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Population Part -II

Population is also considered as a good human resource. The physical and
intellectual characteristics of population affects the development of the region.
The development of the region is depending on many factors like literacy ratio,
available resources, economic condition of the region. If human resources are not
developed efficiently, the use of other resources also adversely affected as a result
infrastructural development, economic, educational, utilization of resources of any
region become slow. Considering these issues, the population structure, sex ratio,
literacy rate, etc. are studied in Population geography.

Classification of population based on age structure: Infants, Children, Teenagers,

Young, Adults, Old people.

There are three main types of population pyramids:

1. Expansive (A): Broad base with narrowing apex shows that more people die
at each higher band. This is also showing high birth rate and high death rate.

2. Constructive (B): Base gets narrower while apex is broader. This indicates
lower percentages of younger people and more of elderly people. This showa
low birth rate and lower death rates.

3. Stationary (c): Almost all age groups have same percentages. Very low birth
and very low death rate. Population hardly grows.
The type of age structure has a direct influence on the future of a nation. Both
extremes, i.e. old age dependency as well as young age dependency, prove to be a
severe burden on the economy of a country. And on the other hand, higher
proportion of working population means large number of man power.

Sex ratio: - The ratio between the number of women and men in the population is
called sex ratio.

Sex ratio = Total Female Population / Total Male Population *1000.

Objective based questions.

1. On an average, the world population reflects a sex ratio of 990 female per 1000
male.
2. The highest sex ratio countries of the world are Latvia, Estonia, Russia,
Ukraine.
3. Sex ratio of these countries are 1162 females per 1000 Males.
4. The least sex ratio country of world is Saudi Arabia.
5. It has 667 females per 1000 males.
6. The lowest sex ratio countries of the worlds are China, India, Bhutan,
Pakistan, Afghanistan.
Explain the demographic dividend in details.
Demographic Dividend: -
1. Demographic dividend is a type of reward that is distributed among the
shareholders equally as per shares. It is division of profit or surplus received.
[Link] dividend refers to the growth in an economy, countries population,
birth rate, death rate, working population ratio, dependent population, independent
population, literacy rate etc.

[Link] change comes because of a decline in birth rate and death rates. As a fewer
birth registered, the number of young dependents grow smaller, relative to the
working independent population. [Link] ratio between working and non -working
dependent population determines how the productive the country is economically.
[Link] per higher ratio contribution in economy will be high.

[Link] the population of the country goes through demographic transition, fertility
rates, birth rates and death rates also change. [Link] is a change in age structure of a
country. 8. As a fewer birth is registered, the number of dependents become smaller
than the working population. 10. With fewer people to support and more people
working, economy’s resources are invested in other areas to accelerate a countries
economic development. 11. As a result of this, per capita income increases over with
time. This economic benefit is in the form of dividend.
[Link] benefits are not achieved automatically. [Link] dividend depends
on whether the government implements the right policies in areas such as education,
health, research, etc. 14. it depends on the schooling, employment, frequency of the
childbearing, economic policies on tax incentives, health programs, pension and
retirement policies.
Demographic dividend in a country is visible in the following ways:
1. Personal savings can grow and can be used to stimulate the economy.
2. As number of children are less, parents can invest more money in their
education. Thus, human capital is built.
3. As more women join the labour force and become economically strong, they
contribute in the country’s economic growth.
4. Per capita GDP increases because dependency ratio is decreases.
Write short notes on literacy and education.
Literacy and education: -
1. Literacy rate and education ratio it varies country to country and region to region.
Proportion of literate population of a country is an indicator of its socio-economic
development. 2. It reveals the standard of living, social status of females, availability
of educational facilities and policies of government. [Link] level of economic
development is both, a cause and consequences of literacy rate.

[Link] India – literacy rate denotes the percentage of population above 7 years of age,
which is able to read, write and has the ability to do arithmetic calculations with
understanding.
Write short notes on occupational structure.
Occupational structure: -

1. The working population age group 15-59 years take part in various primary,
secondary, tertiary and quaternary occupations.
2. The proportion of working population engaged in these sectors is a good
indicator of the levels of economic developments of a nation.
3. Only developed economy with industries and infrastructure can
accommodate more workers in secondary, tertiary and quaternary sector.
4. If the economy is still agrarian then the proportion of people engaged in
primary activities is high.

Write short notes on rural- urban composition.

Rural-Urban Composition: -
1. The division of population into rural and urban is based on the residence.
 2. Lifestyle of rural and urban different from each other in terms of livelihood
and social conditions.
3. The age-sex-occupational structure, density of population and level of
development vary between rural and urban areas, population varies from
country to country.
4. If people are mainly engaged in primary activities and urban areas are those
where majority of the working population is engaged in non-primary
activities.

Define the migration and explain types of migration in details.

Migration: -
When an individual or group of individuals moves from one place to another, from
one political boundary to another, for lesser or longer duration or permanently; this
movement is called migration.

There are two types of migration

1. On the basis of region 2. Classification by duration.

Internal migration: when people migrate within the boundaries of their

country. They do not leave the country. This is done from one state to another
or from one city to another. e.g. moving to Mumbai from other states of India.

External migration: In this type of migration, people leave their country and
move to another country. e.g. moving abroad for higher education from India.
Moving abroad for job, medical treatment, completion of big civil projects,
research etc.

Short term migration: [Link] people can be migrating from on place to

another for limited period of time or seasonal to complete the agricultural,
construction or any other work, is known as short term migration. 2. e.g.
Some tribes travel seasonally in search of fodder, this is called seasonal
migration. [Link] some places in Maharashtra, more labour is needed during
sugarcane harvesting. Then, these labours work in sugarcane fields. [Link]
there is no work in farm, they go to the city and work as a labour.

Long term migration: 1. When people leave their original place of residence
and move to a new place for longer period then that migration is called long
term migration. 2. It is not decided whether they will return soon or not. They
may on holidays for a few days and go back.
For example:
❖ People from India have migrated to the United States of America, Great
Britain etc.
❖ Some villagers have come to the city in search of employment and have
settled here.

If migrated person returns to the original place after a very long time, it is
called a long-term migration. But if the person never returns to his original
place, it is called permanent migration.

Write the Reasons /causes/factors of migration.

1) Physical: Natural events like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, droughts

and flooding may be responsible for population to migrate.
2) Economic: Migration in which people migrate in search of jobs,
businesses, improve their standard of living etc.
3) Social: Often people have to migrate forcefully. People decide to leave the
place rather than face social problems. It may involve forcing people of a
certain group to migrate. Discrimination, education, health, medical
facilities, marriage, etc. can be reason behind migration.
4) Political: Sometimes war or political problems may arise in a country. In
that case, people from that other country migrate and seek refuge in
another country.
Define the term Pull factors and pull factors.
Push Factor: When the people move away forcefully from their original
places are called push factors. For example, Reduced employment
opportunities, war, drought, water or air pollution.

Pull Factor: When people attracted towards the region or area due to some
factors, they are called pull factors. For example, Education, and availability
of employment opportunities are the pull factors.

Explain impact of migration on population:

There are two types of regions based on migration

1) Doner region: When people migrate from their original place to another,
original place considered as a doner region.
2) Recipient region: When people migrated from one region to another
region their previous region considered as recipient region.

[Link] of a region requires housing, water supply, transportation,

health facilities, education, recreation, etc. to settle down. [Link] population
growth increase in any region that time available resources are overused by
people. 3. Pressure comes on available sources like water, transportation,
hospitals, schools, roads, recreational areas, etc., 4. As a result people faced
problems like electric power cut, water scarcity, traffic jam, sound pollution,
increasing cost of goods, lack of hospital beds etc.
Impact on doner region:
1. In doner region, migration cause less or no utilisation of these facilities.
2. Economic ratio, infrastructural development, utilisation of sources become
slow.
3. Dependent population increases.

Impact on recipient region:

1. Population of a region increases.

2. People faced pressure on provision facilities.
3. Housing, water supply, transportation, may prove insufficient as
compared to the population.
4. Agricultural areas are badly affected in peripheral regions.
5. Large chunk of agricultural land is used for non-agricultural purposes
like housing.
6. Land prices become high tremendously.
7. Lack of housing leads to increase in slums, public facilities get affected
very badly.
8. Economic inequality also rises in regions like city, crime rates may also
increase.
9. Regions may also have an unfavourable sex ratio.
10. Working population may be higher than other age group.