2.2.1 Smart lighting :

Smart lighting for homes helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting
to the ambient condition and switching on/off or dimming the lights when
needed. Key enabling technologies for smart lighting include solid-state
lighting such as LED light and IP enabled the lights.
For solid state lighting solution both spectral and temporal
characteristics can be configured to adapt illumination to various needs.
Smart lighting solutions for Home achieve energy saving by sensing the
human movements and their environments and controlling the lights
accordingly.
Wireless enabled and internet connected lights can be controlled remotely
from IoT applications such as a mobile or web application. Smart lights
with sensor for occupancy,Temperature Lux level etc can be configured to
adapt the lighting based on the ambient conditions sensed, in order to
provide a good ambience. In controllable LED lighting system is presented
that is embedded with ambient intelligence gathered from a distributed

18
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

smart wireless sensor network to optimize and control the lighting system to
be more efficient and user oriented, A solid state lighting model is
implemented on your wireless sensor network that provide services for
sensing illumination changes and dynamically adjusting luminary brightness
according to user preferences.

2.2.2 Smart Appliances

Modern homes have a number of appliances such as TVs, refrigerator,
music system, washer / dryer etc. Managing and controlling these
appliances can be cumbersome with the each appliance having its own
controls or remote controls. Smart appliance make the management
easier and also provide status information to the user remotely.

Examples smart watches /dryers that can be controlled remotely and

notify when the washing / driving cycle is complete smart thermostat Allow
controlling the temperature remotely and can learn the user preferences
smart refrigerator can keep track of the item stored and send update to the
user when an item is low on stock.

Smart TV Allows user to search and stream videos and movies from the
internet on a local storage drive, search TV channel schedule and fetch
news weather updates and other content from the internet.

Open remote is an open source automation platform for homes buildings.

Open remote isplatform agnostic and works with standard hardware. With
OpenRemote, user can control various appliances using mobile or web
publications.

OpenRemote comprises of three components - a controller that manages

scheduling and runtime integrations between device, a designer that
allows you to create both configuration for the controller and create user
interface design and control panel that allow you to interact with the devices
and control them.

2.2.3 Intrusion Detection:

Home Intrusion detection system used security cameras and sensor such
as PIR sensors and door sensor to detect intrusion and raise alert. Alerts
can be in the form of an SMS andan email sent to the user.

Advanced systems can even send detailed alert such as an image grab or
a short video clip send to email attachment. cloud controlled intrusion

19
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

detections system is described in thatuses location aware services, where the

geo location of each node of your home automation system used
independently detected and the stored in the cloud in the event of
Institutionsthe cloud services alert the accurate neighbors who are using the
home automation systemis independently detected and stored in the cloud.

Event of intrusion, the cloud services after the accurate neighbors or local
police. In an intrusion detection system based on UPnP technology is
described. The system uses imageprocessing to recognize the Institutions
and extract institution subject and to generate Universal plug and play instant
messaging for alert .

2.2.4 Smoke / Gas Detector

Smoke detectors are installed in home and buildings to detect smoke that
is typically and early sign of Fire. Smoke detectors use optical detection
class ionization for sampling techniques to detect smoke.

Alerts raised by smoke detectors can be in the form of signals to fire alarm
system. Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as
carbon monoxide liquid Petroleum gas (LPG).
A Smoke / gas detector raise alerts in human was this describing where the
problem is send or an SMS or email to the user or the local fire safety
department and provide visual feedback on its status the design of the system
that detects gas leakage on smoke and it gives visual level indication.
2.3 Cities:

2.3.1 Smart Parking

Finding a parking space during rush hours in crowded cities can be time
consuming and frustrating. Further for the more drivers blindly searching for
parking spaces create additional traffic conditions for Star smart parking
make the search for parking space easier and convenient for drivers.

Smart parking for powered by IoT system that detect the number of empty
parking slots and send the information over the internet to smart parking
application back [Link] applications can be accessed by the drivers
from smartphones, tablets and in car navigation system .

20
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

In smart parking sensors are used for each parking slot, to detect whether the
slot is emptyor occupied. This information is aggregated by your local
controller and then send over the internet to the database.

Design and implementation of a prototype smart parking system based on

wireless sensor Network Technology with just like a remote parking
monitoring ,automated guidance , and departing reservations mechanism
.

2.3.2 Smart Lighting :

Smart lighting system for road parks and building can help in saving energy.
According to a IEA report, lightening is responsible for 19 % of global
electricity use and around 6% of global Greenhouse gas emission.

Smart lighting allows lighting to be dynamically controlled and also adapted

to the ambientconditions. Smart lights connected to the internet can be
controlled remotely to configurelighting schedules and lighting intensity.

Lighting configuration can be set for different situations such as a foggy

day, a festival etc. Smart. Lights equipped with the sensors and can
communicate with other lights and exchange information on the sensed
ambient conditions to adapt lightening.

2.3.3 Smart Road

Smart roads equipped with sensors can provide information on driving
conditions, travel time estimates and alerts in case of poor driving
conditions , traffic congestions and accidents . Such information can help
in making the roads safe and help in reducing trafficjams .

Information sense to from the roads can be communicated via internet to

cloud based applications and social media and disseminated to the drivers
who subscribed to such applications.

Distributed and autonomous systems of sensor networks notes for

improving driving safety proposed system can provide the drivers and
passengers with a consistent view of the road situations of a few hundred
meters ahead of them or a few dozen miles away, so that they can react to
potential dangers early enough.

2.3.4 Structural Health Monitoring:

21
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

Structural health monitoring system uses a network of sensors to monitor

the vibrations levels in the structures such as bridges and buildings. The
data collected from the sensors is analyzed to assess the health of The
structures .

By analyzing the data it is possible to detect cracks and mechanical

breakdown, locate the damage to a structure and also calculate the remaining
life of the structure. Using such systems advance warning can be given in
the case of imminent failure of the structure.

An environmental effect removal based structural health monitoring

schemes is an IoT environment is proposed. Since structural health
monitoring schemes use large number of wireless sensor nodes which are
powered by traditional batteries researchers are exploring energy
harvesting Technologies to harvesting ambient energy, such as mechanical
vibrations, sunlight and wind.

2.3.5 Surveillance
Surveillance of infrastructure, public transport and even in cities is
required to ensure safety and security. City wide surveillance
infrastructure comprising of large number of distributed and internet
connected video surveillance cameras can be created. The video feeds from
surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud based storage solutions.
Cloud-based video analytics applications can be deployed to search for
patterns for specific events from the video feed.

2.3.6 Emergency Response

IoT Systems can be used for monitoring the critical infrastructure in cities
such as building
, gas and water pipelines, public transport and power substation systems.
IoT systems for fire directions, gas and water leakage directions can help
in generating alerts and minimizing their effects on the critical
infrastructure.

IoT systems for critical infrastructure monitoring enable aggregations and

sharing of information is collected from large number of sensors. Cloud
based architecture multi model information such as sensor data, audio,
video feeds can be analyzed in near real- time to detect adverse event.

Response to alerts generated by such systems can be in the form of alerts sent
to the public
22
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

, re-routing of traffic, evacuation of the affected areas. Traffic management

system for emergency services is describe the system adapt by
dynamically adjusting traffic lights, changing related driving policies,
recommending behavior change to drivers and applyingessential security
controls

2.4 Environment

2.4.1 Weather Monitoring:

IoT- based weather monitoring system can collect data from a number of
sensor attached such as temperature, humidity, pressure etc. and send the
data to cloud based application and storage back-ends. The data collected
in the cloud can then be analyzed and visualizedby cloud based
application.

Weather alerts can be sent to the subscribed users from such applications
AirPi weather and air quality monitoring kit capable of recording and
uploading information about temperature, humidity, air pressure light
levels, UV levels, carbon monoxide Nitrogen dioxide and smoke level to the
internet .

2.4.2 Air Pollution Monitoring

IoT based air pollution monitoring system can monitor emission of harmful
gases ( CO2, CO. NO, NO2) by factories and automobiles using gases and
dermatological sensors the collected data can be analyzed to make informed
decisions on pollutions control approaches.

In real time air quality monitoring system is presented that comprises of

several distributedmonitoring stations that communicate via wireless with a
backend server using machine to machine communication. In addition sums
of GPRS modem and GPS module.

2.4.3 Noise Pollution Monitoring

Due to growing Urban Development, noise levels in cities have increased and
even becomealarmingly High in some cities. Noise pollution can cause health
hazards for humans due to sleep destruction and stress. Noise pollution
monitoring can help in generating noise maps for cities.

Urban noise maps can help the policy makers in urban planning and

23
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

making policies to control noise level near Residency areas, schools and
parks. IoT based noise pollution smart metering system use a number of
noise monitoring station that are deployed at different places in a city.

The data on noise levels from the stations is collected on server or in the
cloud. The data is then aggregated to generate noise map. In noise
mapping study for a city is presented which revealed that the cities suffers
from serious noise pollution .In the design of smartphone application is
described that allows a user to continuously measure noise level andsend
it to a central server where all generated information is aggregated and
mapped to a meaningful noise visualizations map.

2.4.4 Forest Fire Detection

Forest fires can cause damage to natural resources, property and human
life. There can be different causes of forest fires including lightening,
human negligence, volcanic eruptions and sparks from rock Falls. Early
deduction of forest fires can help in minimizing the damage .

IoT based forest fire detection systems can use a number of monitoring
nodes deployed ata different locations in a forest. Each monitoring node
collects measurements on ambient conditions including temperature,
humidity, light levels.

A system for early detection of forest fire is described in that provides early
warning of apotential forest fire and estimate the scale and intensity of
the fire if it materializes in a forest fire detection system based on wireless
sensor networks is presented.

The system uses multi-criteria deduction which is implemented by the

artificial neural network. The ANN fuses sensing data corresponding to
multiple attributes of your forest fire such as temperature, humidity
,infrared and divisible light to detect forest fire.

2.4.5 River Flood Detection:

River flood can cause extensive damage to the natural and human resources
and human life. River flood occurs due to continuous train for which cause
the river level to rise and flow rates to increase rapidly. Early warnings of
floods can be given by monitoring the water level and flow rate.
IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a number of sensor nodes that
monitor the water level using ultrasonic sensors and flow rate using

24
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

the flow velocity sensors. Data from a number of such sensor nodes is
aggregated in a server or in the cloud.

Monitoring applications raise alert when rapid increase in water level and
flow rate is detected in a river flood monitoring system is described that
measures river and weather conditions through wireless sensor nodes
equipped with different sensors. The systems include water level monitoring
module, and data processing module that provide flood information is in the
form of raw data, predicted data, and video feed.

2.5 Energy

2.5.1 Smart grid is a data communication network integrated with electrical

grid that collects and analyses data captured in real-time about power
transmission, distribution andconsumption. Smart grid Technology provides
protective information and recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and
their customers on how best to managepower.

Smart Grids collect data regarding electricity generation (centralized or

distributed conceptions (instantaneous or predictive ) storage(or conversion
of the energy into otherforms), distributions and equipment health data.

Smart fleet use high speed, fully integrated two way communication real
time information and power exchange. Smart meters can capture almost
real time consumption, remotely control the conceptions of electricity and
remotely switch off supply when required.

power thefts can be prevented using smart metering by analyzing the data
on power generation, transmission and consumption smart grid can
improve efficiency throughoutthe electric system.

Storage collection and analysis of smart grids data in the cloud can help in
dynamic smartgrids data can improve energy usage levels via energy
feedback to user coupled with real-time pricing information.

Real time demand response and management strategies can be used for
lowering peak demand and the overall load via appliance control and
energy storage mechanism.
Condition monitoring data collected from power generation and
transmission system canhelp in detecting fault and predicting outage.

25
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

2.5.2 Renewable Energy System :

Due to the variability in the output from renewable energy sources such
as solar and wind integrating them into the grid can cause grid stability
and reliability problems. Variable output produces local voltage swing that
can impact power quality. Existing grids were designed to handle power
flow from centralized to generation source to the loads through
Transmission and distribution lines.

When distributed renewable energy sources are integrated into the grid, they
create power bidirectional power flow for which the great were not originally
designed to handle power flow from temperature generation sources to the
loss through transmissions and distribution lines.

When Distributed renewable energy sources are integrated into the grid is a
create power bi-directional power flows for which the grid were not
originally designed. IoT based system integrated within Transformer at the
point of interconnections measures the electrical variables and how much
power is fed into the grid.

To ensure the grid stability one solution is to simply cut of the over
protections. For windenergy systems, closed-loop controls can be used to
regulate the voltage at points of interconnection

2.5.3 Prognostics:

Energy systems (Smart grids, power plants ,wind turbine forms) have a large
number of critical components that must function correctly so that the
system can perform their operations correctly.
For example a wind turbine has a number of critical components example
bearing, turning gears, for instance that must be monitored carefully as
wear and tear in such critical components or sudden change in operating
conditions of the missions can result in [Link] system such as Power
Grids, real time information using specialist electrical sensor is called
phasor measurement unit(PMU) substations.

The information received from PMU must be monitored in real time for
estimating the state of a system and for predicting failures. Energy system
have thousands of sensors that gather real time maintenance data

26
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

continuously for condition monitoring and failure prediction purposes. IoT

based prognostic real-time health management systems can predict
performance of machine or energy Systems by analyzing the extent of
deviations of the system from its normal operating profiles.

Analyzing massive amounts of maintenance data collected from sensors in

energy systemsand equipment can provide protections for the impending
failures (potentially in real time) so that their reliability and availability
can be improved. Prognostic health Management systems have been
developed for different energy systems open PDC set of applications for
processing of streaming time series data collected from phasor
measurement units PMU in real time.

2.6 Retail

2.6.1 Inventory Management :

Inventory management for retail has become increasingly important in

recent years with the growing competition. while over stocking of products
can result in additional storage expenses and risk understocking can lead
to loss of revenue. IoT system using radio frequency identification RFID
tags can help in inventory management and maintaining the right
inventory levels .

RFID tags attached to the products allow them to be tracked in real time
so that the inventory levels can determined accurately and products which
are low on stock can be replenished. Tracking can be done using RFID
readers attached to the retail store shelves or in the warehouse. An RFID
database inventory management system for time sensitive materials is
described.

2.6.2 Smart Payments

Smart Payments solutions contact list payments powered by technology

such as near field communication and Bluetooth. Near field
communication is a set of standards for smartphones and other devices to
communicate with each other by bringing them into proximity or by
touching them .

Customers can store credit card information in the NFC enabled

Smartphones and make payment by bringing the smart phones and make
payments by bringing the smart phonesnear the point of sale terminals .

27
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

NFC may be used in combinations with Bluetooth, where NFC initiates

initial pairing of devices to establish their Bluetooth connections while the
actual data transfer takes place over Bluetooth.

2.6.3 Smart Vending Machines

Smart vending machines connected to the internet allow remote
monitoring of inventory levels, elastic pricing of products, promotions, and
contact less payments using NFC smart phone applications that
communicate with smart vending machine allow user preferences to be
remembered and the learnt with the time when a user moves from one
vending machine to the other and pass the smartphone with the vending
machines using specific interface is presented.

Users can save their preferences and favorite products sensor in a smart
vending machine monitor its operations and send the data to the cloud
which can be used for predictive maintenance. Smart vending machines
can communicate with other vending machines inthere vicinity and share
their inventory levels so that the customers can be routed to the nearest
machines in case product goes out of stock in a machine

2.7 logistics

2.7.1 Route Generation and Scheduling

Modern transportation systems are driven by data collected from multiple

sources which is process to provide a new services to the stockholders. By
collecting large amount of data from various sources and processing the data
into Useful information data driven.

Transportation system can provide new services such as advanced route

guidance dynamic vehicle routing anticipating customer demand for
pickup and delivery problem, for instance route generations and
scheduling systems candidate end-to-end using combinations of road
patterns and transportation smooth and feasible schedule based on the
availability of vehicles.

2.7.2 Fleet Tracking

Vehicle fleet tracking system using GPS technology to track the locations
of vehicle in real time. Cloud based fleet tracking systems can be scaled
up on-demand to handle largenumber of vehicles.

28
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

Alerts Can be generated in case of deviation in planned routes. The vehicle

locations and routes data can be aggregated and analyzed for detecting
bottlenecks in the supply chain such as a traffic conditions or route of
elements and generations of alternative route and supply chain
Optimization in a fleet tracking system for commercial vehicle is described
the system can analyze messages sent from the vehicles to identify
unexpected incidenceand descriptions is between the actual and applied
data.

2.7.3 Shipment Monitoring:

Shipment monitoring solutions for Transportation systems allow monitoring
the conditions inside container. For example, containers carrying Fresh Food
produce can bemonitored to prevent spoilage of food.

IoT based shipment monitoring system you sensor such as temperature

pressure and humidity for instance to monitor the conditions inside the
container and send the data to the cloud where it can be analyzed to
detect food spoilage .

The analysis and interpretation of the data in the environmental conditions

in the container and food truck positioning can enable more effective routing
decisions and their time therefore it is possible to take remedial measures
such as the food that has a limited time budget before it get rotten can be
rerouted to a closer destinations, alerts can be raised to the driver and the
distributor about the transit conditions, such as container temperature
exceeding the allowed limit, humidity levels going out of the allowed limit.

For instance, and corrective actions can be taken before the food gets
damaged. A Cloud- based frame work for real time fresh Food Supply tracking
and monitoring was proposed
. For fragile products vibrations levels during shipment can be tracked using
accelerometerand gyroscope sensors attached to IoT device.

A system for monitoring container in integrity and operating conditions

described. The system monitors the vibrations patterns on their container
and its contents to reveal information related to its operating environment
and integrity during transport handling and storage.

2.7.4 Remote Vehicle Diagnostics

Remote vehicle diagnostic systems can detect faults in the vehicles warn
of impending fault. These Diagnostic system use on-board IoT devices for

29
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

collecting data on vehicle operation such a speed, engine RPM, coolant

temperature, fault code number ,and status of the various vehicle
subsystem such data can be captured by integrating on-board diagnostic
systems with IoT devices using protocols such as CAN bus.

Modern commercial vehicles support on-board diagnostics OBD standards

such as OBD-
II. OBD system provides real time data status of vehicle subsystems and
diagnostic trouble code which Allow rapidly identifying the fault in the
vehicle. IoT based vehicle diagnostic system can send the vehicle data to
centralized serves or the cloud where it canbe analyzed to generate alerts
and suggest remedial actions.

2.8 Agriculture

2.8.1 Smart Irrigation

Smart irrigation systems can improve crop yield while saving water. smart
irrigation system using IoT devices with soil moisture sensors to determine
the amount of moisturein the soil and realize the flow of water through the
irrigation pipe only when the moisture level go below a predefined threshold.
Smart irrigation systems also collect Moisture level measurements on a
server or in the cloud where they collected data can be analyzed to plant
watering schedule.

2.8.2 Green House Control

Green house structures with glass or plastic roofs that provide conducive
environment forgrowth of plants . The Climatological conditions inside a
Greenhouse can be monitored and controlled to provide the best
conditions for growth of plants. The temperature , humidity, soil moisture,
light and carbon dioxide levels are monitored using sensors and their
climatological conditions are controlled automatically using actuation
devices.

IoT system plays an important role in greenhouse controlled and help in

improving productivity. The data collected from various sensors is stored on
centralized servers or in the cloud where analysis is performed to optimize
the control strategies and also correlate the productivity with different
control strategies.

the system uses wireless sensor network to monitor and control the
agriculture parameters like temperature and humidity in real time for
30
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

better management and maintenance of Agricultural production

2.9 Industry:

2.9.1 Machine Diagnosis and Prognosis:

Machine prognosis refers to predicting the performance of a machine by

analyzing the data and the current operating conditions and how much
deviations exist from the normaloperating conditions. Machine diagnosis
refer to determining the causes of a machine fault.

IoT plays a major role in both the prognosis s and Diagnostics of

industrial machines . Industrial machines have a large number of
components that must function correctly for the machine to perform its
operations. Sensors in machine can monitor the operating conditions such
as temperatures and vibrations levels. The sensor data measurements
aredone on time scale of few milliseconds to few seconds, which leads to
generations of themassive amount of the data.
Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a commonly used method that find
solutions to new problem based on past experience. This past experience
is organized and represented as case in a case base. CBR is an effective
techniques for problem solving in the field in which it is hard to establish
a quantitative mathematical model, such as machine Diagnostics and
prognosis .

Since foe each machine, data from a very large number of sensors is collected
using searchhigh-dimensional data for creation of a case library reduce the
case retrieval efficiency. Data reduction and feature extraction methods are
used to find the representatives set of ability as the of features.

2.9.2 Indoor Air Quality Monitoring:

Monitoring indoor air quality in factories is important for health and safety
of the [Link] and toxic gas such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen
monoxide and Nitrogen dioxide etc t can cause serious health problems
.IoT based gas monitoring system can help in monitoring the indoor air
quality using various gas sensors. The indoor air quality can vary for
different locations. Wireless sensor networks based IoT devices can
identify the otherhazardous zones, so that a corrective measures can be
taken to ensure proper ventilation

31
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

2.10 Health And Lifestyle:

2.10.1 Health and fitness monitoring

wearable IoT devices that are low non invasive and continuous monitoring of
physiological parameters can help in continuous health and fitness
monitoring. These wearable devices may can be in various forms such as built
under wrist bands.

The wearable devices from a wireless sensor networks called body area
networks in which the measurements from a number of wearable device
are continuously Send to a master nodes such as a smartphone which then
send the data to the server or a cloud end for analysis and achieving.
Healthcare providers can analyze the collected Healthcare data to
determine any health conditions or anomalies.
2.10.2 Wearable Electronics
Wearable Electronics such as smart watches smart glasses wristband and
fashion electronics (with electronic integrated in clothing and accessories
,example Google glass for Moto 360 smart watches provide various
functions and future to assist us in our daily activities and making as lead
healthy Lifestyle .
.
Smart watches the user can search the internet a play audio video file
make calls with or without paired mobile phones, play games and use
various kinds of mobile applications smart classes allow users to take
photos and record videos ,get map directions check flight status and
search the internet by using voice commands

32
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

33
P. Archana, VIT
UNIT – 1

34
P. Archana, VIT