w` Uv½vBj †Møvwiqvm K¨v‡WU ¯‹zj

PZz_© Aa¨vq
m~PK I jMvwi`g ¯‹
John Napier
wUk MwYZwe` Rb †bwcqvi (1550Ñ1671) †K ¯^vfvweK jMvwi`‡gi
Exponents and Logarithms RbK ejv nq| ¯ ^vfvweK jMvwi`g‡K †bwcqvb jMvwi`gI ejv nq|
wZwb cÖ_g m„k„•Ljfv‡e decimal point Gi e¨envi ïiæ K‡ib|

A b yk xj b x 4 . 1

1. †Kvb k‡Z© a0 = 1? 25x  1

12. 5x  1
Gi gvb †KvbwU?
K a=0  a0 M a>1 N a<1
2. (x 1 + y 1) 1 Gi gvb KZ? [ P. †ev. Õ15 ] x
 5 +1 L 5x  1 M 5x + 1 N 5x  1
x+y 1 xy 1
K L M x+y  13. 3 x
= 81 n‡j Gi gvb KZ?
xy x+y x+y
3 4 L3 M 3 N 4
3.  1 3 x Gi mij gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? 14. m~P‡Ki †ÿ‡ÎÑ
 a  am m n
x a3 x x3 i. (ab)m = ([Link]) ii. a = 1, (a  0) iii. =a +a
K  M 3 N an
a 3 x a a3 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
4. aq  r = ar + p = KZ?  i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
2
K aqr  pq  r  pr L aq  p 15. a, b, c †h‡Kv‡bv ev¯Íe msL¨v Ges n †h‡Kv‡bv abvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v n‡jÑ
a p + q N ap  q i. (ab)n = anbn ii. (ab) n = anbn
 
5. 2 2x 6 =3 2x 6 n‡j x Gi gvb KZ? 1 n
K0
4x  1
L1 M2 3 iii. ()
ab
= a n b n

6. Gi gvb †KvbwU? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

2x  1
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K 2 1 x  2x + 1 M 2x + 1 N 2x  1
7. A = 81x2 1 Ges B = 9x  1 n‡j, A  B Gi gvb KZ? 16. ax = b n‡jÑ
1
K9  9x + 1 M 9x  1 N 9x + 1 x
1 i. a = b ii. b = 1 n‡j, x = 0
8. x2  5x + 1 = 0 n‡j x2  2 Gi gvb KZ? n‡j, b < 0 {hLb a > 0}
iii. x < 0
x
 5 21 L 5 23 M 5 27 N 5 29 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
9. k~‡b¨i m~PK k~b¨ n‡j Zvi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU n‡Z cv‡i? Ki L ii  i I ii Ni I iii
 AmsÁvwqZ L Amxg M0 N1 17. 5  R : x, y  N n‡j, hLbÑ
10. 22x + 2 = 32 n‡j x Gi gvb KZ? 5x
i. 5x  5y = 5x + y ii. = 5x  y hLb, x > y
3 7 5y
K1  M N7 5x
2 2 iii. = 5x  y
hLb, x < y
11. 52x + 3 = (125)x n‡j x Gi gvb KZ? 5y
K 3 L0 M1 3 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

20. 3n Gi Rb¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK (†hLv‡b n  )? (mnR)

41 m~PK K n3 L n3
 3  3  3 n msL¨K evi N 34
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi e¨vL¨v : 3  3  3  †Z n msL¨K 3 _vKvq Gi m~PKxq ivwk 3n
18. a GK A‡c¶v eo †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó c~Y©msL¨v n‡j, n msL¨K Drcv`‡Ki 21. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi wfwË 6? (mnR)
µwgK ¸Ydj wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) K 26 L 36  62 N 76
K na  an M na N an e¨vL¨v : 62 Gi wfwË 6 Ges NvZ 2
e¨vL¨v : a  a  a    a (n msL¨K evi a) = an 22. 73  73  73  73 ivwkwUi wfwË 7 n‡j NvZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR)
19. wb‡Pi m~PK †KvbwUi Rb¨ an msÁvwqZ? (ga¨g)  12 L 16 M 24 N 36
e¨vL¨v : 73  73  73  73 = 73 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 712 A_©vr ivwkwUi NvZ ev m~PK = 12
K a  R (ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU)  n  Q (g~j` msL¨vi †mU)
M aN N aZ
23. cuvP NvZwewkó m~PKxq ivwk wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
K 52 L a2 M b4  a5
 w` Uv½vBj †Møvwiqvm K¨v‡WU ¯‹zj
1
enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi e¨vL¨v : 57  52  56 = 57 – 2 – 6 = 57 – 8 = 5–1 = 5
24. a  a  a  a    an GLv‡bÑ 39. 23  24  2–5 = KZ? (mnR)
i. n  m~PK ev NvZ ii. a  wfwË 1
K2 L M 2–1  22
iii. an  m~PKxq ivwk 4
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) e¨vL¨v : 2  2  2 = 2
3 4 –5 3+4–5
=2 7–5
=2 2

K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii 40. a–1 + b–1 = KZ? (mnR)

ab 1 a+b
K ab + 1 L M 
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi a+b a+b ab
1 1 a+b
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 25 I 26 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : e¨vL¨v : a–1 + b–1 = a + b = ab
44 I 3n `yBwU m~PKxq ivwk| 41. a–n = KZ? hLb a  0 (mnR)
25. 1g ivwkwUi wfwË 2 n‡j m~PK KZ n‡e? (ga¨g) 1 1
K2 L8 9 N5  n L  am M n+a N –n
a a
26. n-Gi gvb KZ n‡j 2q ivwk mgvb 27 n‡e? (ga¨g) 4 1
n
3 L4 M5 N6 42. 2n  1
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mgvb? (ga¨g)
e¨vL¨v : 33 = 3  3  3 = 27 K 2n – 1 L 2n  1  2n + 1 N 2n + 1
A_©vr n = 3 n‡j wØZxq ivwk = 27| 4n  1 22n  1 (2n)2  1 (2n + 1)(2n  1)
e¨vL¨v : n = = = = 2n + 1
2  1 2n  1 (2n  1) (2n  1)
42 m~P‡Ki m~Îvewj 73  7 – 3
43. = KZ? (ga¨g)
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 3  3 –4
1 7 27
27. a †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨v Ges m I n †h‡Kv‡bv abvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v n‡j wb‡Pi K L M  27
3 3 3
†KvbwU mwVK? (mnR) a–2b 3
 am  an = a m + n L am+n = a m–n
44. ( )
a3b–4
KZ?
–3
(ga¨g)

M (am )n = a m + n
3 3 3
N am ÷ a n = am ÷ n a2 a5 b5 a5
28. ab †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨v Ges n †h‡Kv‡bv abvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v n‡j wb‡Pi K() b2
L
b5
3
() M () a5
 ()b5
†KvbwU mwVK? (mnR) a–2b
K (ab)n =abn  (ab)n = an bn
e¨vL¨v : ( ) a3b–4
–3
= (a– 2 – 3b1 + 4)–3 = (a– 5b5)–3
3
n 5 5
a–n b 1
M (ab) = n
n an
N ()a
=
b–n
= (a ) 5 = 5 3 = (ba )5
b
29. wb‡Pi †Kvb ivwkwUi mwVK gvb 1?
b
(mnR)
(ba )5

9n – 4m
3 3
4n –1
3 3
–2
45. Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
K4.4 L  4÷4 N [(3x–1 ) –2] 3n – 2m
2n –1 K 2m – 3n  2m + 3n M1 N 3n – 2m
m –1
a 46. –1 –1
(a + b ) Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
30. n Gi mwVK gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR)
a a+b ab
K ab L a+b M 
 am–n L a m+n M am/n N amn ab a+b
31. a  0 Ges n FYvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v n‡j an Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? 47. xa–b xb–c xc–a Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
(mnR) 1 Lx M x2abc N xabc
n 1 1 48. [(3x–1)–2]–1 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
K L n  –n N a – a–n
a a a 1 1 9 3
K L M 
32. a  0 n‡j a= ? (mnR) x 9x x2 2x
1 49. (5)0 = KZ? (mnR)
K0 1 Ma N
a K 5 L0 1 N5
n l m
1 al am an
33. xm  x –n = KZ?
 xm + n L xm – n Mx –mn N xmn
(ga¨g) 50. ( ) ( ) ()
am

an

al
= KZ? (KwVb)
1 L amln Ma N alm + mn + nl
34. 5  20 = KZ? (mnR) 3 5 3 –5
K0 L2 5 N 10
51. () ()
4

4
Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
e¨vL¨v : 5  20 = 5  1 [ a0 = 1] = 5 3
K0 1 M2 N
35. am  an  a–p Gi mijgvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) 4
65
(32)  3 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
4
K a–mnp L am + n + p M am – n – p  am + n – p 52. (ga¨g)
9
36. am  an = am n‡j n Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR)
2 L4 M6 N8
0 L am Ma N1
37. (4–1)–1 Gi mwVK gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) 53. 55  57  5 –12 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
K5 L 49 M 100 1
1 1
K 4 M N 16
4 16 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
–1
1 1 4
e¨vL¨v : (4 ) = –1 –1
() 4
= =1 =4
1 1
54. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv j¶ Ki :
1
a a =a
m n m+n
4 i. ii. an =
38. 57  52  56 = KZ? (ga¨g) an
iii. a = 1, hLb a  0
1
K5 L 52  N 5–2 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
5
K i I ii L ii I iii Mi I iii  i, ii I iii
 w` Uv½vBj †Møvwiqvm K¨v‡WU ¯‹zj
55. m, n †h‡Kv‡bv c~Y© msL¨v n‡jÑ e¨vL¨v : 4x + 1 = 2x – 2 ev, (22)x + 1 = 2x – 2
n n ev, 22x + 2 = 2x – 2 ev, 2x + 2 = x – 2
i. (am) = amn ii. (ab) =anbn
m ev, 2x – x = – 2 – 2  x = – 4
a am
iii. () b
= m
b 71. n
3 =
1
27
n‡j n Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) 1
K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii  i, ii I iii K2  3 M4 N
2
56. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : 6 1
 72. Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
i. 5  53 = 55 n‡j  = 2 ii. am ÷ an = am÷n 64
0
iii. ( 5) = 1 1 1 1 1
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) K L M 
3 4 8 2
K i I ii L ii I iii i I iii N i, ii I iii 3 1

57. m = 3 I n = 5 n‡j Ñ 73. 84 82 Gi gvb KZ? (mnR)

1 3 5 4
i. [Link] = a8 ii. am  an = a–2
K 82 L 84  84 N 85
iii. an  am = a2 3 1
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) 74. 84 ÷ 82 Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
4 2 3 5
 8 L 8 M 8 N 8
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 1 3

wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 58 Ñ 60 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 75. ( )

1
x2 2  ( ) x3 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
x+4 x+1 1
2  4.2 Kx 1 M x3 N
x
x+2
2 2 3 1
58. 42x + 1 = KZ? (ga¨g) 76. (16)4  (16)2 KZ? (ga¨g)
L3 
3 x x+3 1 1 1 1
K x+3 2 N2
2 2 2 4
59. fMœvskwUi j‡ei mij gvb KZ? (KwVb) K 16 4 M2 N4
3 1 3 1 1 1
 2 8
x
L 2 16
x
M 2 24
x
N 2 32
x

4 2
e¨vL¨v : (16)  (16) = 164 2 = 16 = 42
4
60. fMœvskwUi mij gvb KZ? (KwVb)
77. (32n  42n – 2) Gi mij gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
1 x+1 3x + 1
K 4 M2 N2 K 4n – 1 L 2n – 1
M 4n + 1  2n + 1
4 2n
n–2
e¨vL¨v : 32  42 = 32  422
n n

43 : n Zg g~j 1
= 2n 3  4.
4 (
= 2n(3  1) )
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi n.
=2 2=2 n+1

78. 4n + 1 = 25 n‡j n Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)

n
61. a = 0 n‡j a=? (mnR)
K3 L2 
3
N
2
1 2 3
0 L1 M N e¨vL¨v : 4 n+1
= 25 ev, 22(n + 1) = 25  2(n + 1) = 5
n
3
3 ev, 2n + 2 = 5  n = 2
62. –27 = KZ? (mnR)
K – 27 L 27  –3 N –8 79. 4x = 8 n‡j x = KZ? (mnR)
1 3 2
q K4 L2  N
63. a = KZ? (mnR) 2 3
q q 1
80. 32x +1 = 52x + 1 n‡j x = KZ? (KwVb)
K aq  a M N q 5 3 1
a a K L1 M 
3 5 2
 pq 2x + 1 0
64. aq Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
p
(mnR) e¨vL¨v : 32x + 1 = 52x + 1 ev, 5 (3) =1= (35)
a L aq M aq N1 1
3 ev, 2x + 1 = 0  x = 
2
65. 42 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) 3
4
1

K2 L6 8 N
1
8
81. (3 .2) + 3.2
4

1 1
3 3
Gi mijgvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (KwVb)
1 3 3 3 3
66. (5 )  5
2
1
2 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
K 3 .2 6 M9 N
2
 25
1
L 20 M 15 N 10
82. (2x –1
3
x2 ) –6
Gi mijgvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (KwVb)
2
67. 50 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) x2 x2 x2 x2
K L  N
K2 5 L5 5 M5 3 5 2 16 128 64 32
68. 3 Gi Nbg~j KZ? (ga¨g) enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
1 1 1
3 6 9
K3 3 M3 N3 83. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
2 2 3 1
1
69. ( 3)  3
( ) = KZ?

2
(mnR) i.
3
8 =2 2
5
ii. 8  8 =
4 2 4
8
4 27 4 27 4
M 
4
K L iii. 8 = 8 8
27 4 27 4
70. 4x + 1 = 2x – 2 n‡j x = KZ? (ga¨g) wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
K 2 L 3  4 N 6 K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 w` Uv½vBj †Møvwiqvm K¨v‡WU ¯‹zj
3 1 3 3 1

84. ( 3) = 3
x+1
( ) 3 2x + 1
n‡j Ñ = a2 x 3 ( ) 3
= a2x3
 (3)

x + 1 2x – 1 2x  1 3 2
a a3
i.
2
=
3
ii. x + 1 =
3 = a2x–1 = =
x x
iii. x = 5 4 4 6
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (KwVb) 88. x .a mij gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 3 3 1 1
x+1 2x – 1 K ax Lx a  3 N 3
2x + 1 x a a
e¨vL¨v : ( 3)
x+1
= ( 3)3
ev, 3
2
=3
3

4
1 1 1
x + 1 2x – 1 e¨vL¨v :
4 6
x .a = (x–4. a ) = (x ) (a–6)4 –6 4 –4 4
ev,2
=
3
ev, 3x + 3 = 4x – 2 1 1 3
(4) . (6) . –
x=5 =x 4
a 4
= x–1a 2
85. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : 1 1 1 1
=  3=  3=
1
x 1 1 x 2 x a x a3
i. 2  64 n‡j x = 6 ii. x4 = n‡j x = 3 a
81 89. cÖ`Ë ivwkwUi mij gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
3x +1 2x + 9 7 1 1 1
iii. 9 n‡j =3 x=
4 K 3 L x
1
M  2
x x x
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) 1 –3

K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii e¨vL¨v : a ( –

2 3
x ) 
4
x–4.a-6 =
x
a3

1 1 1 1
=  = 2
x a3 x x x
86. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 90 Ñ 92 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
i. x5 = – 243 n‡j x =  4 2 3
1 –3
2 123I 122 `yBwU m~PKxq ivwk|
ii. (64) =
16 90. 1g ivwkwUi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
iii. ax  a–y = 1 n‡j x = y 3 3
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) K 123L 122  144 N 36
2 1 1
K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii 2. 3
e¨vL¨v : 123 = 12 3 = (122)3 = 144
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 91. 2q ivwk‡K 1g ivwk Øviv fvM Ki‡j fvMdj KZ n‡e?(ga¨g)
5 13
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 87 Ñ 89 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K0 L1  126 N 12 6
1 –3
(a–
2 3
x ) 
4
x4.a6
e¨vL¨v : 122  123 = 12
3 2
(23 – 23) ( ) = 1256 = 12
9–4
6

87. (a 
1
2
3
x ) 3

ivwkwUi mij gvb KZ? (ga¨g) 92. ivwk؇qi ¸Ydj KZ? (ga¨g)
5 13
3 3 2 K0 L1 M 126  12 6
a a x x
 L M N 2 3 4+9
x x a
3
3 2
e¨vL¨v :
2
123 
3
122 = 12
( ) = 12( ) = 12
+
3 2 6
13
6
a
1 –3 1 –3 –3
e¨vL¨v : a ( –
2 3
x ) = (a ) ( x) –
2 3

93. ax = bx n‡j, a = b G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †Kvb kZ©wU cÖ‡hvR¨? 4

101. 16 Gi gvb KZ?
K a > 0, a  1, b  0 L x = 0, a > 0, b  0
2 L4 M 16 N 256
M x  0, a  1, b  0  x  0, a  0, b  0 2

94. †Kvb k‡Z© a = a n‡j, x = y n‡e? x y 102. 8x = 23x n‡j, x Gi gvb KZ?
 a  0, a  1 L a  0, a  1 K 0, 2  0, 1 M 0, 3 N 1, 1
x
Ma0 Na1 103. 25 = 125 n‡j x Gi gvb KZ?
95. an cÖZx‡K a, n Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wb‡Pi †KvbwU? 3 2
 L M3 N5
 n msL¨K a-Gi µwgK ¸Ydj 2 3
L n msL¨K a-Gi µwgK we‡qvMdj 3
104. 2 2 = KZ?
M n msL¨K a-Gi µwgK †hvMdj
3 5 6 5
N n msL¨K a-Gi µwgK fvMdj K ( 2)4 4 M ( 4)6L  ( 4)
x y z
3 3 105. a = b, b = c, c = a n‡j xyz =?
96. 5. 5 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? K3 L2 1 N 1
3 2x + 2
K 5
6
L 4 M ( 5) ( ) 3 6

3
25
106. 2 = 32 n‡j x Gi gvb KZ?
3 7
1
x K1  M N7
97. 7 = n‡j, x = KZ?
49 2 2
K 1  2 M1 N2 3
107. x2 = 64 n‡j x = KZ?
98. 324-Gi m~PKxq ivwk †KvbwU?
4 4 K 3 L 2  2 N 3
K (2 3)  (3 2) M (2 5)4 N (5 2)4 108. x2 = (xab xab)c n‡j ab Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
3x  7 3x  7
99. 9 =3 n‡j, x = KZ? 1 L0 M3 N2
5 1 7 109. a, x, y  R, n  N Ges a  1 n‡jÑ
K L M3 
3 3 3 i. a0 = 1 ii. x = y hLb ax = ay
x+1
100. 4 = 64 n‡j x Gi gvb KZ? 1
iii. a n = n
K 1 2 M3 N4 a
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 w` Uv½vBj †Møvwiqvm K¨v‡WU ¯‹zj
m1
Ki I ii L ii I iii
I iii Mi  i, ii I iii m
4 1 4 .4
m+1

110. a  N, a  0 Ges m, n  N n‡j M= m ,N= m Ges R = log9 3

2 1 16
1 n n 1 113. M Gi mijdj wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
i. an = ii. am = iii (ab)n =  2m + 1 L 2m  1 M 2m + 1 N 2m  1
an am anbn
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M
114. wb‡Pi †KvbwU N Gi mijdj?
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K 2m  1  2m + 1 M 2m + 1 N 2m  1
111. ax = ay n‡j x = y n‡e hw` 115. wb‡Pi †KvbwU M  N  R Gi mijdj wb‡`©k K‡i?
i. a0 ii. a  0 iii. a  1 K 42
m+1
L 4(2m  1) M 42m  1  4(2m + 1)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 116 I 117 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
(3  )
m+1 m 1 m+1
3
4 p= m m + 1, q =
9 
m 1
112. 3 m~PKxq ivwki (3 )
1
1 116. p = 3 n‡j, m Gi mwVK gvb †KvbwU?
i. NvZ 2 ii. m~PK 4 iii. mijgvb 34 K2 L1 0 N 1
117. p  q = 27 n‡j m Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 1
K i I ii  ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii  L 2 M1 N0
2
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 113 Ñ 115 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

A b yk xj b x 4 . 2
1. 3 3 Gi 3 wfwËK jM KZ? 1
12. logx 27 =  3 n‡j, x Gi gvb KZ?
4 3 3 2
K  M N 1 1
3 2 4 3 K 3 L M 3
2. logx 9 = 2, x Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? 3 3

3.
K 2
log
L 3
16 Gi gvb KZ?
3 N 18
(p)
13. log10 q = KZ?
2 K log10 (p  q)  log10 p  log10 q
K2 L3 M4 8 M logp 10  logq 10 N log (p10  q10)
4. 2 2 Gi 2 wfwËK jM KZ? 14. 3 log10 2 + 2 log10 2 Gi gvb †KvbwU?
3 2 3 4  log10 32 L log10 16
 L M N M log10 8 N log10 4
2 3 4 3
1 15. 7 7 Gi 7 wfwËK jM KZ?
5. log3
9() Gi gvb KZ?
K
1

3
M2 N3
K3 L 3  2 N2 2 2
6. loga 200 = 2 n‡j a Gi gvb KZ n‡e? 16. loga a = 1 †hLv‡bÑ
3 i. a > 0 ii. a  0
 10 2 L5 2 M5 3 N 10 5 iii. a  1
7. log10x =  3 n‡j, x Gi gvb KZ? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K 30 L 10 M x 3  10 3 K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
8. log 7 Gi gvb KZ? 17. a > 0, b > 0 Ges a, b  R n‡jÑ
7
1 i. loga Mr = M loga r ii. loga b  logb a = 1
K 2 M 7 N7
2
9. 729 Gi jM 4 n‡j, wfwË KZ? [ w`. †ev. Õ15 ] iii. loga ( 3
a. a =
5
6
)
K6 3 L6 3 3 N3 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
3 K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
10. 3 3 Gi 9 wfwËK jM KZ?
2 8 18. 10 wfwËK log Gi †ÿ‡ÎÑ
 L1 M N4 i. log1 = 0 ii. log 0 = AmsÁvwqZ
3 3
11. log2 + log4 + log8 + .......... avivwUi mvaviY AšÍi †KvbwU? iii. log 100 = 2
K2 L4  log2 N 2 log2 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii

 0 L1 M3 N4
44 : jMvwi`g e¨vL¨v : loga1 = loga a0 = 0  logaa = 0  1 = 0
20. ax = N, (a > 0, a  1)n‡j N Gi a wfwËK jM KZ? (mnR)
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi  x = logaN L a = logx N

19. loga1 Gi gvb KZ? (mnR) M N = loga x N N = logxa

 w` Uv½vBj †Møvwiqvm K¨v‡WU ¯‹zj
21. M = ax, N = ay n‡j loga(MN) = KZ? (mnR) K loga M ÷ loga N L loga M  loga N
K xy L ax+y  x+y N axy  loga M – loga N N loga M + loga N
e¨vL¨v : M = ax  logaM = x
3
N = ay  logaN = y 38. log5 5 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR)
 logaM + logaN = loga(MN) = x + y 1 5
22. a0 = 1 n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK mgxKiY? (mnR) K3  M N5
3 3
 loga1 = 0 L log1= 0 M loga = 1 N loga = 0 1
23. x abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K hvB †nvK, ax me©`v Ñ (mnR) e¨vL¨v : log5
3 3 1
5 = log5(5) = log55 =
1
3 3
 abvZ¥K L FYvZ¥K M fMœvsk N `kwgK
24. log381 = KZ? (mnR) 39. log3 3 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR)
K 3 4 M34 N 34 1 1
4
e¨vL¨v : log381 = log33 = 4log33 = 4 K  M1 N0
3 2
25. loge1 = KZ? (ga¨g) 1
2 1 1 1
Ke 0 M e N 1 e¨vL¨v : log3 3 = log3(3) = 2 log33 = 2 1 = 2
26. log2 5 400 = x n‡j x Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g) 40. 3log 2 + log 5 Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
K2 5  4 M2 N2 3 K log30  log40 M log20 N log50
e¨vL¨v : 400 = 16  25 = 24  52 = 24  ( 5)4 = (2 5)4 e¨vL¨v : 3log2+ log5 = log23 + log5 = log(23  5) = log40
 log2 ev, log2 5 (2 5)4 = x ev, 4 log2 5(2 5) = x
41. log10x = 2 n‡j x Gi gvbÑ (ga¨g)
5 400 = x
K 10  102 M 10–2 N1
ev, 41= x  x = 4
e¨vL¨v : log10 x = 2 ev, 102 = x
27. log1010 = KZ? (mnR)
42. log5x = 2 n‡j x Gi gvbÑ (ga¨g)
K1010 L 102 M 10 1
K0 L1 M5  25
28. log10100 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) e¨vL¨v : log5x = 2 ev, 52 = x  x = 25
K 10 L8 2 N1 43. logx25 = 4 n‡j x Gi gvbÑ (ga¨g)
e¨vL¨v : log10100 = log10(10)2 = 2log1010 = 2
K2 L2 2  5 N4
1
29. log39 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g) e¨vL¨v : logx25 = 4
ev, x4 = 25
1
K3 L M –3  –2 ev, (x2)2 = 52
3 ev, x2 = 5
2 2
1 1

2
(1)
e¨vL¨v : log3 9 = log3 3 = log3(3 )
1
x= 5

= log33 =  2log33 = 21 =  2 44. logx27 = – 3 n‡j x Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
K1 L2 3 N4
1
30. loga a Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g) 45. logx3y2 = a n‡j xa Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
1 K3 L2  3y2 N 3y
Ka L  –1 N1 e¨vL¨v : logx3 y2 = a  xa = 3y2
a
1 46. logaa4 Gi gvb KZ? (mnR)
1
e¨vL¨v : a1 = a  logaa =  1 1 4
K 4 M2 N
2 3
31. logax = 1 n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mZ¨? (mnR)
47. log864 Gi gvb KZ? (mnR)
x=a L x=1 M a=1 N x= a
K1 2 M3 N4
e¨vL¨v : logax = 1 msÁvbymv‡i, a1 = x  x = a
48. log7 + log3 = ? (mnR)
32. †Kvb k‡Z© loga1= 0? (ga¨g) K log10 L log73 M 7log3  log21
Ka>0 L a1 e¨vL¨v : log7 + log3 = log (7  3) = log21
 a > 0, a  1 N a > 1, a  2 49. 5log3 – log9 Gi mwVK gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
33. 5 5 Gi 5 wfwËK jM KZ? (ga¨g) K log3 L log9  log27 N log2
3 5 35 243
 L 5 M N5 e¨vL¨v : 5log3log9 = log3  log9 = log 9 = log 9 = log27
5

2 2
3
3 3 3
50. 4 log5 – log125 = ? (ga¨g)
e¨vL¨v : log55 5 = log552 = 2 log55 = 21 = 2  log5 L log4 M log23 N log25
54 625
3 e¨vL¨v : 4log5log125 = log5  log125 = log 125 = log125 = log5
4

34. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi mwVK gvb 2 ? (ga¨g)

K log216  log66 6 M logaa4 N log4 2 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
3 51. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
3
e¨vL¨v : Avgiv Rvwb, 62 = 6 6  log66 6 = 2 i. m~PKxq ivwki gvb †ei Ki‡Z jMvwi`g e¨envi Kiv nq
log M ii. jMvwi`g‡K ms‡ÿ‡c logx †jLv nq
35. logb a Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) iii. x abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K hvB †nvK bv †Kb, ax me©`v abvZ¥K
b wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
 logaM L logbM M logab N1 K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
36. loga(MN) Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) 52. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
 loga M + loga N L loga M – loga N i. ïay abvZ¥K msL¨vi jMvwi`g Av‡Q
M loga M  loga N N loga M ÷ loga N ii. k~b¨ ev FYvZ¥K msL¨vi jMvwi`g †bB
37. loga M
N
Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) iii. an G n †K wfwË ejv nq
 w` Uv½vBj †Møvwiqvm K¨v‡WU ¯‹zj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) K log22 L 2 log22 M 3 log22  4 log22
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii  wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 64 - 66 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
53. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv j¶ Ki :
logax = 3 I logay = 2
i. logaM = logbM  logab ii. logaMn = nlogaM
64. loga(xy) = KZ? (ga¨g)
logbM
iii. logaM = K2 L3 M4 5
logba e¨vL¨v : loga(xy) = logax + logay = 3 + 2 = 5
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
i I ii
54. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
Li I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii (x)
65. loga y = KZ? (ga¨g)
3
n 1 1 L5 M6 N
i. a  G a -†K n-Gi m~PK ejv nq ii. logx = –2 n‡j x = 3 2
9
x
iii. 3 = 27 n‡j x = 3 (x)
e¨vL¨v : loga y = logax  logay = 3  2 = 1
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
66. logyx = KZ? (KwVb)
K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
1 3 2
55. logaa Gi gvbÑ K
2

2
M
3
N2
i. 1 1 3
ii. logaa  logbb Gi gv‡bi mgvb e¨vL¨v : logyx = logax  logya = logax  log y = 2
a
iii. logbb Gi gv‡bi mgvb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
 wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 67 - 69 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii 3
P = log216, Q = log66 6, R = log5 5 Ges S = log42 PviwU
56. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : m~PKxq ivwk|
i. j‡Mi wfwË †`qv bv _vK‡j me©Î GKB wfwË a‡i †bqv nq
ii. log 25 =2 log 5
67. Q Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
iii. log 100 = 2 1 3 2 3
K L M 
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) 2 4 3 2
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii 68. R Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
57. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : K
1
L
3

1
N
1
i. 2 log 10 = 2 ii. log 10 = log 5  log 2 2 2 3 6
iii. log 01 =  1 1
3 3 1 1 1
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) e¨vL¨v : log5 5 = log5(5) = 3log55 = 3 1 = 3
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
58. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : 69. P  Q  R Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
1 2 1 4
i. log =  2 log 3 ii. log 9  log 3 = log 6 2 L M N
9 3 2 5
iii. log 4  log 2 = log 2 3 3 1
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) e¨vL¨v : P  Q  R = log216  log66 6  log5 5 = 4  2  3 = 2
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii  wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 70 - 72 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
59. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
i. hw` ax = n nq Z‡e, x = logan ii. log 27 = x n‡j x = 6 logaa2, log42, log5 3 5 Ges log12 12 PviwU ivwk|
log 16
3
70. wØZxq ivwki gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
iii. =8 1 1
log 2  L M2 N4
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) 2 4
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
71. cÖ_g wZbwU ivwki mgwó wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
17 9 3 21
60. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : 
6
L
4
M
2
N
6
i. log 3 + log 4 = log 12 ii. 3 log 2 + log 5 = log 30
iii. log 21 = log 7 + log 3
72. ivwk PviwUi mgwó wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) 13 9 10 19
K L  N
6 5 3 9
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 73 - 75 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
e¨vL¨v : i. mwVK KviY, log3 + log4 = log(3  4) = log12
ii. mwVK bq, KviY 3log2  log5 x = log1012
= log23  log5 = log(8  5) = log40
iii. mwVK KviY, log21 = log(7  3) = log7 + log3
73. x Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwUi mgvb? (ga¨g)
1
K  log1012 L 10 log1012
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 10
M log101  log102 N  log1012 log1010
 wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 61 - 63 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 12
e¨vL¨v : x = log1012 = log1010 = log1012  log1010
P = log2 4 Ges Q = log28
61. P Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g) 74. x + 1 wb‡Pi †KvbwUi mgvb? (KwVb)
1 K log103 + log102  log103 + 2 log102
K 1 M2 N3 M log103 + 2 log102+1 N log103 + log102+1
2
62. Q Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g) e¨vL¨v : x + 1 = log1012 +1 = log1012  log1010 +1
1 = log10(3  22) 1 + 1 = log103 + 2 log102
K L2 3 N4
2
63. (P + Q) Gi gvb KZ?
 w` Uv½vBj †Møvwiqvm K¨v‡WU ¯‹zj
3 3
75. (log1032 + log102 )  (x + 1) = KZ?
3 2 3
(ga¨g) e¨vL¨v : (log103 + log 2 )  (x + 1)
10

2 3 1 1 3 3 3
K  M N = 2 (log103 + 2 log102)  (x + 1) = 2 (x +1)  (x + 1) = 2
3 2 3 2

76. hw` logx324 = 4 nq Z‡e x Gi gvb KZ? K

1
L 1 M1 a
a
K 32 L4 2 3 2 N1
e¨vL¨v : x4 = 324 = 3422 = 34( 2)4 = (3 2)4 96. log5( 5 5)2 ( 5 5)2 Gi gvb †KvbwU?
x=3 2 3 5 4 6
K L  N
3 5 3 5 5
77. log5{( 5)( 5 )} Gi gvb KZ? 97. "x2 Gi a wfwËK jMvwi`‡gi gvb N GKwU MvwYwZK evK¨| hw` a
7 6 5 6 = 4, N = 3 nq, Z‡e x = KZ?
K L  N
6 5 6 5 K8 L+8 8 N 9
78. log 381 = KZ? 98. a, b, M, N > 0, a  1, b  1 n‡j,
K3 L9 8 N 27 logbM
79. 400 Gi jM 4; wfwË KZ? i. b loga M = ii. logbM = logaM  logba
logab
r
K 5 2 L2 5 3 2 N2 3 iii. logaM = r logaM
80. log2128 = KZ? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K6 7 M8 N9 K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
81. log3 27 Gi gvb KZ? 99. ¯^vfvweK jMvwi`‡gi Ñ
2 3 i. wfwË e
K1 L  N3
3 2 ii. loge x †K In x AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq
82. log1 Gi gvb †KvbwU? iii. loge x †K †b‡cwiqvb jMvwi`g e‡j
K1 L2 M3 0 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
83. log 7 + log 3 Gi gvb †KvbwU? K i I iii L i I ii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
K 21 L37 M73  log 21 100. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
1
84. log24 Gi gvb KZ? i. logaM = logbM  log ab ii. log1000  log 10 = 2
2
1 iii. log1010 =1
K0 L 1 N2 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
2
1 K i L i I ii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
85. log x = 2 n‡j x = KZ?
16

1 1
K L 2 4 N 16
6 4 2
86. logab Gi wfwË KZ?
a Lb M 10 N ab
87. log16913 Gi gvb KZ?
1
K 13 L0 M 69 
2
88. log234 = 3 †K m~P‡Ki gva¨‡g wjL‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 23 = 34 L 32 = 34
M 34 = log 3 N 3 log 2 = 34
1
89. log2 = KZ?
16
K2 L4 4 N 32
90. log93 = KZ?
1 1
K  M2 N3
3 2
91. logx (251 ) =  2 n‡j x Gi gvb KZ?
1 1
K L M5  5
5 5
3 3 3 3 3 3
ab bc cd
92. log 3 + log 3 + log 3 = KZ?
c d a
 logb6c3 L logb3c3 M loga3b3 N log a2b6
93. loga x = 1 n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mZ¨?
x=a Lx=1
Ma=1 N x Ges a mgvb n‡Z cv‡i bv

94. x2 = 3 27 n‡j x = KZ?

 3 L 2 M3 N 2
1
95. wfwË †ei Ki : hLb log a = 1