MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS grey matter is mainly located on the

surface of the brain. The spinal cord is

chronic intermittently progressive disease arranged in the opposite way, with
of the CNS, charac. By scattered patches of grey matter found deep inside its core and
demyelination within the brain & spinal the insulating white matter wrapped.
cord
NSG INTERVENTION
- affects women more than men.
- usually occurs 20-40 yrs of age. - Assess client for specific deficits.
- more frequent in cool or temperate - Promote optimum mobility.
climate - Administer meds as ordered.
a. For acute exacerbation-
CAUSES: corticosteroids
- unknown b. For spasticity - baclofen
c. Beta interferon – betaseron
Sign and Symptoms - Encourage independence in self
care.
- are varied. - Prevent complications of immobility.
- charac. by remission and - Institute bowel program
exacerbation
- Maintain urinary elimination.
ASSESSMENT - Prevent injury related to sensory
problems.
- visual disturbances - Prepare client for plasma exchange.
- impaired sensation - Provide psychological support.
- euphoria or mood swings - Provide teaching and discharge
- impaired motor function- planning.
waeakness, paralysis, impaired,
nystagmus (vision condition in which MYASTEHNIA GRAVIS
the eyes make repetitive,
Neuromuscular disorder in which there is a
uncontrolled movements) tremors.
disturbance in the transmission of impulses
- bladder retention or incontinence
from nerve to muscle cells at the
(presence of continence)
neuromuscular junction, causing muscle
- constipation
weakness.
- sexual impotence in male
- Men- 15 -35 yo
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
- Women – over 40 yrs
- CSF - Affects more women then men
- Visual evoke response.
- CT scan
- MRI

White matter is found buried in the inner

layer of the brain's cortex, while the
CAUSE: administered. Myasthenic crisis is when
there is improvement with a small dose of
- Autoimmune disorder edrophonium.
- Voluntary muscles are affected.
- Commonly, MG is treated with
MEDICAL MGT. anticholinesterases and
- Drug therapy immunosuppressants such as
- Anticholinesterase – steroids, cyclosporine, and
prostigmin/mestinon azathioprine.
- Corticosteroids - Provide nsg care for clients with
- Surgery – thymectomy - removal of thymectomy.
the thymus gland -A thymectomy is - Provide client teaching and
the surgical removal of discharge planning.
the thymus gland, which has been
shown to play a role in the
development of myasthenia gravis. NURSING CARE DURING CRISIS.
- Plasma exchange
Maintain trachea or endo tube with
ASSESSMENT FINDINGS: mechanical ventilation.

- Diplopia/dysphagia Monitor ABG and vital capacities

- Extreme muscle weakness
- Ptosis Admin. Drugs as ordered
- Weak voice/hoarseness Establish method of communication.
DX. TESTS Provide support and reassurance.
- Tensilon test PARKINSON’S DISEASE
- EMG
- Presence of antiacetylcholine Progressive disorder with degeneration of
receptor antibodies in the serum the nerve cells in the basal ganglia &
substantia negra. Nerve cells in sustantia
NURSING INTERVENTIONS: negra produce neurotransmitter dopamine
- Admin. Anticholinesterase drugs on and is responsible for relating messanges
time that paln and control body movement.
- Promote optimal nutrition.
- Monitor resp. status frequently
- Assess muscle strength frequently. - Occurs on older population.
- Observe for myasthenic or
CAUSE: UNKOWN/predominantly
cholinergic crisis- a bract.
idiopathic
Cholinergic crisis is when there is no
improvement or worsening of weakness
when edrophonium is
ASSESSMENT FINDINGS. - Maintain adequate nutrition.
- Avoid constipation.
- Tremors - Provide a psychologic support.
- Rigidity - Provide a client teaching and
- Bradykinesia (slowness of discharge planning.
movement of the patient)
- Fatigue MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
- Stooped posture
- Difficulty rising from sitting position. - Group of muscular diseases in
- Masklike face children characterized by
- Quiet/monotone speech progressive muscle weakness and
(unchanging tone, voice is flat and deformity.
boring)
- Emotional lability (rapid often - Genetic in origin
changes of mood)
- Increased salivation - Disease causes progressive
- Cramped disability throughout childhood.
- Autonomic symptoms (excessive
sweating, Seborrhea- common skin - Death occurs by age 20 in 75% of
problem. It causes a red, itchy rash clients with duchenne’s muscular
and white scales. When it affects the dystrophy.
scalp, it is called “dandruff.” It can be
TYPES.
on parts of the face as well,
including the folds around the nose - PSEUDOHYPERTROPHIC
and behind the ears, the forehead, (DUCHENNE TYPE)
and the eyebrows and eyelids) - FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL
- LIMB GIRDLE
- CONGENITAL
NURSING INTERVENTIONS: - MYOTONIC - inability to relax
muscles at will.
Admin. Of drugs as ordered (levodopa- L - muscular dystrophy” means
dopa) (carbidopa-levodopa / sinemet) progressive muscle degeneration,
(amantadine/symmetreil) (anticholinergic with weakness and shrinkage of the
drugs/Cogentin, procyclidine) muscle tissue.
(antihistamines) (Bromocriptine/selegiline)

- Provide a safe environment.

- Provide measures to increase ASSESSMENT FINDINGS; (DUCHENNE
mobility. TYPE)
- Encourage independence in self-
- Pelvic girdle weakness
care.
- Gower’s sign
- Improve communication abilities.
- Scoliosis
- Refer to speech therapist.
 - Contractures and hypertrophy of Diagnostic
muscles
Lumbar function
DX TEST: DUCHENNE TYPE
Position in lumbar – fetal position, needle
- Muscle biopsy inserted.
- EMG (Electromyography (EMG) is a
- Decrease glucose.
diagnostic procedure that evaluates
- Increase pressure.
the health condition of muscles and
- Presence Micro organism
the nerve cells that control them)
- Increase ICP, hyperteria
- Serum enzymes increased in CPK.
the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction - Motitor vital sign
of creatine and adenosine triphosphate
Encephalitis (en-sef-uh-LIE-tis) is
(ATP) to phosphocreatine and
inflammation of the brain. There are
adenosine diphosphate (ADP
several causes, but the most
NSG, INTERVENTIONS. common is a viral
infection. Encephalitis often causes
- Prepare child for EMG and muscle only mild flu-like signs and
biopsy. symptoms — such as a fever or
- Maintain optimal function. headache — or no symptoms at all.
- Plan diet Sometimes the flu-like symptoms
- Continually evaluate capabilities. are more severe.
- Support child and parents and
provide info. About availability of
community agencies and support Pointers
groups
- Medical term
Meningities

Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of

the protective membranes covering the
brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral
infection of the fluid surrounding the brain
and spinal cord usually causes the swelling.
However, injuries, cancer, certain drugs,
and other types of infections also can
cause meningitis.

Photophobia literally means "fear of light."

If you have photophobia, you're not
actually afraid of light, but you are very
sensitive to i