What is a computer system?
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A computer system is the
combination of the following five
elements:
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. People
4. Procedures
5. Data/Information
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The physical part of a computer is called
hardware.
Any part of a computer that we can see or touch
is called hardware.
The machines in the computer system are called
hardware. In the more precise way, we can define
hardware as the electronic and mechanical
components of a computer system.
Every computer is made up of four basic hardware
Units.
Input Unit (Hardware)
Storage Unit (Hardware)
Processing Unit
Output Unit
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The initial unit which provides communication
between the user and the computer is the
input unit. This unit describes a device used
to transfer information into a computing
system. The input unit links the external
environment with the computer system
performs these tasks.
It accepts data from the outside world (user)
Converts that data in computer readable
(acceptable) from
Coded data is then supplied to the computer
system for processing
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the data or instructions that are entered into
the computer system through input units
have to stored inside the computer before
the actual processing starts.
The storage unit or the primary/main
storage of a computer system is designed to
do all these things. It provides space for
storing data. In short, the specific functions
of the storage unit are to store.
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this unit of a computer is called the “Brain” of a
computer. This is the administrative section of
the computer. It controls all internal and external
devices, performs arithmetic and logical
operations. The CPU is connected to all parts of
the computer. It receives the data/instructions
given by the user, processes accordingly and
produces the output. This section not only
executes the instructions but also controls all the
permanent or temporary storage of data. It is
further divided into three parts.
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Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Control Unit (CU)
Main Memory
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Almost all ALU are designed to perform the
four basic arithmetic operation i.e. addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division and
logical operation or comparison such as less
then, equal to, not equal to, greater then etc.
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CU is the administrative component of
computer system. Cu does not perform any
actual processing on data. CU just Control
data.
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The place or Location where our data and
programs are stored for processing is called
Memory Unit( Primary Memory). Before data
processing and after data processing data will
be stored in MU For Temporary Time.
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The place or location where our data and
programs stored for future use permanently
is called Auxiliary Storage. For example Hard
disk, Cd Rom, Floppy Disk and Flash Memory
etc.
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The final part of a computer is the output unit
which presents the results of the machine
operations in printed, disks or other visual form.
It is a device that receives results from a CPU. It
supplies information and results of computation
to the outside world. Thus, it links the computer
with external environment. As computers work
with binary code, the results produced are also in
the binary form. Hence, before supplying the
results to the outside world, it must be converted
to human acceptable (readable) form
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the following functions are performed by an
output unit.
It accepts the results produced by the
computer which are in coded form and
hence can not be easily understood by us.
It converts these coded results to human
acceptable (readable) form
It supplies the converted results to the
output world.
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The place or location where data and
programs are stored called Memory. There
are two types of Memory.
1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory
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The memory where data and programs are
stored for the purpose of processing called
Primary Memory. Primary Memory Stored Data
for Temporary Time. it is also called Internal
Memory or Main Memory. Primary storage has
a limited storage capacity because it is very
expensive.
There are three Types Of Primary Memory.
RAM
ROM
Cache Memory
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RAM Stand for Random Access Memory
because we can access data directly from any
memory location of RAM. It is also called
Volatile Memory because it stored data
whenever power is On and Lost data if power
is Off. It is a Temporary Memory. it is also
called Read/Write Memory.
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ROM Stands for Read Only Memory. It is also
called Non Volatile Memory because it store
data and programs if power is on or Off. It
store Bios Setup Program. In ROM Data and
Programs are stored by manufacturer during
Manufacturing. And we can not erase or
change the data stored in Rom.
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In the beginning PROM are empty, nothing
programmed or recorded on them. The data
is recorded on them with special
programming device which them become
permanent like Rom. These Roms are also
programmed by the manufacturer
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It is also empty chips like PROM. The data is
also recorded on them with a special
programming device but the difference is that
the data can be erased and reprogrammed
when ever it is required. The data is erased
with ultraviolet light.
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The Characteristics of this EEPROM are same
as EPROM but the only difference is that it
uses electrical pulses instead of ultraviolet
light for erasing
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Cache Memory is a special purpose Memory
which increase the processing speed of
processor. It works between RAM and
Processor.
Cash
Processor RAM
Memory
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END OF lECTURE2
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