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When someone reached for comfort when he or she
is unfamiliar with the environment is known as attachment.
Harry and Margaret did experiment which consider saddest
experiment of all time.
Germinal stage of prenatal Development - First weeks (Begin with fertilisation of eggs
with sperm and ends when placenta to function).
Embryonic stage - Between two weeks and two months (stem cell
differentiate and organ begin to form).
Fetal stage - Between two months till ends at birth (Fetus movement
and organ function).
Prenatal Development - Development period of infancy starts with
fusion of egg and sperm and ends with new individual.
⁃ One cell will multiply to over 10 trillion in body
⁃ Migration takes about 7 days in germinal stage
⁃ Day 1 secondary oocyte - 2 cell stage - 8 stage cell-morula-
early blastocyst-blastocysts implantation.
⁃ Inner cell mass - embryoblast
⁃ Outer mass - trophoblast together- Blastocyst
⁃ Trophoblasts develop from Placenta
⁃ Blastocyst arrived uterus form uterine wall
⁃ OBGYN - Obstetrics and Gynaecology Doctor - ultrasound to
detect location of developing organism.
Placenta important - fertilisation occur internally in humans and
mammals. First, how does the mother deliver essential nutrients to
the embryo so that it can grow (continued cell division); and second,
how are waste by-products produced during growth removed from
the embryo.
⁃ Embryonic stage- Muscle cell- Intestinal cell- Cardiac cell-
nerve- liver- blood.
⁃ Mistake in embryonic stage result in birth defect.
⁃ Mistake in heart cell catamorphic heart defect survives of
offspring
New things happening as well - bones - muscles formed - connected
- motor activity.
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⁃ Full term is reached 39 to 40 weeks, but child can survive
outside the mother - 22 to 26 weeks.
Prenatal environment- conditions present in uterus where embryo is
growing.
⁃ Relationship malnutrition and schizophrenia investigated
during famine.
⁃ Dutch hunger - winter 1944- 1945
⁃ Famine caused by Nazi Blockade (Netherlands) in WWII.
Body Type Pre-pregnancy BMI Weight Gain (kg)
Underweight < 20 12.5–18.0
Normal 20–26 11.5–16.0
Overweight 26–29 7.0–11.5
Obese > 29 7.0
⁃ Alcohol during pregnancy can cause FAS - Fatal Alcohol
Syndrome
⁃ FAS in child - Microcephaly, Heart defect, Hyperactivity and
mental and motor development.
⁃ FAS in adult - Depression, suicide, Criminal Behaviour
⁃ Tobacco reduces flow of oxygen and nutrients cause
miscarriage.
Smoking cause risk of Sudden death syndrome (SIDS)
⁃ Maternal illness - Genital Herpes, HIV
Vegetables contain teratogens (chemical agents - cancer and
mutation causing). Broccoli and Brussels sprouts have higher
teratogens.
Pregnancy sickness involve food aversions include nausea and
vomiting.
Concept of attachment - John Bowlby
⁃ Stimulus Independent - organism prepared to detect class of
stimuli
⁃ Separation Anxiety - response caused by separation from
caretaker.
Human difference - crying is effective signal because it motivates
the caretaker to return.
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Attachment and Imprinting is attachment occur gradually over time.
⁃ 6 to 8 months infant made attachment with caretaker
⁃ 70 percent show secure attachment (mom nearby - happy)
⁃ 15 percent show avoiding attachment (afraid of stranger- mad
when mom return)
⁃ 15 percent show ambivalent attachment (showed little interest
when mom came)
⁃
Secure attachment - When mom leaves, calm quickly, mom return.
When the presence of anxiety characterises the emotional bond, the
infant has with her caretaker known as Anxious attachment.
If the infant appears unconcerned with presence or absence of
mother, it is called avoidant attachment.
Disorganised attachment occurs when the infant expresses a fear
response to caretaker.
Three different classes of attachment style- caretaker and infant
factor, and social cultural.
Secure form of attachment is more likely to occur when mom is sensitive and
attentive. Negative sensitivity means reduce in secure attachment.
Orientation to the self- Positive or negative
Orientation towards others- Positive or negative
Secure and dismissing show positive attachment but preoccupied and fearful shows
negative.
Theory that development occurs through a sequence of discontinuous stages- Sensorimotor,
preoperational, concreate and formal operation - Piaget stage theory
Sociocultural theories- Theory founded in large part by lev Vygotsky that emphasis how
other people and beliefs of the surrounding culture influence children development.
Quantitative changes – Gradual, incremental increase
Qualitative Changes - Large, Fundamental change
Sensorimotor Stage- Birth to 2 years
Preoperational stage – 2 to 7 years
Concrete operational stage – 7 to 12 years
Formal stage – 12 to rest of life
Chutes and ladders – A numerical board game that seem to be useful for building
numerical knowledge
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Puberty for girls – 10-11 years
Puberty for boys – 11- 12 years
Three domains – Physical – Puberty mark like growth in height, underarm hair, and skin
changes
Cognitive changes – Major changes in the structure and functioning of the brain
Social changes – greater importance during adolescence, family relationship remain
important too.
Homophily- Children who are similar to one another choose to spend time together.
Females have rates of anxiety that are about twice as high and rates of depression that
are 1.5 to 3 times as high.
Specific phobias – 5% in children 3 to 5% in adults but 16 % in adolescents
Differential susceptibility – Genetic factors which make people less responsive to
environmental experiences.