✅ 100 Questions and Answers on Instructional Methods (ECT 202)

1. Define instruction.

Instruction is the deliberate arrangement of learning activities by a teacher

to enable learners acquire knowledge, skills, values, or attitudes. It is goal-
oriented, structured, and aims at facilitating learning outcomes within a
formal setting.

2. Define education.

Education is a lifelong process through which individuals acquire knowledge,

skills, attitudes, and values that help them function effectively in society. It
includes formal, non-formal, and informal learning experiences aimed at
holistic human development.

3. Define training.

Training is the process of teaching a person how to perform a specific task

through repetitive practice. It focuses on skill acquisition, often for vocational
or professional purposes, and is performance-based.

4. Define learning.

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting

from experience or instruction. It can be cognitive, affective, or psychomotor,
and is not due to growth or maturation.

5. Explain six differences between education and training.

1. Purpose: Education develops the whole person; training develops

specific job skills.

2. Scope: Education covers broad knowledge; training focuses on specific

tasks.

3. Duration: Education is long-term; training is often short-term.

4. Outcome: Education produces informed citizens; training produces

skilled workers.

5. Flexibility: Education encourages exploration; training is rigid.

6. Approach: Education involves theory and reflection; training

emphasizes doing.
6. Outline five objectives of education.

1. Intellectual development

2. Moral and ethical formation

3. Social responsibility

4. Economic empowerment

5. Lifelong learning habits

7. Explain six characteristics of learning.

1. Learning is purposeful: It is driven by goals.

2. It is experiential: Based on real or simulated experiences.

3. It is a change in behavior: Can be cognitive or affective.

4. It is continuous: Occurs throughout life.

5. It is active: Requires participation.

6. It can be formal or informal: Occurs in and out of school.

8. Define pedagogy.

Pedagogy is the method and practice of teaching, especially in formal

educational settings. It includes instructional techniques, classroom
management, and curriculum delivery strategies.

9. Define andragogy.

Andragogy refers to the method and practice of teaching adult learners. It

emphasizes self-directed learning, problem-solving, and drawing on personal
experiences.

10. Explain six principles of andragogy.

1. Need to know: Adults need to understand why they are learning.

2. Self-concept: They are autonomous and self-directed.

3. Experience: Prior knowledge enriches learning.

4. Readiness: Adults learn when the content is relevant.

5. Orientation: Learning should solve real-life problems.

6. Motivation: Internal factors (e.g., job performance) drive learning.

11. Explain six roles of a teacher in the classroom.

1. Facilitator: Guides students through content.

2. Planner: Designs instruction.

3. Assessor: Evaluates student progress.

4. Role model: Demonstrates desired values.

5. Mentor: Supports learners’ growth.

6. Communicator: Bridges information and interaction.

12. Define formal education.

Formal education is structured learning provided by institutions such as

schools and universities. It follows a set curriculum and leads to certification.

13. Define non-formal education.

Non-formal education refers to organized learning outside the formal school

system, such as community training, adult literacy, and short courses.

14. Define informal education.

Informal education occurs naturally through everyday experiences, such as

learning from peers, family, and media, without structured curricula.

15. Explain six components of the teaching process.

1. Objective setting: Define learning outcomes.

2. Lesson planning: Sequence content and activities.

3. Resource selection: Choose materials.

4. Instruction delivery: Present content.

5. Assessment: Evaluate learning.

6. Feedback: Reflect and improve instruction.

16. Outline five characteristics of effective instruction.

1. Learner-centered

2. Clearly structured

3. Goal-oriented

4. Active engagement
 5. Feedback-rich

17. Define curriculum.

Curriculum is a structured framework of learning experiences, content, and

assessments intended to achieve specific educational objectives.

18. Define syllabus.

A syllabus is a breakdown of topics and subtopics to be covered in a subject

or course within a specific timeframe.

19. Define scheme of work.

A scheme of work is a teacher’s detailed plan that translates the syllabus

into manageable weekly or termly units of instruction.

20. Explain six components of a lesson plan.

1. Objectives: What learners should achieve

2. Introduction: Activating prior knowledge

3. Lesson development: Teaching content

4. Activities: Student-centered tasks

5. Assessment: Measure learning

6. Conclusion: Summary and closure

21. Explain six qualities of an effective teacher.

1. Mastery of content – Knows the subject matter thoroughly.

2. Communication skills – Conveys ideas clearly and confidently.

3. Classroom management – Maintains discipline and organization.

4. Empathy – Understands student needs and challenges.

5. Adaptability – Modifies methods based on student needs.

6. Professionalism – Punctual, ethical, and collaborative.

22. Outline five purposes of a scheme of work.

1. Organizes topics sequentially.

2. Allocates time to each unit.

3. Aligns activities with objectives.

 4. Facilitates resource planning.

5. Guides lesson preparation.

23. Define a lesson plan.

A lesson plan is a teacher’s blueprint that outlines the instructional steps for
a specific lesson. It includes objectives, content, methods, materials, and
evaluation strategies to ensure learning is effective.

24. Explain six advantages of using a lesson plan.

1. Guides instruction – Keeps the teacher focused.

2. Improves time management – Allocates time for each activity.

3. Enhances student engagement – Integrates activities.

4. Promotes resource use – Identifies needed materials.

5. Supports evaluation – Includes assessment tools.

6. Enables reflection – Helps assess lesson effectiveness.

25. Explain six characteristics of a good learning objective.

1. Specific – Clearly describes expected outcome.

2. Measurable – Can be assessed.

3. Achievable – Realistic within constraints.

4. Relevant – Aligns with curriculum goals.

5. Time-bound – Indicates timeframe.

6. Learner-centered – Focuses on what the learner will do.

26. Define motivation in learning.

Motivation is the internal or external drive that energizes and directs

behavior toward achieving a goal. In education, it is what stimulates students
to engage with learning activities.

27. Explain six strategies to motivate learners.

1. Set clear goals – Let learners know what’s expected.

2. Use rewards – Recognize achievement.

3. Make learning relevant – Connect to real life.

 4. Provide feedback – Encourage improvement.

5. Use varied methods – Keep learners engaged.

6. Create a safe environment – Reduce fear of failure.

28. Outline five sources of learner motivation.

1. Interest in the subject.

2. Teacher encouragement.

3. Parental support.

4. Personal goals.

5. Peer influence.

29. Explain six ways to sustain learners’ attention.

1. Use visual aids – Capture interest.

2. Vary voice tone – Avoid monotony.

3. Involve students – Ask questions.

4. Relate to real-life – Increase relevance.

5. Break monotony – Change activities.

6. Praise appropriately – Reinforce focus.

30. Outline five classroom communication barriers.

1. Language differences

2. Poor listening

3. Emotional barriers

4. Physical distractions

5. Cultural misunderstandings

31. Define classroom communication.

It is the process of exchanging information between teacher and students to

facilitate learning. It includes verbal, non-verbal, and written forms and is
essential for effective instruction.

32. Explain six types of non-verbal communication.

 1. Facial expressions – Show emotions.

2. Gestures – Reinforce speech.

3. Body language – Indicates attitude.

4. Eye contact – Builds trust.

5. Proximity – Affects comfort.

6. Posture – Reflects confidence or openness.

33. Define instructional methods.

Instructional methods are strategies used by teachers to deliver content and

facilitate learning. These include lectures, discussions, projects,
demonstrations, and more.

34. Explain six types of instructional methods.

1. Lecture – Teacher-centered delivery.

2. Discussion – Student interaction.

3. Project – Learner creates product.

4. Field trip – Learning in real-life setting.

5. Demonstration – Showing a procedure.

6. Experiment – Learning by doing.

35. Outline five advantages of the discussion method.

1. Encourages critical thinking.

2. Promotes active learning.

3. Enhances communication skills.

4. Builds confidence.

5. Encourages collaboration.

36. Explain six characteristics of an effective teaching method.

1. Engages learners – Active participation.

2. Achieves objectives – Meets goals.

3. Adaptable – Fits various contexts.

 4. Inclusive – Addresses all learners.

5. Stimulating – Motivates interest.

6. Evaluative – Assesses learning.

37. Define systems approach in teaching.

A systems approach views teaching as an interconnected process involving

input (learners/resources), process (teaching/learning), and output (results),
emphasizing planning, feedback, and evaluation.

38. Explain six characteristics of a system in education.

1. Goal-oriented – Has defined objectives.

2. Components – Includes parts like teachers, students.

3. Interdependence – All parts must work together.

4. Feedback mechanism – To assess effectiveness.

5. Environment – Operates within a context.

6. Flexibility – Adjusts to change.

39. Outline five components of a teaching system.

1. Objectives

2. Input (learners/resources)

3. Process (instruction)

4. Feedback

5. Output (results)

40. Explain six benefits of using a systems approach in teaching.

1. Improved planning – Clarifies steps.

2. Feedback-driven – Allows adjustment.

3. Goal-oriented – Aligns activities.

4. Efficient – Minimizes waste.

5. Holistic – Considers all elements.

6. Accountable – Measures performance.

41. Define instructional media.

Instructional media are the physical tools and materials used to convey
instructional messages and support learning. These include print materials,
audio-visual aids, digital tools, and real objects.

42. Explain six types of instructional media.

1. Print media – Textbooks, handouts.

2. Audio media – Radio, podcasts.

3. Visual media – Charts, diagrams.

4. Audio-visual media – Videos, films.

5. Digital media – PowerPoint, e-learning platforms.

6. Realia – Physical objects like models.

43. Outline five advantages of using instructional media.

1. Arouses learner interest

2. Makes abstract ideas concrete

3. Increases retention

4. Saves time

5. Supports diverse learning styles

44. Explain six factors to consider when selecting instructional

media.

1. Relevance – Aligns with objectives.

2. Learner characteristics – Age, level, needs.

3. Accessibility – Available and usable.

4. Cost – Affordable for the institution.

5. Technical support – Can be maintained.

6. Effectiveness – Enhances learning.

45. Define evaluation in education.

Evaluation is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to
determine the effectiveness of teaching and learning in achieving set
objectives.

46. Explain six purposes of evaluation.

1. Assess learning outcomes – Determine achievement.

2. Improve instruction – Guide teaching decisions.

3. Diagnose learning difficulties – Identify needs.

4. Guide curriculum development – Show relevance.

5. Motivate learners – Through feedback.

6. Provide accountability – For teachers/schools.

47. Outline five types of evaluation.

1. Formative evaluation

2. Summative evaluation

3. Diagnostic evaluation

4. Placement evaluation

5. Continuous assessment

48. Define formative evaluation.

Formative evaluation occurs during instruction to provide ongoing feedback

to improve teaching and learning processes.

49. Define summative evaluation.

Summative evaluation takes place at the end of an instructional period to

judge the overall effectiveness of instruction and learning outcomes.

50. Explain six differences between formative and summative

evaluation.

1. Timing: Formative is ongoing; summative is terminal.

2. Purpose: Formative improves; summative judges.

3. Feedback: Formative is continuous; summative is final.

4. Instruments: Formative uses informal tools; summative uses

standardized tests.
 5. Use: Formative supports learning; summative certifies learning.

6. Frequency: Formative is frequent; summative is periodic.

51. Outline five evaluation tools used in teaching.

1. Tests

2. Quizzes

3. Observations

4. Portfolios

5. Assignments

52. Explain six qualities of a good evaluation tool.

1. Validity – Measures what it intends to.

2. Reliability – Produces consistent results.

3. Objectivity – Free from bias.

4. Usability – Easy to administer.

5. Comprehensiveness – Covers all objectives.

6. Clarity – Clear instructions and format.

53. Define teaching resources.

Teaching resources are all the materials and tools used by teachers to
enhance instruction and facilitate learning, including books, charts, ICT, and
realia.

54. Explain six characteristics of effective teaching resources.

1. Relevant – Matches content.

2. Engaging – Holds attention.

3. Durable – Long-lasting.

4. Accessible – Easy to use.

5. Cost-effective – Within budget.

6. Adaptable – Can be modified.

55. Outline five examples of locally available resources.

 1. Bottles and cans

2. Stones and sticks

3. Clay and mud

4. Seeds and leaves

5. Local crafts

56. Explain six ways to integrate ICT in teaching.

1. Presentations – Using PowerPoint.

2. Online quizzes – Formative assessment.

3. Video lessons – Reinforce concepts.

4. Virtual classrooms – Remote learning.

5. Educational games – Gamified learning.

6. Email/chat – Communication with students.

57. Define microteaching.

Microteaching is a scaled-down teaching practice session focusing on specific

skills, allowing pre-service or in-service teachers to receive feedback and
improve.

58. Explain six steps in a microteaching cycle.

1. Planning the lesson

2. Teaching the lesson

3. Recording the session

4. Reviewing performance

5. Receiving feedback

6. Re-teaching with improvement

59. Outline five skills practiced in microteaching.

1. Introduction

2. Questioning

3. Explaining
 4. Use of media

5. Closure

60. Define team teaching.

Team teaching is an instructional approach where two or more teachers plan,

instruct, and evaluate a class together, sharing responsibility for student
learning.

61. Explain six benefits of team teaching.

1. Shared expertise – Combines strengths.

2. Improved planning – Collaborative decisions.

3. Increased support – More attention to students.

4. Diverse perspectives – Varied teaching styles.

5. Role modeling – Collaboration for students.

6. Professional growth – Peer learning.

62. Define inclusive education.

Inclusive education is a system where learners with diverse needs learn

together in the same environment with equal access, participation, and
support.

63. Explain six features of inclusive classrooms.

1. Accessible infrastructure

2. Differentiated instruction

3. Collaborative learning

4. Support services

5. Positive attitudes

6. Inclusive policies

64. Define Bloom’s taxonomy.

Bloom’s taxonomy is a classification of learning objectives into cognitive

levels: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and
evaluation.

65. Explain six cognitive domains in Bloom’s taxonomy.

 1. Knowledge – Recall of facts.

2. Comprehension – Understanding.

3. Application – Use of knowledge.

4. Analysis – Breakdown of information.

5. Synthesis – Combining ideas.

6. Evaluation – Judging value.

66. Outline five importance of setting learning objectives.

1. Guides instruction

2. Directs assessment

3. Clarifies expectations

4. Enhances focus

5. Supports accountability

67. Define the affective domain.

The affective domain involves emotions, attitudes, values, and feelings,

influencing how learners approach learning and interact socially.

68. Define psychomotor domain.

The psychomotor domain involves physical movement, coordination, and the

use of motor skills, such as handwriting, drawing, or practical work.

69. Explain six activities that promote psychomotor learning.

1. Model building

2. Art and crafts

3. Laboratory experiments

4. Drama and acting

5. Games and sports

6. Demonstrations

70. Define reflective teaching.

Reflective teaching involves ongoing self-assessment by educators to

evaluate and improve their instructional methods and interactions.
71. Explain six benefits of reflective teaching.

1. Improves lesson planning

2. Enhances decision-making

3. Identifies weaknesses

4. Encourages continuous learning

5. Builds confidence

6. Promotes learner-centeredness

72. Outline five ways teachers reflect on practice.

1. Self-evaluation

2. Peer observation

3. Journaling

4. Student feedback

5. Watching lesson recordings

73. Define differentiated instruction.

Differentiated instruction is a teaching approach that tailors content, process,

and product based on learners’ readiness, interests, and learning styles.

74. Explain six strategies for differentiation.

1. Flexible grouping

2. Tiered tasks

3. Varied resources

4. Choice boards

5. Compacting

6. Learning centers

75. Define collaborative learning.

Collaborative learning is a learner-centered approach where students work

together in groups to explore concepts and complete tasks.

76. Explain six advantages of collaborative learning.

 1. Promotes teamwork

2. Enhances communication

3. Builds critical thinking

4. Encourages responsibility

5. Improves understanding

6. Develops interpersonal skills

77. Define inquiry-based learning.

It is a teaching strategy that uses questioning, investigation, and exploration

to drive learning, encouraging curiosity and student discovery.

78. Explain six stages of inquiry-based learning.

1. Ask questions

2. Research topic

3. Form hypothesis

4. Experiment/Explore

5. Draw conclusions

6. Present findings

79. Define problem-based learning.

Problem-based learning (PBL) is a student-centered method where learners

solve real-world problems, developing critical thinking and collaboration
skills.

80. Explain six benefits of PBL.

1. Real-world relevance

2. Critical thinking

3. Collaboration

4. Self-directed learning

5. Deep understanding

6. Communication skills
81. Explain six advanced instructional strategies used in modern
classrooms.

1. Blended Learning – Combines face-to-face and online learning,

allowing students to learn at their own pace while still engaging in
classroom discussion.

2. Flipped Classroom – Students review instructional content (videos,

readings) at home and spend class time on activities that apply the
knowledge.

3. Gamification – Incorporates elements of games (points, badges) into

lessons to increase motivation and engagement.

4. Experiential Learning – Emphasizes learning through real-life

experiences such as simulations, experiments, or fieldwork.

5. Project-Based Learning (PBL) – Students investigate and respond to

complex questions or challenges through collaborative projects.

6. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) – Offers multiple ways of

engagement, representation, and expression to support all learners.

82. Explain six challenges faced in instructional planning.

1. Diverse learner needs – Different abilities and backgrounds require

differentiated instruction.

2. Limited time – Teachers often have insufficient time to plan

comprehensively.

3. Inadequate resources – A lack of teaching materials and tools can

hinder effective planning.

4. Large class sizes – Makes it hard to personalize instruction.

5. Unpredictable interruptions – Events like school meetings or public

holidays affect planning.

6. Curriculum rigidity – Some syllabi are too rigid to allow innovation or

flexibility.

83. Explain six roles of ICT in instructional design.

 1. Content delivery – Platforms like PowerPoint and e-learning tools
enhance presentations.

2. Assessment – Online quizzes and tools like Kahoot provide instant

feedback.

3. Collaboration – Tools like Google Docs promote group work.

4. Access to materials – Internet resources expand the range of

learning materials.

5. Multimedia learning – Videos and animations support visual and

auditory learning.

6. Record keeping – Digital tools simplify tracking learner progress.

84. Explain six reasons for incorporating group work in lessons.

1. Promotes cooperation – Builds teamwork skills.

2. Enhances understanding – Learners learn from each other.

3. Builds confidence – Less confident learners participate more easily in

small groups.

4. Improves problem-solving – Encourages shared strategies.

5. Supports peer teaching – Strong learners help others.

6. Encourages accountability – Group members share responsibility for

learning.

85. Explain six benefits of questioning in teaching.

1. Stimulates thinking – Engages learners' minds.

2. Checks understanding – Reveals learning gaps.

3. Encourages participation – Learners stay alert and active.

4. Guides learning – Helps structure lessons.

5. Promotes discussion – Sparks deeper inquiry.

6. Provides feedback – Helps teachers adjust instruction.

86. Explain six types of questions used in classroom teaching.

1. Closed-ended – Require short answers (Yes/No).

2. Open-ended – Encourage elaboration and discussion.

3. Probing – Follow-up for deeper understanding.

4. Rhetorical – Used to provoke thought, not answered.

5. Recall – Ask for facts or memorized info.

6. Application – Require learners to use knowledge in new situations.

87. Explain six roles of a teacher as a facilitator.

1. Guides learning – Leads students to explore.

2. Creates safe space – Encourages participation.

3. Encourages independence – Promotes self-directed learning.

4. Provides resources – Supports varied learner needs.

5. Stimulates dialogue – Fosters peer exchange.

6. Monitors progress – Tracks and adjusts learning paths.

88. Explain six advantages of using real-life examples in teaching.

1. Increases relevance – Learners relate to content.

2. Improves retention – Real-world connections are memorable.

3. Clarifies abstract concepts – Makes them easier to grasp.

4. Promotes interest – Sparks curiosity.

5. Builds critical thinking – Encourages application.

6. Bridges theory and practice – Enhances skill transfer.

89. Explain six advantages of role-play in instruction.

1. Promotes engagement – Learners are active.

2. Improves empathy – Understand others’ perspectives.

 3. Enhances communication – Practice speaking and listening.

4. Simulates real situations – Prepares learners for real life.

5. Boosts confidence – Safe environment for expression.

6. Reinforces content – Applies knowledge practically.

90. Explain six advantages of demonstration method.

1. Visual learning – Students see what is being taught.

2. Clarifies procedures – Especially useful in skills training.

3. Encourages participation – Students can try the skill.

4. Increases retention – Active observation helps memory.

5. Builds confidence – Reduces learner anxiety before practice.

6. Provides immediate feedback – Errors are corrected quickly.

91. Explain six characteristics of learner-centered teaching.

1. Active participation – Learners are not passive.

2. Collaboration – Emphasis on group work.

3. Personalized learning – Tailored to learner needs.

4. Critical thinking – Encouraged and developed.

5. Responsibility for learning – Shifts from teacher to student.

6. Reflective practice – Learners evaluate their progress.

92. Explain six benefits of field trips.

1. Real-world learning – Connects theory to practice.

2. Enhances curiosity – Stimulates new questions.

3. Encourages observation – Sharpens attention to detail.

4. Improves retention – Experiences are memorable.

5. Develops social skills – Students interact outside class.

 6. Promotes experiential learning – Learners engage directly.

93. Explain six barriers to effective teaching.

1. Lack of preparation – Affects lesson flow.

2. Overcrowded classrooms – Limits teacher attention.

3. Limited resources – Hinders active learning.

4. Poor motivation – Among students or teachers.

5. Language barriers – Interferes with understanding.

6. Inflexible curriculum – Reduces creativity.

94. Explain six qualities of a good learning environment.

1. Safe and secure – Emotionally and physically.

2. Inclusive – Accommodates all learners.

3. Resource-rich – Availability of materials.

4. Supportive – Encouragement and guidance.

5. Engaging – Stimulates curiosity.

6. Respectful – Promotes mutual respect.

95. Explain six ways to assess learner performance.

1. Tests and quizzes – Formal measures of understanding.

2. Observation – During activities or discussions.

3. Assignments – Written or project work.

4. Oral presentations – Assess communication and knowledge.

5. Peer evaluation – Learners assess each other.

6. Portfolios – Collection of learner work over time.

96. Explain six ways to manage classroom behavior.

 1. Establish rules – At the start of the term.

2. Be consistent – Fair application of consequences.

3. Positive reinforcement – Praise good behavior.

4. Model behavior – Be the example.

5. Engage students – Boredom leads to misbehavior.

6. Use routines – Provide structure.

97. Explain six challenges of using ICT in teaching.

1. Limited access – Not all schools have ICT tools.

2. Lack of training – Teachers may lack ICT skills.

3. Cost – Expensive to acquire and maintain.

4. Technical issues – System failures disrupt lessons.

5. Distraction – Learners may misuse devices.

6. Electricity/internet issues – Especially in rural areas.

98. Explain six ways to promote critical thinking in class.

1. Use open-ended questions

2. Encourage debate and discussion

3. Assign problem-solving tasks

4. Use case studies

5. Incorporate reflection activities

6. Avoid giving all answers – Let students explore.

99. Explain six differences between teacher-centered and learner-

centered methods.

1. Focus: Teacher vs learner.

2. Activity: Passive vs active learners.

 3. Control: Teacher-controlled vs shared responsibility.

4. Methods: Lecture vs discussion/project.

5. Assessment: Tests vs portfolios.

6. Feedback: Delayed vs continuous.

100. Explain six ways to integrate ethics into instructional practice.

1. Model ethical behavior

2. Include ethical dilemmas in lessons

3. Discuss values regularly

4. Foster respect and fairness

5. Encourage responsible decision-making

6. Uphold academic honesty

1. Define instructional methods.

Instructional methods are structured strategies used by teachers to deliver

content and facilitate learning in a classroom. These include techniques such
as lectures, discussions, demonstrations, and collaborative learning. They are
selected based on learners’ needs, objectives, and available resources.

2. Explain six advantages of using learner-centered approaches.

1. Active engagement – Students participate more, boosting retention.

2. Builds critical thinking – Learners analyze and solve problems.

3. Encourages autonomy – Promotes self-directed learning.

4. Enhances motivation – Students are more invested in learning.

5. Cater to diverse needs – Flexible to different learning styles.

6. Promotes collaboration – Group work fosters social skills.

3. Outline five characteristics of an effective teacher.

1. Mastery of content
 2. Effective communication

3. Classroom management skills

4. Positive attitude toward learners

5. Ability to adapt methods

4. Define classroom communication.

Classroom communication is the exchange of information between teachers

and learners that supports understanding, participation, and learning. It
includes verbal (spoken), non-verbal (gestures, tone), and written
communication and is vital in instructional delivery.

5. Explain six purposes of a lesson plan.

1. Guides instruction – Provides direction.

2. Time management – Allocates time to activities.

3. Resource identification – Lists materials needed.

4. Assessment preparation – Aligns evaluation with objectives.

5. Ensures coverage – Avoids skipping content.

6. Improves confidence – Teacher is well-prepared.

6. Define a scheme of work.

A scheme of work is a breakdown of a syllabus into teachable units, showing

what will be taught weekly or monthly, including topics, objectives, and
resources. It helps organize instruction over a specific period.

7. Explain six types of instructional media.

1. Print – Textbooks, handouts.

2. Visual – Charts, diagrams.

3. Audio – Recordings, radio.

 4. Audio-visual – Videos, TV.

5. Digital – PowerPoint, online tools.

6. Realia – Physical models, objects.

8. Outline five benefits of microteaching.

1. Skill refinement

2. Immediate feedback

3. Builds confidence

4. Promotes reflection

5. Encourages peer learning

9. Define inclusive education.

Inclusive education is a system where all learners, regardless of abilities or

backgrounds, are taught in the same environment with the support they
need. It values diversity and promotes equal learning opportunities.

10. Explain six characteristics of learner-centered teaching.

1. Learner autonomy – Students take charge.

2. Active participation – Hands-on involvement.

3. Reflective learning – Students think about their progress.

4. Flexible instruction – Adapts to needs.

5. Collaborative learning – Peer interaction.

6. Constructivist approach – Learners build on prior knowledge.

11. Outline five advantages of using questioning techniques.

1. Stimulates thinking

2. Checks understanding
 3. Encourages interaction

4. Reinforces content

5. Develops communication skills

12. Define differentiated instruction.

Differentiated instruction is a strategy where the teacher modifies content,

process, and assessment to meet individual learners' needs, abilities, and
interests, ensuring all learners achieve the objectives.

13. Explain six reasons for using ICT in instruction.

1. Enhances presentation – Multimedia makes lessons lively.

2. Increases access to resources – Online materials support learning.

3. Facilitates communication – Email, chat platforms.

4. Supports collaboration – Shared digital documents.

5. Promotes learner autonomy – Self-paced e-learning.

6. Enables assessment – Online quizzes, feedback tools.

14. Define evaluation in education.

Evaluation is a systematic process of assessing the extent to which

educational goals and objectives are being achieved by learners, teachers, or
programs, using tools such as tests, observations, or assignments.

15. Explain six qualities of a good evaluation tool.

1. Validity – Measures what it should.

2. Reliability – Consistent outcomes.

3. Objectivity – Free of personal bias.

4. Clarity – Easy to understand.

5. Usability – Simple to apply.

 6. Comprehensive – Covers all objectives.

16. Outline five types of lesson objectives.

1. Cognitive

2. Affective

3. Psychomotor

4. Behavioral

5. SMART objectives

17. Define instructional design.

Instructional design is the systematic planning, development, and delivery of

instructional materials and experiences to ensure effective and efficient
learning.

18. Explain six principles of effective instruction.

1. Clear objectives – What is to be learned.

2. Active involvement – Learners must engage.

3. Immediate feedback – Encourages improvement.

4. Relevance – Content must connect to real life.

5. Progressive difficulty – Builds on previous knowledge.

6. Repetition – Reinforces learning.

19. Outline five common teaching methods.

1. Lecture

2. Discussion

3. Demonstration

4. Group work
 5. Field trips

20. Define project-based learning.

Project-based learning is a teaching method where students gain knowledge

by working for an extended period to investigate and respond to complex
questions or challenges, often resulting in a final product or presentation.

21. Explain six benefits of using group work.

1. Promotes cooperation

2. Encourages peer learning

3. Builds communication skills

4. Enhances understanding

5. Develops leadership

6. Improves accountability

22. Outline five reasons for lesson evaluation.

1. Assess student understanding

2. Improve future instruction

3. Identify gaps in teaching

4. Provide feedback to learners

5. Measure effectiveness of methods

23. Define learning objectives.

Learning objectives are clear, specific statements that describe what learners
are expected to achieve by the end of a lesson or course in terms of
knowledge, skills, or attitudes.

24. Explain six barriers to effective teaching.

 1. Lack of preparation – Poor lesson delivery.

2. Language barriers – Limits understanding.

3. Inadequate resources – Limits interaction.

4. Negative learner attitude – Reduces motivation.

5. Overcrowded classes – Limits engagement.

6. Time constraints – Rushed content delivery.

25. Explain six uses of instructional resources.

1. Arouse interest – Capture learner attention.

2. Clarify concepts – Visual aids simplify content.

3. Support diverse learners – Meet different needs.

4. Improve retention – Learners remember visuals better.

5. Encourage interaction – Especially with realia.

6. Stimulate creativity – Learners explore idea