AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology M.J. Ross Published by PG Online Limited ‘The Old Coach House 35 Main Road Tolpuddie Dorset DT2 7EW United Kingdom, sales@[Link] [Link] 2017 PG ONLINEAcknowledgements We are grateful to the AGA Examination Board for permission to use questions from past papers. ‘The answers in the Teacher's Supplement are the sole responsibilty of the authors and have neither been provided nor approved by the examination board. Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge ownership of copyright. The publishers will be happy to make any future amendments with copyright owners that it has not been possible to contact. The author ‘and publisher would Ike to thank the following companies and individuals who granted permission for the use of their images in this textbook Cover Cover picture © ‘Stony Sunrisat Paper and acrylic on masonite board 90 x 45 x Som produced with the kind permission of Amy Genser ‘[Link] ‘wvew [Link] Section 1 LLunatk watch: © MINIMAL Fairtrade logo: © Fairtrade Foundation BigLite" stove: © BioLito™ Plopp chocolate: Cloetia AB “The New Fiver: © Bank of England Key turner: courtesy of OTS Lia Easi-Grio Trowel with Arm Support courtesy of Peta (UK) Limitec Section 2 \Windup Radio: © Freeplay Eyeliax Racko Elastic band toy: Pitsco Education, USA, ‘www [Link] Wooden balloon car courtesy of Tobar Group Trading Ltd Floxiblo mdf: Matchboard Lid Foamed aluminium components: Havel Metal Foam GmbH ‘Metal foam: @ Apichart Jinnapat and Andrew Kennedy, licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland ‘Thermochromic sheet: SFXC Good Life Innovations Ltd Photochromic beads with torch: Ecucational Innovations ‘wwowcteachersource,com Polymorph and GTC strips: [Link] Conductive thread courtesy of SparkFun Electrorics Cornmon input components courtesy of RS Components Limited ‘Girouit Wizard screenshot: © New Wave Concepts Section Foam core board: © GPM Ltd Section 4 Cardboard furniture: © Philippe Nigro - Sktsch Build Up Eureka Jeens deta: © Raoul Breugelmans {[Link]) Poang Chair: Inter Ikea Systems B.V. Hany Thaler Pressed Chair: © Jager & Jéger Desatifieation: © Detence,pk Davvik open pit mine: © 2016 Rio Tinto Made in Britain logo: Made in Britain Assured Food Standards logo: Red Tractor Assurance Peppy cak dining table courtesy of Jim Tory Furniture ‘wre [Link] Section 5 Paper detail: © Phenom World ‘Maun safety rule: Maun Industries Ltd Paper Shears: © Dahle Rotary cutting too! and perforating tool courtesy of Otta, Creasing machine: © Punehbind - UK Distrioutors of ‘Cyklos Creasing Machines Maun safety rule with cutting mat courtesy of Axminster “Tool Centre Lid Fuse Creativity System, courtesy of Fiskars Ratchet Rivet courtesy of GBK UK Ltc Slide Binder courtesy of JFK Binding Supplies Lid ‘Tamper proof sticker courtesy of StickerYou inc. FSC logo: © The Forest Stewardship Counc PEFC laga: © PEFC UK Lid Bobbin Sander courtesy of Axminster Tool Centre Ltd New Sling: Design and photography: © David Trubridge ‘Quality Control go / no go gauge: © Yorkshire Pression Gauges Lic ‘Metal band saw courtesy of Axminster Too! Centre Ltd Polymorph: [Link] Plastic door hinge courtesy of SDS London Disc sander courtesy of Axminster Tool Centre Lid Bresso: Reckitt Benckiser Group ple Flame resistant fabric: © Firlam Technical Piping courtesy of By Hand London Sewing Pattoms Coppi: Clad ere oarc: © Yoonseo Kang, OpenStax ch PCB Scrub biock courtesy of RS Components Limited Fume extractor courtesy of RS Components Limited Section 6 Adidas X Parley Shoe made using Parlay Ocean Prastic!™ Harry Bock map: © Tf. from the London Transport Museum collection Issigonis Sketch, Miri Overview: © British Motor Industry Heritage Trust ‘Anna G Corkscrew, Designer Alessandro Mendini ‘© Assi S.p.a,, Crusinalo, Italy Jhicy Salt, Designer Philippe Stark: © Alessi, S.p.a. ‘Crusinallo, lily Honda Robotics: © Honda Motor Go. Lid Designers skaton: © Robert Bronwasser (2007) Fashion sketch: Leonora Sheppard Section 7 ‘Maun safety rul: Maun industries Lic. Rotary cutting tool courtesy of Otfa Soribing tool courtesy of Axminster Too! Centre Lid All Sections Photographic images: © Shutterstock and © ‘Stock End of Section exercises coninbuted by Bary LambertPreface ‘This is a brand new book that provides comprehensive yet concise coverage of all the topics covered in the new AQA 8552 Design and Technology (9-1) specification, written and presented in a way that is accessible to teenagers and easy to teach from. It can be used both as a course text and as a revision guide for students nearing the end of their course. Its divided into 12 sections covering every element of the specification. Sections 5A to SF of the textbook cover each of the specialist technical areas. These sections would complement practical classroom experience. Each chapter contains exercises and questions, some new and some from past examination papers. Anawers to all of these are avallable to teachers only in a Teacher's Supplement which can be ordered from our website [Link]. Approval message from AQA This textbook has been approved by AGA for use with our qualification. This means that we have checked that it broadly covers the specification and we are satisfied with the overall quality. Full details of ‘our approval process can be found on our website. We approve textbooks because we know how important itis for teachers and students to have the right resources to support their teaching and learning. However, the publisher is ultimately responsible for the editorial control and quality of this book. Please note that when teaching the GCSE Design and Technology course, you must refer to AQAS ‘specification as your definitive source of information, While this book has been written to match the specification, it cannot provide complete coverage of every aspect of the course, ‘[Link] range of other useful resources can be found on the relevant subject pages of our website: [Link], Graphics: Paul Raudner / PG Online Ltd Design and artwork: PG Online Lid First edition 2017, reprinted June 2017, January 2018 ‘[Link] entry for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-910523-10-0 Copyright © MJ. Ross, 2017 Allights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Printed on FSC® certified paper Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bell & Bain LimitedContents Core technical principles Section 1 New and emerging technologies 1 Chapter 1 Industry and enterprise 2 2. Sustainability and the environment 7 7 3 People, culture and society * 13 4 Production techniques and systems “ ee ee 5 Informing design decisions =~ ae 26 Section 2 Energy, materials, systems and devices 31 Chapter 6 Energy generation / 32 7 Energystorage “SS 38 "8 Modern materials / eee 43 9 Smart materials Bee ae 10 Composite materials and technical textiles 7 qe 85 11. Systems approach to designing : final: 60 12 Electronic systems processing “64 13 Mechanical devices i estas 70 Section 3. Materials and their working properties 79 Chapter 14 Papers and boards _/ a 45 Natural and manufactured timbers 7 Ef 84 16 Metals and alloys 7 fe 88 17 Polymers 7 ane = 18 Textiles / Fee aoe HEHEBe wads: Specialist technical principles Section 4. Common specialist technical principles 101 Chapter 19 Forces and stresses on materials and objects “ 102 20 Peete 105 21 7 1 22 Tho six As eae _ 119 23 Scales of production / Eee Section 5A Papers and boards 130 Chapter 24 Sources, origins and | roperties 130 25 Working with papers and boards 193 26 Commercial manufacturing, surface treatments and fi finishes . f 144 Section 5B. Timber based materials Chapter 27 Sources, origins and properties ~ 28 Working with timber based materials “ 29 Commercial manufacturing, surface treatments and finishes “ 159 Section SC Metal based materials Chapter 30 Sources, origins and properties 31 Working with metal based materials and fixings 32 Commercial manufacturing, surface treatments and finishes 176 Section 5D Polymers 180 Chapter 38 Sources, origins and properties“ 180 34 Working with polymer based materials and fixings 185 35 Commercial manufacturing and quality control 7 194 Section 5E Textile based materials 199 Chapter 36 Sources, origins and properties 199 37 Working with textile based materials and fixings 204 ‘8 ne ait Section 5F Electronic systems 216 Chapter 39. Selection of materials and components 216 40 Working with electronic components He 220 41 Commercial manufacturing and quality control 228wi Designing and making principles Section 6 Designing principles # Chapter 42 Investigation, primary and secondary data / 43 44 45 The work of others Design strategies 7 Communication of design ideas and orototype development “ Section 7 Making principles Chapter 46 47 48 49 50 Index Selection of materials and components Tolerances and allowances Material management and marking out Specialist tools, equipment, techniques and processes Surface treatments and finishes 237 238 245 254 259 270 273 276 “281 284Section 1 New and emerging technologies In this section: Chapter 4 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Industry and enterprise 2 Sustainability and the environment 7 People, culture and society 13 Production techniques and systems at Informing design decisions 25 Section 1 New and emerging technologiesSECTION 1 NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 2 Chapter 1 - Industry and enterprise Objectives * Understand how new and emerging technologies have changed the way we live and how they continue to shape the modern world * Se aware of how computers and automation have impacted upon the design and organisation of the workplace through the use of robotics '* Understand how innovation can drive product development New and emerging technologies Design technologists have always looked very closely at the world of science in order to utilise New discoveries. They turn these discoveries into new ideas, materials and products that fulfil a human need. Design and technology is often thought of as the practical application of science; some would say itis the point at which science meets art, The role of a technologist is to embrace change and to tum inspired ideas into reality. This is done by exploring, creating and refining - making lots of mistakes along the way. The ability to take risks and experiment, and then learn from the issues that arise, is an essential quality of a good design technologist. It is human instinct to strive for a better and easier life, This is the driving force behind new Inventions. From early man using simple tools to help hunt and farm, to astronauts exploring space; itis the risk takers, inventors and creators who have helped shape the modern world, To stay at the cutting edge, designers and manufacturers have to keep up-to-date with the latest inventions and ideas in areas such as materials development, electronics and design. The industrial revolution, which began around 1760, was assisted by the discovery of how to harness water power to drive machinery. The invention of the steam engine then led to greater ‘automation. Since then, an ever-increasing number of new technologies has helped shape the way we live, Think of the discovery of electricity, and the invention of the light bulb, the telephone, the internal combustion engine, the computer and the Internet. ALS, ‘The first personal computer was built more than 40 years ago in 1975, but it was not until the mid-1990s that a significant number of people had access to one on a regular basis. The last 20 years have seen a massive change in how computers have been integrated into our lives, not least with the introduction of the smartphone. People in the developed world use computers in so many aspects of their daily ves that it is almost impossible to imagine how our society could exist without them, Section 1 New and emerging technologiesWhich inventions do you feel have significantly changed the way we live our lives? Justify your responses and compare with other students. Industry Before the industrial revolution, most people lived in the countryside outside cities and towns, working on the land. As automation led to larger workshops, mills and factories, more people moved away from the countryside to find work. Towns and cities grew up around areas of manufacturing and flourished. Gradually, a society based on consumerism and enterprise developed. People now had money to buy goods and services and manufacturing boomed. This same society exists today, although there have been a number of changes along the way. Which technological developments in agriculture have led to fewer people being needed to work the land to produce food? Automation and the use of robotics Greater demand for products originally created jobs as machines needed manual labourers, machine operators and engineers to keep them running. More recently, with the introduction of, inteligent machines and robotic production lines, many of these jobs have been lost. The latest fully automated production lines only require a few highly skilled engineers to ensure that smooth running is maintained. The way in which designers, architects and engineers work has dramatically altered since the introduction of computers and specialist software, ‘Although sketching initial ideas and designs is still considered the best way to get thoughts onto a page, the development of those designs almost always involves the use of computer aided design (CAD), using specialist software packages. Detailed analysis and manipulation of the designs can be achieved quickly and accurately, saving valuable time and money. How might automation have affected the hierarchical structure of an organisation's staff? Chapter 1 Industry and enterprise CHAPTER 1 INDUSTRY AND ENTERPRISE 3 1SECTION 1 NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 4 ‘Software can work out very complex tasks such as virtual stress testing, flow dynamics and the manufacturabilty of a product. This process is known as computer aided testing (CAT). Designers can also use software to render their designs so that they look realistic and three-dimensional, giving them different finishes so they can seek their clients’ and customers’ opinions before prototype production begins. Buildings and the place of work ‘The development of the Internet, improvements in communication technology and the speed of data transter right across the globe have enabled teams of people to collaborate remotely, rather than in a single place of work. Software specifically developed to enable collaborative working can allow teams of designers to work on one project simultaneously, even from different parts of the world, 24 hours a day if necessary. Project designs can then be sent to machines to be prototyped using computer aided manufacturing (CAM) techniques. These techniques include computer numerical control (CNC) machines such as laser cutters and rapid prototyping (RPT) machines such as 3D printers. ‘Amanufacturing company needs to consider the physical layout of its buildings. The worktlow should be logically thought through and designed in a way to ensure each of the stages of designing, manufacturing and delivering a product to market are as efficient as possible. This will minimise unproductive time, unnecessary movement and waste materials, thereby making the company as efficient and profitable as possiole. Here is an example of a simplified production line that might produce wooden blocks. Dalvery depot Workshop Sprayshop Packaging Distribution Frew materials in Wood ut into Graphics appied Blocks are boxed Completed blocks stock forms black shapes ta becxs fncwrapped are shipped ‘and sandec ‘and lacquered tecustemers Section 1 New and emerging technologiesEnterprise New and emerging technologies are routinely used by creative people to produce innovative ideas. These ideas, nurtured sufficiently, go on to become viable products and businesses, Enterprise is a word that encompasses many meanings, but in relation to design, it means that an idea is cultivated into a business proposal that has commercial viability as a product. ‘There are many opportunities for creative people to get their ideas noticed by potential investors; the Internet and the boom in sooial media sites allow creative people access to very large audiences, These have provided a platform for designers to attract attention more readily than by the traditional methods of sending proposals to existing companies or visiting their bank manager for approval There are a growing number of agencies looking for start-up businesses to invest in. A start-up company is usually one that has come up with an idea that has the potential to grow into a profit- making business. One of the biggest growth areas is in app design and development for smart devices. Computer software has made development of apos more accessible and as a result, more people are able to see their ideas come to life. The most important aspect is the idea itself. CHAPTER 1 INDUSTRY AND ENTERPRISE To ensure that original ideas, discoveries and inventions remain the intellectual property of the person who invented them, a patent can be applied for. This is a legal process of proving that you are the first person to have registered this idea or invention. In theory, it should stop individuels and other companies using your patented idea or design without applying for permission or paying a fee for the right to use it. You may also see the registered logo next to a brand name which signifies that a trademark or service mark has been registered Crowdfunding Crowatunding has become a popular way for designers and creative entrepreneurs to raise enough money to enable the manufacture of thelr products. Crowaffunding is usually an Internet- based way to gain small contributions from many investors who believe the product or idea has a future. [Link] is a particularly interesting crowdfunding site for design and technology based ideas. Case study: ‘On November 17th 2010 Scott Wilson used [Link] to launch his idea of converting ‘ld Apple iPod nanos into multi-touch watches. He needed to raise $15,000 to get production of the concept underway but astonishingly, raised nearly $tmilion in one month. He has gone on to make other innovative products. and the business is thriving, Image: LunaTik Multi-Touch watch Chapter Industry and enterprise 5SECTION 1 NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 6 Virtual marketing and retail Virtual marketing and virtual retail includes the use of websites, social media, email and digital marketing to reach a wider audience and potential client base in order to promote a product, service or idea. Virtual campaigns using social media to spread the word have become a very popular way to launch products. Facebook and YouTube have become huge platforms to promote business and enterprise ideas. Other social media platforms include the professional network Linkedin \where business-minded people can share their ideas and services. Additionally, blogs and viogs are targeted to appeal to new audiences, and small fortunes are being amassed by enterprising People who have a large online following, OHOGSs0e0 ‘Amore subtle form of virtual marketing is search engine optimisation. Companies make efforts to boost their website higher up internet search results then their competition. The goal is also to make their website appear on the first page of search results for as many relevant keyword requests as possible. Virtual marketing also includes paid-for advertisements that appear beside search results. Cooperatives ‘A cooperative is an enterprise that is commonly owned and run by its members who may ‘comprise its workforce or its customers. Cooperatives are formed to enable a group of people with the same business interests to have greater protection and a stronger democratic voios, Cooperatives can be a cost-effective way to sell goods and services and are frequently based around a local community. They are set up to protect the rights of its members and ensure fair and just terms and conditions apply to all members. Fairtrade Fairtrade is about better prices, decent working conditions and fair terms of trade for farmers and workers in less econornically developed countries. Fairtrade supports the development of thriving farming and worker communities that have more control over their futures and protecting the environment in which they live and work itis an alternative approach that is based on partnership; one between those who grow food and those who consume it. When you buy products with the Fairtrade Mark, it means that the Fairtrade ingredients in the product have been produced by small-scale farmer organisations or plantations that meet Fairtrade social, economic and environmental standards. The standards inolude protection of workers’ rights and the environment, payment of the Fairtrade Minimum Price and an ditional Fairtrade Premium to invest in business or community projects. More than 1.65 milion farmers and workers in 74 countries benefit from having Fairtrade certification for their products. FAIRTRADE FOUNDATION ‘Section 1 New and emerging technologiesChapter 2 - Sustainability and the environment Objectives Understand that new technologies need to be developed end produced in a sustainable way * Be aware of the impact that resource consumption has on the planet * Understand how the environment can be protected by responsible design and manufacturing ‘* Understand how waste can be disposed of with the least impact on the planet ‘© Understand the positive and negative impacts new products have on the environment Sustainability Our planet has to provide all of our basic human needs, such as food, shelter and warmth, Humans have learned to use and manipulate many of Earth’s natural resources to help provide these essentials and increasingly, many non-essential products as well. The jong term sustainability of the planet's resources is very much in the forefront of responsible designers’ minds when new and emerging technologies are invented or discovered. Designers now have a much better understanding of which materials are sustainable and which are not, and the effect that overharvesting end overconsumption has on the planet. Each of the specialist material sections in this book covers the sustainability of specific materials used in that area of technology. The general principle is that resources fall into two categories: Finite resources are ones which are in limited supply or that cannot be reproduced. Use of these should be avoided where possible or used only in small amounts for important reasons where an alternative cannot be used. Non-finite resources are ones which are in abundant supply and are unlikely ever to be exhausted, or ones that can be grown and replaced at the rate that they are being used One of the most important factors is the impact that the use of resources has on the planet, both in terms of the environment and its inhabitants. The impact can be measured in many different ways which include the following: CO, emissions - energy required to produce materials and whilst products are in use Transportation methods and the distance travelled Impact on the environment through mining or harvesting Impact on availablity or scarcity Maintenance and repair costs, appropriate use of material Welfare of workers in the supply of the material, Fairtrade eto, Ethical end moral issues Chapter 2 Sustainability and the environment CHAPTER 2 SUSTAINABILITY AND THE ENVIRONMENTSECTION 1 NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES: 8 Life Cycle Assessment Conducting a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a way for companies to assess the environmental impact of a product during the different stages of the product's life. The LCA will investigate the whole life of the product from ‘cradle to grave’ Although a major part of the investigation looks at the amount of energy used, measured by CO, ‘emissions, the LCA can also look at the ethics and provenance of the product. ‘There are five main stages to an LCA: a Lo haa End of Lite Recycling . e \—s Operation °°” Distribution Maintenance Logistes Reuse Tansport Extraction and processing: The amount of energy used to extract raw material from the earth, or to produce it through farming or other methods, and process it ready for manufacturing Manufacturing and production: The energy required to manipulate the raw and refined materials into a product ready for sale Distribution: The packaging and transportation of the product to the end user In use: The energy that the product and any related consumables used during its working life or useful lifetime End of life: The energy that is required to recycle the product and/or dispose of any waste ‘The LCA can highlight a number of ethical questions to be considered by a company such as: where can eneray be saved? © where can working conditions be improved? * where can emissions be reduced? © where can material be saved? * do our actions have a negative effect on communities or natural environments? Responsible companies can then decide how to neutralise any negative effects by teking positive action to counteract them, for example by planting trees or choosing more environmentally friendly versions of a material Section 1 New and emerging technologiWaste disposal We are now living in a society where everybody should take responsibilty for recycling, This is to ensure that the resources we have wil last as long as possible and that landfill sites do not fill up too quickly. Manufacturing companies are also required to recycle as much as possible and in many areas of manufacturing, strict mits are set by national and international organisations. Areas such as consumer electronics and the automotive industry have very rigid requirements. Careful planning of waste disposal within a company can have many positive effects including the following: © Less raw material is required © Waste materials are reused internally for alternative parts and products ‘+ Some of the cost of materials is recouped through the sale of recyclable waste ‘+ Energy to heat and power a business may be generated Most businesses are charged additional fees to dispose of waste materials, Any form of reduction in waste is likely to save a company money, meaning that the products can be manufactured more cheaply, with the reduced unit cost making the company more competitive or profitable. Environment Ever since our early ancestors used simple tools to help feed, clothe and shelter themselves, humans have placed a demand on the earth's natural resources in order to develop a modern lifestyle. Until the industrial revolution, this demand was quite limited and was not considered to severely affect the environment. However, historians have found evidence that, in some parts, of the world, excessive use of wood for boat building and house construction caused localised deforestation. ‘There has been a population explosion since the beginning of the 20th century which has led to accelerated use of all natural resources. In 1920, just a century ago, the planet's population was less than two billion, having taken well over 100 years to grow by one billion. It currently takes just 12 years to increase by a billion. In spring 2017, the world population was 7.5 billion. ‘The consequences of such a large population are that resources are being used up at a very fast rate, and the impact on the environment is becoming increasingly noticeable. Some new technologies are being developed to try to reduce this negative impact, and are being adopted by a number of forward-thinking designers and manufacturers. Chapter 2 Sustainability and the environment CHAPTER 2 SUSTAINABILITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT‘SECTION 1 NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 10 Technologies that have a positi pact often involve the following: * using only renewable materials from managed sources ‘+ using renewable energy to power the production of products © using recycled and recyclable materials, ‘* designing products to be repairable, reusable and fully recyclable * producing products with low power consumption * designing products with fewer components and less weight * designing products that are upgradeable so their fe is extended © creating products that are sourced, produced and sold locally Case study: BioLite™ BioLite was founded by Alec Drummond and Jonathan Cedar after they met in 2006. They were both passionate about sustainable design and focused their attention on wood burning stoves that utlised thermal energy and converted it into electrical energy. The project took on a greater dimension when they decided they wanted to improve the lives of thousands of people in rural Africa and India by creating a cleaner cooking device that produced power for light and the charging of phones and ther devices. ¢ a & BioLite > BioLite fund their projects in the developing world by selling products to the western domestic markets. As of summer 2016 they believe they have helped over $3,000 people breath cleaner air, as the BioLife CampStove produces 90% less emissions than a normal fire and uses helt of the wood normally required to cook @ meal. They have generated 31 milion watts of electricity as a by-product of the cooking and have saved 86,000 tons of CO». BioLite is an example of new technology being use to make a positive impact on the lives of many, as well as being sustainable and environmentally friendly. Technologies that have @ negative impact tend to rely on the following: * overuse of finite and non-recycled materials * use of many components that are hard to repair or recycle * fossil fuels to power manufacture * high power consumption on standby and in use * products that have built in obsolescence that are not designed to be upgradable ‘+ component parts of the product which travel long distances and are shipped globally Section 1 New and emerging technologiesContinuous improvement The philosophy of making small but continuous improvements is adopted by most modern manufacturers. It requires the whole workforce to work together to find any possible way to make adjustments to working practices in order to save time, money and resources. The theory behind the Japanese term Kaizen has helped to reduce waste and improve efficiency dramatically around the world. Kaizen simply means change for the better. Under the Kaizen philosophy, an employee that discovers a potential saving will be rewarded and celebrated for their actions. This encourages a sense of teamwork and can lead to greater productivity and less waste in the system Kai Zen oa Change Good Efficient working Efficient working practices such as Just In Time and lean manufacturing methods (see Chapter 4) are adopted by businesses in order to save money and gain a competitive edge over their competitors. Some companies employ management consultants to find the most effective ways to run a business, other larger companies have staff who continually laok for efficiency savings. ‘[Link] practice among many businesses is to operate an ‘energy walk’, This is a simple concept where a trained member of staff goes around turning off unnecessary lighting, heating and other appliances, It has proved to be cost effective and it lowers CO, emissions. Pollution [tis almost impossible to meke a product without causing some form of pollution, It may be created directly through processing materials or indirectly through energy consumption in manufacture or during the product's use. A business has a number of options to reduce the levels of pollution caused by the manufacture of a product and these are discussed in detail in Chapter 21. By conducting a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), a company will find out how much pollution is being created and therefore enable them to plan a reduction strategy accordingly Global warming ‘Owing to the worldwide population explosion since the industrial revolution mixed with the boom in global manufacturing, unprecedented levels of carbon dioxide (CO,) and other greenhouse gasses such as methane (CH,) and nitrous oxide (NO) have been released into the atmosphere. Many scientists attrioute these, and other factors driven by human activity, as the main causes of @ gradual rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Global warming is becoming increasingly hard for sceptics to deny, as according to the National Centre for Environmental Information, fifteen of the last sixteen warmest years on record have occurred since 2000. Chapter 2 Sustainability and the environment CHAPTER 2 SUSTAINABILITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT "SECTION 1 NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES. 12 Carbon offsetting Itis very unlikely that goods being produced will have no negative impact on the environment. However, companies are able to consider their praducts sustainable and environmentally friendly by offsetting their negative impact through investment in positive activities that reduce carbon emissions. A product is considered to be carbon neutral fit produces zero net emissions when the LCA has taken all actions into consideration, nee poet The pyramid above shows what steps can be taken to reduce carbon emissions by companies and consumers. When all reasonable steps have been taken, there may still be a carbon deficit and the purchasing of carbon credits may be the only way to achieve zero net emissions. A number of organisations sell carbon credits to companies and consumers to help them reduce their carbon emissions. The money raised is invested in carbon-reducing activities such as mass planting of trees and forest regeneration, development and production of renewable energy and the conservation of finite resources. 7 2 | 18 Section 1 New and emerging technologiosChapter 3 - People, culture and society Objectives * Understand how technology push and market pull affect consumer choice and employment * Understand changes in job roles due to the emergence of new ways of working * Be aware of changes in fashion and trends and how they affect designers and manufacturers * Understand how new products can have both a positive and negative impact on society People Developing a detalled understanding of the market place in order to launch new technologies is one of the most difficult aspects for designers and manufacturers. Many aspects need to be taken into consideration when launching a product, and many companies now employ specialist management consultants who analyse data to see which products would be successful in which areas. People across the world can have very different needs and tastes, and products successfully launched in one country can be @ complete failure in another. The reasons for this are discussed in this chapter, Consumer choice The global manufacturing sector has grown substantially over the last century and the rapic increase of international trade agreements has meant that products can be shipped all over, the world. The Internet has helped to create a global marketplace where designers and manufacturers can trade goods relatively freely with consumers. This has lad to a huge increase in choice and also means thet prices are kept low through wider competition. Technology push When a new scientific discovery becomes public it is never long before designers, engineers and technologists use it or turn it into a product, despite there being no consumer awareness or demand for such a product. This is called technology push, as it drives forward ourrent thinking and creates new and exciting developments. Large manufacturing companies employ teams of designers to work in their research and development (R&D) departments. RAD is one of the mest important areas for @ company, as they need to produce new and exciting products to ensure they keep their market share. Being the first to market with a new technology can be the difference between success and failure. Chapter 8 People, culture and society CHAPTER 3 PEOPLE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY 13SECTION 1 NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 14 When a new technology first comes to the market itis usually very expensive. This is due to the high R&D costs and there are normally a number of issues to correct in the first few models of a new product. As the number of unit sales increases, the cost per unit is reduced. Consumers who are early adopters of new technologies significantly help support their development Touch screen technology has come a long way since its discovery in 1965. It was not until 11978 that it was first used in a product, and it was not used in phones until 1990. The amount ‘of R&D involved to bring products to market should not be underestimated. As a result of ongoing R&D we now have reliable touch screen components in a huge number of products at incredibly cheap prices Market pull Market pull describes consumer demand as the driving force behind new produets. Analysis of the consumer market, along with an understanding of human needs and desires, enables the ‘gap in the market’ to be filed. Market pull also puts pressure on companies to constantly improve their products so that they keep their share of the market through brand loyalty as well as attracting new customers. The smartphone is a good example of market pull. Consumers once carried numerous bits of electronic equipment with them; a phone, a pager, a diary, a ‘camera, an MPS player, a SatNav and so on. This was bulky, inconvenient and very expensive. ‘The technologies for all of these products already existed, and so through ‘demand the smartphone was developed. Improved battery technology and the miniaturisation of electronic components also helped. The next market pull for smartphones seems to be around flexibility and wearabilty, and there is an increasing demand for very low power consumption and fast wireless charging This market pull combined with the technology push of new discovery (for example graphene, a fiexiole and incredibly strong, conductive material) should continue to bring some very interesting and exciting products to market. Section 1 New and emerging technologiesCHAPTER 3 PEOPLE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY Changing job roles The pace of development of new technologies and in particular, the growth in digital and social media, means that some of the traditional jobs of the last century cannot be relied on to last. As ‘ever-increasing automation leads to a reduction in the need for manual labour, a change in job roles and working conditions is inevitable. Rather than creating mass unemployment, itis widely believed that the human workforce will become ‘up-skilled’, which means people will be trained ‘or jobs that have a higher value. The workforce of today will need to be flexible: workers may well be performing important jobs that just do not exist today, working in ways that are driven by technological change. Culture Culture is an amalgamation of the ideas, beliefs, customs and social behaviours of a society or group of people. It often manifests itself through ritual, art and fashion, It is important for designers to be aware of the society around them and to try to understand the different cultures ‘that exist within it Some parts of the world are still dominated by one type of culture, especially where a government or a particular religious belief has a very powerful hold over the population. Designing products for these countries may be considered easier, as there is less diversity and the majority of people have similar lifestyles. The downside of this, from a manufacturer's point of view, is that they may require a limited range of products. In the United Kingdom, and especially in large cities, there is a very diverse mix of cultures, and selling a product to this type of market can be quite challenging as so many factors need to be considered. Fashion and trends Different cultures, influences and beliefs combined with a consumer driven economy result in a product design market that is invariably influenced by the ‘latest thing’. It is quite natural for ‘consumers to want to be part of @ group and to ft in or buy into a particular lifestyle. Designers and manufacturers can play to people's insecurities by designing and making products thet people feel they must have. Fashion clothing is a prime example, where the latest design is only cutting edge for one season at best. Other products also succumb to fashion or trends. Chapter 3 People, culture and society 15‘SECTION 1 NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 16 EE —_—_ Rete When the Apple iMac G3 first came out in 1998 it wes considered to be a ground-breaking piece ‘of design. It had a transparent casing and came in a range of contemporary colours. The trend then became to show the Inner workings of a product in a modem and stylish way. Within weeks of the launch, a range of related and non-related products popped up everywhere. The Apple design had a huge influence over mainstream culture and still remains so today, due to relentless R&D and clever marketing —l + ge" Designs influenced by fashion and trends are commonplace. The style of a font used in an advertisement may be chosen to give the impression of an expensive or exclusive product, or a rival company may use a font to imitate a brand leader. Marketing a product to the right audience in the right way is vital It is not always easy for companies to pitch their products correctly as there are a number of considerations to take into account before the launch of a new product. Religion, culture, history, language and many other factors need to be thoroughly thought through before @ product is, trialled, Then, throughout the testing process, a wide group of users should be consulted to ensure the product is nat only fit for purpose, but also that it does not offend any potential users or other members of the community. Products can fail for a number of reasons; some avoidable and some not so easy to predict. One of the easiest mistakes for a company to make is the use of a brand name that means something else in a different country. Plopp chocolate has been a Swedish favourite since 1949 Another potential pitfall is a brand name that when turned into a web address, creates a word with a quite different meaning, such as ‘[Link]’. This type of error has caught a few ‘companies out over the years and proves why market testing is so important, Ensuring that cultural influences and sensitivities are considered is essential. It would not be good for a company's image if a product was inappropriately placed — a roulette game being sold in a country where gambling was illegal could be disastrous, Sootion 1 New and emerging technologies‘Some companies happen to get their products right first time and the design actually becomes part of the culture. Companies have been known to upset their loyal customers by trying to make improvements that have gone on to be rejected, and the original design kept. Even when improvements are essential, the essence of the product remains, as in these two Italian design classics, the Bialetti "Moka Express” and the Vespa scooter, Faiths and beliefs ‘A designer has to be responsible for considering the wider implications of a product launch within certain communities. Cosmopolitan and mixed communities are perhaps more difficult to prepare for because of the wide range of faiths and beliefs. There are many more potential pitfalls, in mixed communities; however, they can be more understanding and tolerant of other views than some, where one faith or belief is followed by the majority. CHAPTER 3 PEOPLE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY Case Study: £5 note Hindu, Sikh and some other faith-based communities may choose to follow a vegetarian diet, and this is part of their culture. In addition to not eating meat, many followers of these faiths, as well as vegans and vegetarians, take every opportunity to avoid using animal products in their day-to-day lives. The revelation in 2016 that the new polymer Bank of England &5 note contained tallow, an animal fat-based substance, upset a number of communities. There was a prompt call for the 1 Bank of England to find an alternative way to produce the note and in the first two days of an official petition well over 100,000 signatures were received. Shortly after the Bank of England admitted that the new polymer £5 note contained the animal by-product, some establishments refused to take the notes as a method of payment. One café owner was repulsed by the idea that the note contained tallow and believed that her customers supported her view. They received, no complaints. ‘The Bank of England say they currently have no plans to change the manufacturing process. Chapter 3 People, culture and society 17‘SECTION 1 NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 18 Society At the forefront of responsible design are companies that consider the environment before profit. ‘The areas of design that are considered to be responsible include one or more of the following: * Products that are produced by carbon neutral means * Products that are made from renewable materials * Products that reduce carbon emissions and/or other greenhouse gasses in use * Products that reuse existing materials or use recycled materials * Products designed to be 100% recyclable * Products that are designed to help or ease sutfering or that promote fair trade '* Products that are made and sold locally to avoid transportation costs and associated pollution ‘+ Organisations that are not-for-profit and where all money is reinvested to support good causes Many forward thinking companies try to achieve one or more of these targets and as a result they are considered to be more ‘eco-friendly’ or more responsible than some of their competitors. ‘This may give them an advantage over their competitors, as some consumers will usually take the greener option as long as they feel the additional cost of the goods or service is worth it. Unfortunately, if the greener option is too expensive, then the advantage is easily lost. Positive and negative aspects of new products ‘When new products are launched they can be judged against the criteria above. This enables the positive or negative impacts that a particular product may have on society to be evaluated. Some products have obvious positive effects and others have the opposite. If somebody were to choose a new car for the commute to work, would it be wise to choose ‘a modern electric car? Currently, these are very expensive to purchase and have a fairly short range (e.g, 200 miles), but have very low running costs and produce almost zero emissions in use. Alternatively, would it be better to purchase a petrol or diesel car that is much cheaper to bbuy, but more expensive to run? If frequent long journeys are made, this might be a sensible choice, but it will create more greenhouse gases. Consumers make this type of decision every day and the collective impact that these decisions have on society is significant. Design for the disabled and the elderly Most developed and developing countries are striving to become more inclusive and to cater for the disabled and the elderly. New and emerging technologies have allowed designers and manufacturers to create products and designs ranging from simple tools and household gadigets, to transportation methods and access to buildings, that dramatically improve the lives ‘of many. Inclusive design is important for any new product. A designer should maximise the number of People a product will appeal to, whilst being aware of whom it may exclude and whether any design modifications can be made to make it accessible for all. Section 1 New and emerging technologies‘There are four main ways for designers to produce products so that the majority of the population are catered for. However, there is often a small, but equally important, group of potential users who may be left out [Type of production Example Door frames One size fits all ne size fits al oa A range of sizes to cover all lies eee Clothes Car seats Adjustabilty to allow use by all Shower head height | Children’s booster seats | Car roof bars Adaptability to suit location or user CHAPTER 3 PEOPLE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY Despite these methods being adopted by most responsible designers, some members of the Population find themselves falling outside the range of those being catered for. Door frames are traditionally six foot six inches (1981mm) tall. As an increasing number of the population is now reaching and even exceeding this height, the one-size-fts-all approach to door frames needs to be reconsidered and @ metric standard of 2040mm has been introduced Modification of products is an area that offers inclusivity, as specialist equipment and adaptations can be made to help those who find themselves outside the normal range. Modern technologies play an important role in ths field of design, making products lighter, tougher and more adaptable than ever before. The use of carbon fibre and other light modern materials has allowed disabled people to take part in all sorts of activities that would have been virtually impossible before their discovery and invention. For example, equipment for Paralympians is frequently at the cutting edge of inclusive design and utilises the most up-to-date materials. Chapter People, culture and society 19SECTION 1 NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES: 20 > iw The world's population is becoming increasingly elderly as advances in medicine lead to people living longer. Unfortunately, not all who live longer are as healthy or as strong as younger people, and therefore any products that address particular difficulties or offer a better quality of lfe will find an increasing market. Different religious groups A further issue for designers to consider is designing products that will not offend or have a negative impact on different religious groups. Communicating honestly and openly with members of religious groups during the design and development stage of a product will help to reduce any potentially tricky issues. There are some obvious areas that can be awkward for businesses to get involved in, such es. products relating to alcohol, relationships out of marriage and gambiing, as laws and beliefs vary dramatically from country to country and among different religions. Case study: PUMA® In 2011 the sportswear manufacturer Puma designed a pair of trainers that was based on the colours of the national flag of the United Arab Emirates, to celebrate the country’s 40th National Day. Unfortunately, the shoes caused an outcry among Emiratis who were unhappy at seeing their flag represented on footwear, which is considered dirty, They saw it as an insult to the nation. Puma responded by apologising and withdrawing the trainers from sale, Section 1 New and emerging technologiesChapter 4 - Production techniques and systems Objectives * Understand contemporary and potential future use of automation, Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Be able to recognise and characterise the use of Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) Understand how Just In Time (JIT) and lean manufacturing contribute to manufacturing efficiencies Production techniques and systems The use of computers in industry has grown enormously over the last 30 years and as a result, the way products are designed and manufactured has become increasingly automated. Computers are now used in all areas of design and manufacture; this chapter looks at how ‘computers and digital integration have changed produetian lines and working practices. ‘Automation (One consequence of the use of computers is that production lines flow more easily and have far less need for human interaction. Manual production lines of the past were slower and more expensive to operate than today's automated production lines. CHAPTER 4 PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AND SYSTEMS Some traditional manufacturers stil rely on skilled manual labour. These products tend to be bespoke, low volume and high cost items such as sports cars and high-end furniture. Their loyal customer base prefers hand-built products and is happy to pay a premium for them. ‘Most manufacturing, however, is becoming increasingly automated. Automation involves 1 computers using complex software systems that have an overview of many, ifnot all, aspects of production. Product data management (PM) is the term used for these software systems, in ‘which all information is stored centrally, updated live and is accessible by all employees that need the most up-to-date information. POM reduces mistakes, ensures all teams within the company work together and allows for accurate costing and forecasting of production progress. Computer aided design and manufacturing Within an automated production system, computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) are essential to ensure a smooth transition between the designing and manufacturing of products. ‘Computer aided design is the design of new products using specialist software. Computer aided manufacture uses CAD files to realise these designs into prototypes or finished products. CAD software has a number of benefits over designs being produced entirely by hand, although many designers prefer to start sketching an original idea using pen and paper as ideas can sometimes be expressed more freely. Once the design is formulated it can be sketched accurately in CAD software, where it can be manipulated and thoroughly tested until the design is finalised, Chapter 4 Production techniques and systems 21SECTION 1 NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 24 Section 1 New and emerging technologi Just in Time and lean manufacturing Lean manufacturing is based on an ethos of eliminating waste in manufacture, overburden and bottlenecks. A growing number of responsible manufacturers now adopt this principle to save money and resources. It was first witnessed in Japan during the 1990s and has grown in popularity as manufacturers across the world are cutting down on the waste that they produce. To do this, they have had to change the way they operate. By using Just In Time (JIT) production methods, manufacturers are able to respond to customer demands more effectively. JIT manufacturing ensures that customers get the right product at the right time at the right price. A customer's order triggers the production process and the manufacturer makes the product specifically to meet the order. Many companies now seek to make constant improvements to their systems and they reward ‘employees if they find ways to cut waste even further, Advantages of just in time: * Products are made to order, so no products need storing whilst waiting to be sold, thus saving on storage costs, * Money is not tied up in unsold stock * Orders are often secured on @ deposit or full payment, so money is in the bank before outlay is needed on materials and production costs ‘+ Materials and components are supplied just when neadied, saving financial outlay on unused materials and additional storage (very low stock levels are maintained) * Improved competitiveness results from minimal waste of materials and time * Stock does not become old, out of date or obsolete * High reliance on making sure products are ‘right first time’ means less time is spent correcting mistakes, or money wasted on faulty products * Almost all waste is reused or recycled, meaning there is litle o no landfill waste produced Disadvantages of just in timé Relies on high quality, fast and reliable supply chain for raw materials and components All production could stop if the supply chain breaks down Stock is not ready to be purchased off the shelf; some consumers prefer not to wait at all and some sales could be lost Usually a deposit or the whole cost of the product needs to be paid upfront which could be offputting for some consumers Discounts from suppliers for bulk purchasing of materials may be not availableChapter 5 - Informing design decisions Objectives * Be able to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of planned obsolescence from different perspectives ‘+ Understand how products can be designed to be repaired and recycled + Be aware of ethical and environmental concerns when designing with new technologies Evaluating the use of new technologies When designers first come up with ideas for a new project or product they will carry out a great deal of market research. They need to fully understand the task and have a thorough knowledge of the current marketplace. CHAPTER 5 INFORMING DESIGN DECISIONS During this process designers wil find out about the latest technologies and materials available and evaluate their use against a number of criteria such as: © cost © reliability © longevity * sustainability + recyclability Only after detailed analysis, testing and evaluation will a new material be used in a product. Any potential long term issues may still remain unknown, and this is one of the risks with new and 1 emerging technologies. Planned obsolescence ‘As consumers we expect some products to last a long time and others we throw away after only ‘one use. A sofa would be expected to last for many years, if not decades; a pair of headphones perhaps a year or two at best; many ball-point pens will be disposed of once they run out of ink, as they are not designed to be refilled. Ensuring a product only performs its task for a certain length of time is known as planned or built-in obsolescence and is something designers and manufacturers need to consider for a number of reasons, Appropriately engineered quality - If a product only needs to last for a short period of time then it would be @ waste of materials and energy to ensure that itis robust enough to last a long time. A disposable razor has a plastic handle instead of a metal one because the non-tepiaceable blade will be blunt after a few uses. Therefore, an appropriate polymer, e.g. polystyrene, is the best material as it is much cheaper to produce. Chapter 5 Informing design decisions 25‘SECTION 1 NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 26 Upgrading and function - Some products are designed to receive updates, be facelifted or Upgraded wheteas others are not. Manufacturers need to decide how upgradable a product should be. If itis continuously upgraded then the chance of new sales reduces as customers wait for a significant upgrade before purchasing a new model. If it does not have enough potential for upgrade, it may not appear to be value for money and again sales may be lost. ‘The smart phone is a good example as it can normally be upgraded a few times. After a while, however, it will stop being able to receive updates, certain features will no longer work and it will become inefficient or obsolete. New technologies (technology push) ~ It is impossible for designers and manufacturers to see 100 far into the future, but changes in materials, manufacturing techniques, technologies and ‘customer desires are inevitable. This is why most manufacturers avoid producing goods that will last for a long time. As the technology moves on, customers will demand newer versions. inis ech-L | Fashion and trends ~ Many goods ate sold as novelty items and these are often governed by trends in the market, seasons and fashion. The quality of goods will vary depending on how long they are meant to last and the price point that they are manufactured to. Most Hallowe'en or Christmas items are not designed to last, and if you get a few years’ use out of them then it is considered a bonus. ‘To keep market share - Many large companies now produce new product ranges on a regular basis. Unfortunataly, this is not always driven by new technologies, but by the need to keep ahead of their competitors by oreating the latest ‘must have’ item. Regular customers wil feel the need to have the latest version and this type of obsolescence is about companies trying to keep their share of the market. Section 1 New and emerging technologiesDesign for maintenance ‘An ever-decreasing number of products are designed to be repaired. Those that are repairable often require specialist tools (see diagram above) and home repair is becoming increasingly discouraged and harder to achieve. One reason is that many products, especially consumer electronics and mechanical devices, have become very complex and beyond the ability of most people to repair without specialist training, CHAPTER 5 INFORMING DESIGN DECISIONS ‘Another reason is that companies want customers to buy a new product as soon as possible, and if a product breaks after the guarantee has expired they may offer a discount on a new version to keep their customers’ business. Some companies have service contracts with repair firms and make a profit from organising the repairs for their customers. This is another reason why specialist tools are needed to repair certain produots; they do not want just anybody to be able to offer this service, Ethics and the environment Chapter 2 contains a discussion of the need for designers to consider the impact that new products may have on the environment. Finding out whether @ new technology will have an adverse effect on the environment is normally discovered through thorough research and by conducting a life cycle assessment (LCA). [tis becoming increasingly important for companies to show that they are environmentally and socially responsible as consumers become more aware, through increased access to social media and global news, of the issues surrounding global pollution of land, alr and sea, This has made consumers more demanding and companies nead to closely monitor their social and ecological footprints Chapter 5 Informing design decisions 27‘SECTION 1 NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 28 Considering end of working life disposal How a product is dealt with at the end of its useful life needs to be considered when the product is designed. How reusable or recyclable a product is will depend on the choice of materials and ‘the way those materials are joined or bonded together. If a product can be separated into its component materials easily then it will be easy to recycle, taking less time and energy. It will also be better if the product is completely made from recyclable materials, potentially meaning that none of it would need to go to a landfill site, where it may cause contamination to the environment. Some products, like glass milk bottles, are designed to be reused, whereas some are given a new life by some very inventive people. Old car tyres ara used to build houses or used for swings in children’s playgrounds; they are even being used to produce a high quality oll. Shipping pallets are turned into all sorts of products including chic furniture, floorboards and sheds. Newspaper can become insulation for cavity walls in houses end can even be compressed to form the walls of houses themselves. When a product is reused instead of recycled, it generally uses less energy and does not degrade in quality due to the recycling process (see more on reusing and recycling in Chapter 22). Ifa product is designed in such a way that the materials are dificult to separate or it contains, non-recyclable material, then it is much more likely to find its way to a landfil site. This is because itis not cost effective to reclaim the material if too much time and energy is required to do so. Responsible end of life design should include: * a3 few materials as possible * recycled and recyclable materials where possible ‘* easy-to-separate materials avoiding permanent bonding methods © built-in reusability where possible Section | New and emerging technologiesExercises Explain two disadvantages that automation and the use of robotics has had on employment. [4] 27s on Explain what is meant by the term ‘crowdfunding’ Give two different platforms for virtual marketing and retailing. Give three benefits of being part of a cooperative. Explain the differences between finite and non-tinite resources. 2 (2) (a 2 Once cars reach the end of their useful working life they must be disposed of safely. Describe two ways in which different parts of a car can be disposed of safely. (4) It is estimated that the waste produced per person rose from 403kg in 2018 to 418kg in 2014. Calculate the percentage increase of waste produced per person from 2013 to 2014 giving your answer to 1 decimal place. (2) This question is about ‘market-pul’ and ‘technology-push’ You are advised to spend about § minutes on this question. (@)__ Identity which of the following correctly describes ‘market-pul’ tt) Description Tick “There is a public demand for a product to be designed and made ‘A material that has a high tensile strength ‘An entrance to a shopping centre (0) Identify which of the following correctly describes ‘technology-push ti] Description Tick (Old products are made obsolete ‘Advances in technology enable new products to be designed and made ‘A material that has a high compressive strenath (6) On the diagram below, use straight lines to link the products to the most suitable category. 6] Product Categories Microwave oven Self-cleaning glass Maat pu The latest mobile phone Car booster seat Technology-push Wind up radio AQA Resistant Materials 4560 Unit 1 Qu 9 June 2014 Section 1 Exercises. SECTION 1 EXERCISES 299 Explain one reason why consumers should be encouraged to buy goods and products from a fair trade producer. 2] 10. Explain one advantage of using highly automated production lines. (2) 11, The picture below shows a wire frame CAD model of a new aeroplane. SECTION 1 NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Explain two advantages of using CAD madels when designing @ new aeroplane. (4 12, The picture below shows a TV remote controller Describe two ways in which the TV remote controller could be improved for visually impaired users. l 48. Explain the advantages to a manufacturer of using CAD (Computer Aided Design] and CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture) when producing products in batches. You are advised to spend about 5 minutes on this question. a AQA Systems and Control 4565 Unit 1 Qu 8 June 2014 30 Section 1 New and emerging technologies