Chapter 7 – Properties of geometrical figures

Solutions to Warm-up quiz

1 4
a Acute angles are between 0○ and 90○ a a  110
b A right angle is 90 ○ b  180  a
b  70
c An obtuse angle is between 90○ and
180○
b b  75
a  180  b
d A 180○ angle is called a straight angle a  105

e A reflex angle is between 180○ and c a  40

360○ b  180  a
b  140
f A revolution is 360○ 5
a Square
h Complementary angles sum to 90○
b Parallelogram, including square,
g Supplementary angles sum to 180○ rectangle and rhombus
2 c Square, rectangle
a E - scalene
d Square, rhombus
b B - isosceles
e Trapezium
c F - right angled
f Kite
d A - obtuse angled
6
e C - equilateral a S  180  (4  2)
f D - acute angled S  360
3 a  360  95  90  45
a a  110 a  130

b b  180  40 b S  180  (5  2)
 140 S  540
b  540  280  80  30  30
c c  360  150
b  120
 210
c S  180  (6  2)
d d  180  85  60
S  720
 35
6c  720
e 3e  180
720
e  60 c 
6
f f  180  2  70 c  120
f  40

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 1

Solutions to Exercise 7A
1 d Corresponding
a Supplementary angles add to 180°

b Vertically opposite angles are equal

c If two lines are parallel and are

crossed by a transversal, then:

i corresponding angles are equal

ii alternate angles are equal

3 160 and a° are supplementary
iii Co-interior angles are supplementary a° = 180 – 160 = 20°

2 b° and °a are alternate angles

a Alternate b° = a = 20°

c° is the corresponding angle to 160°

c° = 160°

d° is vertically opposite 160°

d° = 160°

4 80 and a° are supplementary

a° = 180 – 80 = 100°
b Vertically opposite
b° and a° are alternate angles
b° = a° = 100°

c° is the corresponding angle to 80°

c° = 80°

d° is vertically opposite 80°

d° = 80°

c Co-interior 5
a x° is vertically opposite 110°
x° = 110°

y° and x° are corresponding angles

y° = x° = 110°

b 180 – 140 = 40°

The supplementary angle is 40°
x° is the corresponding angle to 40°
x° = 40°

y °and x° are supplementary angles

y° = 180 – 40 = 140°

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 2

 c x° and 75° are corresponding angles b Corresponding angles are equal.
x° = 75° x° = 20°

y° and x° are supplementary angles c 180 – 80 = 100°

y° = 180 – 75 = 105° The supplementary angle is 100°.
x° is in the corresponding position to
d x° and 60° are supplementary angles this angle.
x° = 180 – 60 = 120° x° = 100°
180 – 60 = 120° d Co-interior angles add to 180°.
The supplementary angle to 60° is 180 – 65 = 115
120° x° = 115°
y° is the corresponding angle to 120°
y° = 120° e 180 – 130 = 50°
The supplementary angle is 50°.
e x° and 110° are alternate angles x° is in the alternate position to this
x° = 110° angle.
y° and x° are supplementary angles x° = 50°
y° = 180 – 110 = 70° f 180 – 150 = 30°
f x° and 75° are Co-interior angles The Co-interior angle is 30°.
x° = 180 – 75 = 105° 30° and x° make a revolution.
x° = 360 – 30 = 330°
y° and 75° are alternate angles
y° = 75° 8
a Square
6 a° = b° = c° = 90°

a Yes. Corresponding angles are equal. b Rectangle

a° = b° = c° = 90°
b No. Alternate angles are equal in
parallel lines. c a° and 45° are Co-interior angles.
119 ≠ 124 a° = 180 – 45 = 135°

c No. Co-interior angles add to 180° in b° and a° are Co-interior angles.

parallel lines. b° = 180 – 135 = 45°
110 + 75 = 185°
c° and 45° are Co-interior angles.
d Yes. Co-interior angles add to 180°. c° = 180 – 45 = 135°
119 + 61 = 180°
d a° and 130° are Co-interior angles.
e No. Corresponding angles are equal in a° = 180 – 130 = 50°
parallel lines.
124 ≠ 123 b° and a° are Co-interior angles.
b° = 180 – 50 = 130°
f Yes. Alternate angles are equal.
c° and 130° are Co-interior angles.
7 c° = 180 – 130 = 50°
a Co-interior angles add to 180°.
180 – 120 = 60
x° = 60°

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 3

 e a° and 90° are Co-interior angles. 11
a° = 180 – 90 = 90° a 12

b° and 50° are Co-interior angles.

b° = 180 – 50 = 130°

f a° and 70° are Co-interior angles.

a° = 180 – 70 = 110°

b° and 60° are Co-interior angles.

b° = 180 – 60 = 120°
b 14
9
a Corresponding pairs
(a°, e°)
(b°, h°)
(c°, g°)
(d°, f°)

Alternate pairs
(c°, e°) c 2
(d°, h°)

Co-interior pairs
(c°, h°)
(d°, e°)

Vertically opposite pairs

(a°, c°)
(b°, d°)
(e°, g°)
(f°, h°)

10
a x° = 180 – 60 – 30 = 90°

b x° = 180 – 90 – 15 = 75°

c 2x° = 180 – 160 = 20°

x = 20 ÷ 2 = 10°

d 2x° = 180 – 90 – 30 = 60°

x = 60 ÷ 2 = 30°

e x° = 180 ÷ 5 = 36°

f 2x° + 4x° = 6x°

6x° = 180
x° = 180 ÷ 6 = 30°

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 4

Solutions to Exercise 7B
b
1 x  x  20  180
a The angle sum of a triangle is 180º. 2 x  20  180
b An isosceles triangle has two equal
2 x  160
side lengths. x  80

c An equilateral triangle's interior angles

are all 60º. c x  70  70  180
x  140  180
d An obtuse-angled triangle has one
x  40
obtuse angle.

e A scalene triangle has all different side

d x  80  80  180
lengths.
x  160  180
f An acute-angled triangle has all angles x  20
less than 90º.

2 C e x  34  34  180
x° = a° + b°
x  68  180
3 x  112
a c° = 180 – 25 – 35 = 120°

b x° = 180 – 120 = 60° f x  x  116  180

2 x  116  180
c x° = 25° + 35°
2 x  64
4
x  32
a x° = 180 – 80 – 30 = 70°
6
b x° = 180 – 150 – 20 = 10°
a x  85  60
c x° = 180 – 90 – 65 = 25° x  145
d x° = 180 – 90 – 32 = 58°
b x  80  64
e x° = 180 – 115 – 15 = 50°
x  144
f x° = 180 – 77 – 74 = 29°
c x  20  25
5 x  45
a x  x  50  180
2 x  50  180 d 155  x  95
2 x  130 x  155  95
x  65 x  60

e 80  x  20
x  80  20
x  60

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 5

 d a° is in an alternate position to 35°
f 86  x  39 a° = 35°
x  86  39
b° = 180 – 40 – 35 = 105°
x  47
7 e a° = 180 – 45 – 20 = 115°
a Yes
b° and a° are vertically opposite
b Yes b° = a° = 115°

c No c° is in an alternate position to 45°

All angles in an equilateral triangle are c° = 45°
equal to 60°
d° is in an alternate position to 20°
d Yes d° = 20°

e Yes f a° = 180 – 100 – 40 = 40°

f Yes b° and 100° are vertically opposite

b° = 100°
g No
All angles in an equilateral triangle are c° is in an alternate position to a°
equal to 60° c° = a° = 40°

h Yes d° is in an alternate position to 40°

d° = 40°
i Yes
10
8
a ∠ACD is alternate a°
a x  x  50  180 ∠ACD = a°
2 x  50  180
b ∠BCE is alternate b°
2 x  130
∠BCE = b°
x  65
b y° = 180 – 65 = 115° c ∠DCE = ∠ACD +c° +∠BCE
= a° + b° + c°
9 = 180°
a 150  a  90 11
a  150  90 a
a  60
i a  a  80  180
2a  80  180
b a  90  30 2a  100
a  120 a  50

c (a + 50)° is co-interior to 60°

(a + 50)° = 180 – 60 = 120° ii b  50  80
a° + 50 = 120
b  130
a° = 70°
b° = 180 – 50 – 60 = 70°

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 6

 b

i a  a  140  180
2a  140  180
2a  40
a  20
ii b  20  140
b  160

i a  a  180  180
2a  180  180
2a  0
a  0

ii b  0  180
b  180

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 7

Solutions to Exercise 7C
1 Parallelograms are those with 2 pairs 5
of parallel lines and 2 pairs of equal a x° and z° are co-interior angles to 120°
angles. Special parallelograms x° = z° = 180 – 120 = 60°
include; squares, rectangles and
rhombuses. x° and z° are co-interior angles to b°
b° = 180 – 60 = 120°
2
a Square, rectangle, rhombus, b x° and y° are co-interior angles to 70°
parallelogram x° = y° = 180 – 70 = 110°

b Rectangle, square, parallelogram, x° and y° are co-interior angles to z°

rhombus, kite z° = 180 – 110 = 70°

c rhombus, square, parallelogram, c x° and z° are co-interior angles to 150°

rectangle x° = z° = 180 – 150 = 30°

d trapezium x° and z° are co-interior angles to y°

y° = 180 – 30 = 150°
e kite
d x° = 360 – 110 – 110 – 95 = 45°
f square, rectangle (interior angles sum to 360°)

g square, rectangle e x° = 360 – 100 – 100 – 60 = 100°

(interior angles sum to 360°)
h square, rhombus, kite
f x° = 360 – 90 – 90 – 155 = 25°
3 (interior angles sum to 360°)
a a° = 180 – 36 = 144°
g x° = 360 – 90 – 90 – 90 = 90°
b b° = 360 – 281 = 79° (square)
c c° = 180 – 126 = 54° h x° and 80° are co-interior angles
4 x° = 180 – 80 = 100°
a x° = 360 – 150 – 100 – 90 = 20° y° = 360 – 100 – 80 – 40 = 140°
b x° = 360 – 80 – 85 – 85 = 110° i x° and 105° are Co-interior angles
c x° = 360 – 70 – 30 – 20 = 240° x° = 180 – 105 = 75°

d x° = 360 – 90 – 85 – 60 = 125° y° = 360 – 105 – 160 – 75 = 20°

e x° = 360 – 90 – 160 – 80 = 30° 6

f x° = 360 – 230 – 35 – 30 = 65° a x  x  40  90  360

2 x  130  360
2 x  230
x  115

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 8

 b 360 – 240 = 120° 9
120° and x° are co-interior angles a The remaining inside angle
x° = 180 – 120 = 60° = 360 – 130 – 90 – 85
= 55°
c 360 – 90 = 270°
x° = 360 – 35 – 25 – 270 = 30° x° = 180 – 55 = 125°

d 360 – 120 = 240° b 180 – 62 = 118°

x° = 360 – 55 – 15 – 240 = 50° x° is in the corresponding position to
118°
e 360 – 270 = 90° x° = 118°
x° = 90°
c 180 – 120 = 60°
f 360 – 50 – 50 – 40 = 220° The missing angle in the kite is 60°
x° = 360 – 220° = 140° x° = 360 – 60 – 95 – 95 = 110°
7 10
a An isosceles has two equal side a All 4 triangles are isosceles.
lengths. Therefore both a° and e° = 30°
b b° = 180 – 30 – 30 = 120°
i x° and y° are Co-interior angles
If x° = 60° c° = 180 – 60 – 60 = 30°
y° = 180 – 60 = 120°
90 – 30 = 60°
ii x° and y° are Co-interior angles d° = 60
If x° = 140°
y° = 180 – 140 = 40° b All 4 triangles are isosceles.

a° = 180 – 50 – 50 = 80°
c It has two equal side lengths, two pairs b° and a° are supplementary angles
of equal angles and one pair of parallel b° = 180 – 80 = 100°
sides.
c° and a° are vertically opposite
8 c° = a° = 80°
b The small isosceles triangles is
comprised of the three angles 40°, 40° d° is an alternate angle to 50°
and 140°. d° = 50°

The large isosceles triangle is c Isosceles triangle

comprised of the three angles 30°, 75° a° = 180 – 70 – 70 = 40°
and 75°.
b° = 90 – 70 = 20°
The supplementary angle to x° is (75 +
40) 115°. c° = 90 – 40 = 50°

x° = 180 – 115 = 65° d° = 180 – 50 – 20 = 110°

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 9

 d c° = 180 – 90 – 20 = 70°

The three angles of the larger triangle

are: 20°, 40° (b + c)°

b° = 180 – 20 – 40 – 70 = 50°

e a° = 180 – 90 – 30 = 60°

The three angles of the larger triangle

are: 30°, 70° (a + b)°

b° = 180 – 30 – 70 – 60 = 20°

f a° = 90 – 80 = 10°

b° = 180 – 90 – 10 = 80°

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 10

Solutions to Exercise 7D

1 f S  180(n  2)
a Quadrilaterals = 4  180  10  2 
b Octagon = 8  180  8
 1440
c Decagon = 10

d Heptagon = 7
3 In a regular polygon, all sides are
e Nonagon = 9 equal and all angles are equal.

f Hexagon = 6 4
a S  180(n  2)
g Pentagon = 5
 180   6  2 
h Dodecagon = 12  180  4
2  720
a S  180(n  2) x° = 720 – (120 + 120 + 140 + 140 + 90)
 180   5  2  x° = 110°

 180  3 b S  180(n  2)
 540  180   5  2 
 180  3
b S  180(n  2)
 540
 180   6  2  x° = 540 – (100 + 100 + 160 + 50)
 180  4 x° = 130°
 720
c S  180(n  2)

c S  180(n  2)  180   5  2 

 180   7  2   180  3
 540
 180  5
x° = 540 – (100 + 100 + 260 + 50)
 900
x° = 30°

d S  180(n  2) d S  180(n  2)
 180   8  2   180   7  2 
 180  6  180  5
 1080  900
x° = 900 – (160 + 100 + 140 + 130 +
e S  180(n  2) 150 + 115)
 180   9  2  x° = 105°

 180  7
 1260

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 11

 e S  180(n  2) 8
 180   6  2  a S  180(n  2)
 180  4  180  11  2 
 720  180  9
x° = 720 – (270 + 30 + 260 + 60 + 70)  1620
x° = 30°

f S  180(n  2) b S  180( n  2)
 180   4  2   180   20  2 
 180  2  180  18
 360  3240
x° = 360 – (280 + 30 + 20)
x° = 30° 9
a S  180(n  2)
5  180  10  2 
a P = 6 × 4 = 24 cm
 180  8
b S  180(n  2)  1440
 180   6  2  1440 ÷ 10 = 144°
 180  4
 720 b S  180( n  2)
c a° = 720 ÷ 6 = 120°  180   25  2 
 180  23
6
 4140
a P = 8 × 3.5 = 28 cm 4140 ÷ 25 = 165.6°

b S  180(n  2)
 180   8  2  10
a x° = 360 ÷ 5 = 72°
 180  6
 1080 b S  180(n  2)
c b° = 1080 ÷ 8 = 135°  180   5  2 
7  180  3
a S  180(n  2)  540
 180   6  2  y° = 540 ÷ 5 = 108°
 180  4
 720
x° = 720 ÷ 6 = 120°

b 𝑥° = 720 ÷ 6 = 120°

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 12

11 b y° = 360 ÷ 6 = 60°

a The shape is a pentagon, so the sum of x  x  60  180

the internal angles is 180(n − 2) = 180 2 x  60  180
× (5 − 2) = 180 × 3 = 540º. Hence, x =
540 ÷ 5 = 108º.
2 x  120
y = 180 − 108 = 72º. x  60
c y° = 360 ÷ 8 × 5 = 225°

x° = 360 ÷ 8 = 45°

12

Regular # Diagram # Interior angle sum Interior angle Exterior Exterior

Polygon sides triangles angle angle
sum
Triangle 3 1 S  180   3  2  180 ÷ 3 = 60° 360° 360 ÷ 3
= 120°
 180  1
 180
Quadrilateral 4 2 S  180   4  2  360 ÷ 4 = 90° 360° 360 ÷ 4
= 90°
 180  2
 360
Pentagon 5 3 S  180   5  2  540 ÷ 5 = 360° 360 ÷ 5
108° = 72°
 180  3
 540
Hexagon 6 4 S  180   6  2  720 ÷ 6 = 360° 360 ÷ 6
120° = 60°
 180  4
 720

…
n-gon n n–2
S  180   n  2  (𝑛 − 2) × 180 360° 360 ÷ n
𝑛
b

i 𝑆 = 180 × (𝑛 − 2)
(𝑛−2)×180
ii 𝐴= 𝑛

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 13

Solutions to progress quiz
1 180 × (4 − 2) = 180 × 2 = 360∘ .
∘ ∘
a 𝑎 and 70 are vertically opposite. b  90  110  60  360
𝑎∘ = 70∘ b  260  360
𝑎∘ and 𝑏 ∘ are corresponding pairs. b  100

𝑏 ∘ = 𝑎∘ = 70∘ d 52∘ and 𝑥 ∘ are co-interior pairs.

𝑥 ∘ = 180 − 52 = 128∘
b 250∘ completes a revolution with
360 − 250 = 110∘ , which forms a 𝑥 ∘ and 𝑦 ∘ are co-interior pairs.
co-interior pair with 𝑐 ∘ . 𝑦 ∘ = 180 − 128 = 52∘

𝑐 ∘ = 180 − 110 = 70∘ 4 By the exterior angle theorem,

𝑐 ∘ and 𝑑∘ form half a revolution. 60 + 𝑧 = 145
𝑑 ∘ = 180 − 𝑐 = 180 − 110 = 70∘ 𝑧 ∘ = 85∘

2 5
a 120∘ and 60∘ add to 180∘ and are
a S  180(n  2)
co-interior. Hence, they are co-  180  (6  2)
interior pairs between parallel  180  4
lines.  720
∘ ∘ Hence.
72 and 78 are not equal but are
alternate. Hence, the pairs of lines 149  123  88  m  138  72  720
are not parallel. m  570  720
m  150
3
a The sum of angles in a triangle is b All sides are of equal length as the
180∘ . pentagon is regular, so 𝑎 = 6 cm.

𝑥 ∘ = 180 − 100 − 50 = 30∘ S  180( n  2)

 180  (5  2)
b The sum of angles in a triangle is
 180  3
180∘ . The triangle is isosceles,
 540
with two angles being 𝑎 ∘ .
5 x  540
a  a  44  180 540
x
2a  136 5
a  68 x  108

c 250∘ completes a revolution with

360 − 250 = 110∘ .

The sum of angles in a

quadrilateral is 180(𝑛 − 2) =

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 14

Solutions to Exercise 7E
1 Two figures are said to be similar 5
when they are the same shape, but not a 2 cm
necessarily the same size.
b 30 m = 30 × 100 = 3000 cm
2 Scale factor = 3000 / 2 = 1500
a Matching angles are equal.
c 5 cm
b Matching sides are in ratio.
d Real distance = 5 × 1500 = 7500 cm =
c The scale factor can be used to make 7500 / 100 = 75 m
the sides of the image longer or 6
shorter than the original. a 5 cm
3
a The side lengths are in the same b 75 m = 75 × 100 = 7500 cm
proportion. Scale factor = 7500 / 5 = 1500

b The scale factor is 1.5 c 4 cm

4
d Real distance = 4 × 1500 = 6000 cm =
a 6
2 6000 / 100 = 60 m
3
x 7
 2
4 a ΔABC ⦀ ΔADE
x 8 b ∠ABC = ∠ADE = 90°
∠A is common to both
b 15
3 All three angles are equal.
5
AD 10
x
 3 c   2.5
7 AB 4
Scale factor = 2.5
x  21
d DE DE
c 3   2.5
 1.5 BC 1.5
2
6 DE
  1.5  2.5
x 1.5
6 DE  3.75 m
x  4
1.5
8
a 3
d 3.3
3  1.5
1.1 2
4.5 x
 3   1.5
x 1
4.5 x  1.5
x   1.5
3

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 15

 b 15 10
 1.5
10
x a  ACB   ECD (vertically
  1.5 opposite)
6
x 9  ABC   CDE (alternate angles)
 BAC   DEC (alternate angles)
c 3.6 b i DE 12
3   1.5
1.2 AB 8
6.6
 3 DC

DC
 1.5
x BC 4
x 
6.6
 2.2 DC  6cm
3

ii DE 12
  1.5
AB 8
9
EC 9
a The map ratio is 1:50 000. Hence, 1   1.5
cm on the map is equivalent to 50 000 AC AC
cm on the ground, and 50 000 cm = 50 9
 AC  6cm
000 / 100 = 500 m = 500 / 1000 = 0.5 1.5
km.

(i) 2 cm on the map is 2 × 0.5 = 1

km on the ground.
(ii) 6 cm on the map is 6 × 0.5 = 3
km on the ground.

b From part (a) (i), 1 km on the ground

is 2 cm on the map.

(i) 5 km on the ground is 2 × 5 =

10 cm on the map.

(ii) 0.5 km on the ground is 2 ×

0.5 = 1 cm on the map.

c Using a ruler, the map distance is 4

cm. Hence, the actual ground distance
is 4 × 0.5 = 2 km

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 16

Solutions to Exercise 7F

1 4 A D
10
a Scale factor = 5
= 2

b Height of image triangle = 3 × height

of original triangle = 3 × 3 = 9 units
Length of slanted side of image E F
triangle = 3 × length of slanted side of
B C
original triangle = 3 × 7 = 21 units
15
c Scale factor =  5 (the original
3 6
and image triangles are equilateral, so a  1.5
4
all sides are the same)
2 b x
a No, different scale factors have been  1.5
3
applied to the sides of the triangle.
x  4.5 m
9
=3
3 5
12 a
=3 x 8
4   1.6
11 5
13
However, = 2.6 ≠ 3 x
5  1.6
11
b Hence, the triangles are not similar
x  17.6
since the sides have had different scale
factors applied to them.

3 b x 3
A D   1.5
a 3 2
x
 1.5
3
x  4.5
E F
6 CD 4
B C  2
∠ACB = ∠DEF = 90° AC 2
∠BAC = ∠EDF ED 2.5
 2
∴All three angles are equal AB AB
∴ ΔABC ⦀ ΔDEF 2.5
2
AB
20
b 2 2.5
10  AB  1.25
2

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 17

7 A Scale factor:
BC 1.3
  1.083
D KL 1.2

AB AB
  1.083
JK 1.75
B C E F AB
 1.083
1.75
∠ABC = ∠DEC = 90° AB  1.90 m
∠ACB = ∠DFE (elevation to the sun is
10 Answers will vary.
the same.
∴All three angles are equal. 11
∴ ΔABC ⦀ ΔDEF
a Scale factor:
a Scale factor: CD 15
BC 30   1.5
 5 AB 10
EF 6
b 20 m
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵
b 𝐷𝐸
= 1
=5
𝐴𝐵
=5
1 c CE AE  10
𝐴𝐵 = 5 m   1.5
AE AE
AE  10
 1.5
AE
8
AE  10  1.5  AE 
a Scale factor:
1.5  AE   1 AE   10
BC 12
  1.2 0.5  AE   10
AB 10
AE  20 m
b EC EC
  1.2
AD 11
EC
 1.2
11
AB  13.2 m

9 Aaron

Jack

B C K L

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 18

Solutions to Exercise 7G
1 b i 2
a 4
ii 3
b 3
iii 3
c c 8
i A-C, A-B-C (two such
walks since there are two d i B and C
edges from A to B). Hence,
ii A
3 walks in total.
ii A-B (two such walks), A- 4
C-B. Hence, 3 walks in
a i 4
total.
iii Due to the symmetry of the ii 5
network, there is the same
number of walks from A to b i 3
C as there is from B to C. ii 1
Hence, there are 3 walks in
total. iii 3

d i 3 iv 3

ii 3 c 10

iii 2 d

2 i 1 and 3 are both odd

numbers, thus all vertices
a 3
(A, B, C, D) are odd.
b 3 (the degree of A is the number of ii No evens.
edges connecting to A)
5
c 4
a i 4
d A: 3
B: 1 ii 5
C: 2 b i 2
D: 2
Hence, 3 + 1 + 2 + 2 = 8 is the sum ii 3
of the degrees of the graph.
iii 3
e Sum of degrees is twice the number of
edges. iv 2

3 c 10

a i 3

ii 4

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 19

 d 12

i B, C both have degree 3. a 8

Therefore odd. b 16

ii A, D both have degree 2. c Sum of degrees is twice the

Therefore even. number of edges.
6 C has three vertices with degree 3 13
and one with degree 1. Therefore
C. a No
7 B has two vertices with degree 2 b No
and two with degree 4. Therefore
B. c Yes
8
14
a A-B-C-D and A-C-D. Therefore 2
walks. a No, this is not possible.

b A-D and two A-B-C-Ds. Therefore b No, this is not possible.

3 walks.
c No, this is not possible.
c A-B-D and two A-B-C-Ds.
Therefore 3 walks.

9
A: Sum of degrees = 2 + 3 + 3 + 2 =10

B: Sum of degrees = 1 + 2 + 4 + 3 = 10

C: Sum of degrees = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 12

Therefore, C.

10

A: 3 walks.
B: 6 walks.
C: 2 walks.
B has the greatest number of walks.

11 Yes, answers may vary.

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 20

Solutions to Exercise 7H
1 5
a Answers may vary. a i 4

E.g., a quadrilateral without ii 6

overlapping lines
iii 4
b Yes
b v + f = 9, e + 2 = 9
2
a i 5 Therefore, v + f = e + 2
ii 7 Euler’s formula is verified.
iii 4
6
b i 9
a i 5
ii 9
ii 7
c They are equal.
iii 4
3
a Yes b v + f = 9, e + 2 = 9
b No Therefore, v + f = e + 2
c No Euler’s formula is verified.
d Yes 7 A and C both directly connect
e Yes points B and D. A and C are
isomorphic.
4
Try draw each of these graphs so 8 A and C are isomorphic. B has
that none of the edges overlap. If different edge connections.
this can be done, the graph is 9
planar; if not, the graph is non- a Use Euler’s Formula : v  f  e  2
planar.
68  e 2
a Planar e  14  2
b Planar e  12

c Non-planar b Use Euler’s Formula : v  f  e  2

8  f  12  2
d Non-planar
f 6
e Planar
c Use Euler’s Formula : v  f  e  2
f Planar
v  8  10  2
v4

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 21

10 iv v + f = 14, e + 2 = 14
a Vertices: 4 Therefore, v + f = e + 2
Edges: 6 Euler’s formula is verified.
Faces: 4
12 A, B, C, D and E can all be drawn
b v + f = 8, e + 2 = 8 without intersecting lines. So, the
Therefore, v + f = e + 2 graph is planar.
Euler’s formula is verified.
c Answers will vary. For example,

v + f = 8, e + 2 = 8
Therefore, v + f = e + 2
Euler’s formula is verified.
11
a i Vertices: 6
Edges: 9
Faces: 5
ii v + f = 11, e + 2 = 11
Therefore, v + f = e + 2
Euler’s formula is verified.
iii Answers will vary. For
example,

iv v + f = 11, e + 2 = 11
Therefore, v + f = e + 2
Euler’s formula is verified.
b i Vertices: 8
Edges: 12
Faces: 6
ii v + f = 14, e + 2 = 14
Therefore, v + f = e + 2
Euler’s formula is verified.

iii Answers will vary. For

example,

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 22

Solutions to Exercise 7I
1 4
a Walk a i Yes (no edge repeated)

b Circuit ii No (AD repeated)

c Cycle b

d Trail i Yes (trail that begins and

ends at same vertex)
e Path
ii No (doesn’t begin and end
2 at same vertex)
a B and C are both vertices of degree
c
3. A and D are of degree 2.
Therefore B and C. i No (Vertex D repeated)

b Answers will vary. Eg: B-A-C-B- ii Yes (no vertex/edge

D-C repeated)

c Eulerian trail d

d Yes i Yes (path that starts and

ends at same place)
e 2 ii No (vertex D repeated)
f 0 or 2 5
3 a i Yes (no edge repeated)
a i Yes (no edge repeated) ii No (edge CD repeated)
ii Yes (no edge repeated) b i Yes (trail that begins and
b i Yes (trail that begins and ends ends at same vertex)
at same vertex)
ii No (edge BF repeated)
ii No (repeated edge DE so
c i Yes (no vertex/edge
not a trail, hence not a
repeated)
circuit)
ii No (vertex F repeated)
c i No (vertex B repeated)
d
ii Yes (no vertex/edge
repeated) i Yes (path that starts and
ends at same place)
d i Yes (path that starts and `
ii No (edge CF repeated)
ends at same place)

ii No (vertex B repeated)

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 23

6 O: Degree 5
a Yes. Eg: A-B-C-A-D-E-A. 4 odd degrees. Therefore No.
Yes. All these trails are circuits as c A: Degree 2
they must start and end at the same
point. B: Degree 5
b Yes. Eg: C-A-D-C-B-A C: Degree 2
No. Eg: C-A-D-C-B-A D: Degree 3
c Yes. Eg: A-B-C-D-B E: Degree 4
No. Eg: A-B-C-D-B 2 odd degrees. Therefore Yes.
d Yes. Eg: C-A-B-D-C-D-B-C. d A: Degree 3
Yes. All these trails are circuits as B: Degree 2
they must start and end at the same
point. C: Degree 3

e No Eulerian trail possible. D: Degree 3

f No Eulerian trail possible. E: Degree 3

7 F: Degree 3

a A: Degree 6 8

B: Degree 2 a B-A-E-D-B-C-D

C: Degree 4 B-A-E-D-C-B-D

D: Degree 4 B-C-D-E-A-B-D

E: Degree 2 B-C-D-B-A-E-D
F: Degree 2
B-D-C-B-A-E-D
0 odd degrees. Therefore Yes.
B-D-E-A-B-C-D
b A: Degree 2

B: Degree 3 b D-C-B-D-E-A-B

C: Degree 3 D-C-B-D-E-A-B

D: Degree 3 D-B-C-D-E-A-B

E: Degree 2 D-B-A-E-D-C-B

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 24

 D-E-A-B-C-D-B

D-E-A-B-D-C-B

9 6. Eg: A-E-D-C-B-D-B-A

10
a Graph 2 – same layout in planar format

b Bridges

c 4

d Doesn’t have a Eulerian trail

11
a T

b T

c F

d F

e T

f F

12
a Yes, it is possible. There are 4 ways this can be achieved.
C-F-L-G-H-C
C-H-G-L-F-C
C-L-G-H-F-C
C-F-H-G-L-C
b No, it is not possible.

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 25

Solutions to Exercise 7J
1 b

a 2 (24 and 30) i 2 + 1 + 3 = 6 (Shops to

square to post office to
b 4. Eg: A-C park.) Therefore 6 km.
c 3. Eg: A-C ii 2 + 3 = 5 (Shops to square
d 12 km to park.) Therefore 5 km.

e 27 km 7

2 a 2 + 3 + 6 = 11. Therefore 11 km.

a i 15 km
b 1 + 3 + 2 + 3 = 9. Therefore 9 km.
ii 16 km
c 3 + 2 + 1 = 6. Therefore 6 km.
b 9
d 4 + 1 + 2 = 7. Therefore 7 km
c A, B, D and F as the path A-B-D-F is
the shortest distance from A to F 8

3 a 3 + 1 + 3 = 7. Therefore 7 cm.
a 15 + 11 = 26. Therefore 26 km.
b 2 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 7. Therefore 7 cm.
b 6 + 7 + 11 = 24. Therefore 24 km.
9 A-B-C is shorter than A-C (2 + 1 <
4 4) and C-D-E is short than C-E (3 +
a 9 + 10 + 7 = 26. Therefore 26 m. 1 < 5). Therefore, must go via B and
D.
b 12 + 8 + 10 + 9 = 39. Therefore 39
m. 10

5 a A, B, C, D, E, G
a 6 + 3 + 1 + 5 = 15. Therefore 15
b 80 + 100 + 20 + 40 + 30 = 270.
cm.
Therefore $270.
b 6 + 8 + 5 = 19. Therefore 19 cm.
11 3 + 2 + 3 = 8. Therefore 8 km.

6
a i 1 + 3 = 4. Therefore 4 km.

ii 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 = 12.
Therefore 12 km.

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 26

Solutions to Puzzles and Challenges
1 30 C
1 large (4 × 4) Co-interior angles
x° = 180 – 65 = 115°
O
Quadrilaterals sum to 360°
x° = 360 – 100 – 85 – 70 = 105°
G
Pentagon sums to 540°
4 smaller (3 × 3) x° = 540 – 130 – 100 – 95 – 85 = 130°
CONGRUENCE
3 Part of B is alternate 60°
The other part is alternate (180 – 130)
50°.
B = 110°
4
a 7 regions are formed
9 smaller (2 × 2)
b 11 regions

16 small (1 × 1)

5 A

D E B C
2 R
x° = 180 – 70 = 110° Scale factor
E DE 18
  1.5
x  x  30  180 BC 12
2 x  30  180 AE AE  10
  1.5
2 x  150 AC AC
x  75 AE  10
 1.5
U AE
180 – 40 = 140° (inside triangle) AE  10  1.5  AE 
x° = 180 – 140 – 15 = 25°
1.5  AE   1 AE   10
N
x° = 180 – 60 = 120° 0.5  AE   10
AE  20 m

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 27

Solutions to short-answer questions
1 3
a x° = 70° (alternate angles) a Square, rectangle, rhombus,
y° = 180 – 70 = 110° (supplementary) parallelogram

b x° = 120° (corresponding angles) b Parallelogram, square, rhombus,

y° = 120° (vertically opposite) rectangle
c Kite
c x° = 180 – 115 = 65° (co-interior)
y° = 180 – 65 = 115° (co-interior) d Square, rhombus, kite
4
d x° = 30° (alternate angles) a 4  a  360
y° = 180 – 30 = 150° (co-interior)
a  90
e x° = 90° (co-interior)
y° = 360 – 90 – 90 – 60 = 120° b a  120  110  90  360
(quadrilaterals internal angles sum to a  320  360
360°) a  40
f 2 x  x  x  180 c a° = 180 – 70 = 110° (Co-interior)
4 x  180 b° = 180 – 150 = 30° (Co-interior)

x  45 d a° = 90°
2 b° = 360 – 90 – 90 – 50 = 130°
a x° = 180 – 150 – 10 = 20°
e a° = 180 – 140 = 40° (Co-interior)
b x° = 180 – 90 – 60 = 30° b° = 180 – 40 = 140° (Co-interior)

c x  x  26  180 f a  a  50  90  360
2 x  26  180 2a  140  360
2 x  154 2a  220
x  77 a  110
d x° = 180 – 80 – 80 = 20° 5
a S  180  n  2 
e x° = 180 ÷ 3 = 60°
 180  (5  2)
f 2 x  x  90  180  180  3
3x  90  180  540
3x  90 x° = 540 – 90 – 140 – 120 – 130
x° = 60°
x  30
g x° = 85 + 45 = 130° b S  180  n  2 
h 180 – 160 = 20°  180  (6  2)
x° = 180 – 90 – 20 = 70°  180  4
i x° = 120 + 40 = 160°  720
x° = 720 – 110 – 70 – 130 – 160 – 150
x° = 100°

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 28

 c S  180  n  2  10
a No, B-C has no edge connected in
 180  (7  2)
the second graph.
 180  5
b
 900 i Planar – can be drawn without
x° = 900 – 40 – 280 – 70 – 130 – 140 intersecting lines.
– 120
x° = 120° ii Planar – can be drawn without
intersecting lines.
6
a P = 5 × 2 m = 10 m 11

b S  180  n  2  a Edges: 6
 180  (5  2) Vertices: 4
 180  3 b 4
 540 c v + f = 8, e + 2 = 8. Therefore, v + f
c x° = 540 ÷ 5 = 108° = e + 2. Euler’s formula satisfied.
12
7
a ΔABE and ΔACD a Not a trail (edge AC repeated).
b More than two odd degree vertices.
b Scale factor
CD 5 c DF, or DB, or DA
  2.5
BE 2 d It will not be an Eulerian circuit as
c AC = 3 × 2.5 = 7.5 m the graph will still have two odd
vertices.
8 13
a Scale factor a 6 + 5 + 4 = 15. Therefore 15 cm.
150
 6.25 b 5 + 2 + 5 = 12. Therefore 12 cm.
24

b Mei
= 0.3 m × 6.25
= 1.875 m (187.5 cm)

9
a AB = 2 cm

b 2 cm ÷ 100 = 0.02 m
100
 5000
0.02

c CD = 5 cm

d 0.05 × 5000 = 250 m

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 29

Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 B 11 B and D are odd vertices.
x° = 80° (corresponding angles) Therefore B-D needs to be
y° = 180 – 80 = 100° (supplementary removed.
angles) Answer: C
2 A
12 Vertex C is repeated.
x° = 180 – 70 – 25 = 85°
Answer: D
3 D
Triangle internal angle sum = 180°
13 6 + 3 + 5 + 6 = 20 km (A-B-C-E-
180 – 60 – 70 = 50° D).

4 E Answer: A
x° = 180 – 70 = 110°
(co-interior angles)

5 E
S  180  n  2 
 180  (6  2)
 180  4
 720

6 B
5 ÷ 2 × 3 = 7.5 cm

7 A
Scale factor
30
 20
1.5

height of tree = 2 m × 20 = 40 m

8 A dodecagon has 12 sides.

Answer: D

9 The original has a hypotenuse of

length 5; the image has a
hypotenuse of length 15. Hence,
15
the scale factor is = 5.
3
Answer: E

10 The graph has two odd vertices:

vertex A and D
Answer: C

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 30

Solutions to extended-response questions
1 e
a x° = 180 – 90 – 30 = 60°
i 5 + 4 = 9. Therefore 9 km.
y° = 60° (vertically opposite)
z° = 180 – 90 – 60 = 30° ii 7 + 5 + 4 = 16. Therefore

b Scale factor 16 km.

10
 2.5
4

c 20 cm ÷ 2.5 = 8 cm

a 5 m = 500 cm
500 125

8 2
125
b 4.5 × 2
= 281.25 𝑐𝑚

a Degree of Cheese factory: 2

Degree of Waterfalls: 3

Degree of Homestead: 3

Degree of Stonton: 3

Degree of Grain farm: 3

Sum = 2+ 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 14

b 5 + 4 = 9. Therefore 9 km.

c v = 5, f = 4, e = 7
v + f = 9, e + 2 = 9. Therefore, v + f
= e + 2. Euler’s formula satisfied.

d No, edges from Cheese factory to

Waterfalls and from Stonton to
Homestead are not covered.

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 31