ABSTRACT

— Water hardness is a frequent problem that affects the quality and usage of many different water
sources. The detection and elimination of hardness in water samples are summarised in this
abstract. The main contributors to water hardness are dissolved calcium and magnesium ions. High
levels of hardness can have a number of unfavourable impacts, including the buildup of scale in
appliances and pipes, decreased soap and detergent effectiveness, and other negative outcomes.
The soap test, EDTA titration, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma
mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the gravimetric method are some of the techniques used to
determine the hardness of water. The quality and use of many diverse water sources are impacted
by the recurrent issue of water hardness. This abstract provides an overview of the methods used to
identify and remove hardness from water samples. Calcium and magnesium ions that are dissolved
in the water are the main causes of hardness. High levels of hardness can have a variety of
detrimental effects, including as the accumulation of scale in plumbing and appliances, a red fuction
in the efficacy of soap and detergent, and other undesirable results

Keywords — Lime soda, Clark’s Method, Washing Soda, Hardness

I. INTRODUCTION

The term "water hardness" describes the amount of dissolved minerals in water, primarily calcium
and magnesium ions. It is a typical indicator of water quality that may have important ramifications
for numerous home, commercial, and industrial applications. High water hardness levels can cause a
variety of issues, including scale buildup in plumbing and home appliances, decreased soap and
detergent effectiveness, and perhaps harmful impacts on machinery and industrial [Link]
understand water quality and apply suitable treatment strategies, water hardness must be
determined. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of water hardness can be done using a variety
of techniques. These techniques range from straightforward visual examinations to complex
instrumental methods. The approach chosen will depend on various elements, including the level of
accuracy necessary, the resources available, and the particular [Link] steps to remove
or minimise water hardness can be implemented once it has been identified. Depending on the
degree of hardness and the desired water quality, different treatment methods are used to handle
hard water.

© 2023 IJNRD | Volume 8, Issue 10 October 2023 | ISSN: 2456-4184 | [Link] IJNRD2310125
International Journal of Novel Research and Development ([Link]) b224 Abstract — Water
hardness is a frequent problem that affects the quality and usage of many different water sources.
The detection and elimination of hardness in water samples are summarised in this abstract. The
main contributors to water hardness are dissolved calcium and magnesium ions. High levels of
hardness can have a number of unfavourable impacts, including the buildup of scale in appliances
and pipes, decreased soap and detergent effectiveness, and other negative outcomes. The soap test,
EDTA titration, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the gravimetric method are some of the techniques used to determine
the hardness of water. The quality and use of many diverse water sources are impacted by the
recurrent issue of water hardness. This abstract provides an overview of the methods used to
identify and remove hardness from water samples. Calcium and magnesium ions that are dissolved
in the water are the main causes of hardness. High levels of hardness can have a variety of
detrimental effects, including as the accumulation of scale in plumbing and appliances, a red fuction
in the efficacy of soap and detergent, and other undesirable results. Keywords — Lime soda, Clark’s
Method, Washing Soda, Hardness I.

INTRODUCTION

The term "water hardness" describes the amount of dissolved minerals in water, primarily calcium
and magnesium ions. It is a typical indicator of water quality that may have important ramifications
for numerous home, commercial, and industrial applications. High water hardness levels can cause a
variety of issues, including scale buildup in plumbing and home appliances, decreased soap and
detergent effectiveness, and perhaps harmful impacts on machinery and industrial [Link]
understand water quality and apply suitable treatment strategies, water hardness must be
determined. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of water hardness can be done using a variety
of techniques. These techniques range from straightforward visual examinations to complex
instrumental methods. The approach chosen will depend on various elements, including the level of
accuracy necessary, the resources available, and the particular [Link] steps to remove
or minimise water hardness can be implemented once it has been identified. Depending on the
degree of hardness and the desired water quality, different treatment methods are used to handle
hard water. Determination and Removal of Hardness of Water. prof . Adwaita Joshi, Shital Hande,
Vaishnavi Chorghade, Pankaj Devale , Pratik Gargade Department of Chemical Engineering,
Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune, 411037, Maharashtra, India © 2023 IJNRD | Volume 8,
Issue 10 October 2023 | ISSN: 2456-4184 | [Link] IJNRD2310125 International Journal of Novel
Research and Development ([Link]) b225 These techniques seek to lessen or completely
eliminate the amount of calcium and magnesium ions present in the water, hence lowering its
hardness and avoiding related [Link] soap test, EDTA titration, atomic absorption spectroscopy
(AAS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the gravimetric method will all
be examined in this study to determine the hardness of the water. We will go over the
fundamentals, benefits, and drawbacks of each approach, emphasising how they might be applied in
various situations. We will also look into other methods for removing water [Link], ion
exchange, softening of lime-soda ash, reverse osmosis (RO), and distillation are some of these
techniques. We will investigate the mechanisms by which these methods lessen hardness, the
effectiveness of their removal of hardness ions, and any other factors that should be taken into
[Link] the aim of supplying high-quality water for home, commercial, and industrial uses, it is
essential to comprehend how water hardness is determined and removed. This information enables
the implementation of appropriate treatment procedures, preventing the formation of scale,
enhancing the effectiveness of cleaning agents, and increasing the lifespan of waterusing equipment.
We can improve water efficiency, lower maintenance costs, and support sustainable water
management practises by managing water hardness.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW 1]

An Author Nor Izzah Abdul Aziz1 , Norzila Othmal, Wahid Ali Hamood Altowayti1 , Zalilah Murni
Yunus, Nurina Fitriani , Mohd Fadhil Md Din4 , Firhat Muhammad Fikri proposed the paper
titled”Assessment of Water Quality and Quantity of Surface and Subsurface Drainage System in the
Command Area.”a similar problem with water scarcity affects lower riparian and end-users of
Sindhi's Indus Basin irrigation system. In order to address this problem, the quality and quantityThe
majority of samples' results showed that the drainage effluent was within the WHO permissible
limits for alkalinity, hardness, and TDS for sub-surface and surface drains, respectively, of 3 to 7.2
mg/L and 3 to 9 mg/L, 490 to 990 mg/L and 320 to 1250 mg/L. It can be used for cattle, fisheries, and
irrigation while the 3L-Sub drain had somewhat poorer water quality as a result of the saline
agricultural land portions. By dilution with fresh water according to approved ratios, the quality of
this water can be improved. [2]ABDU, M.S., MUSTAPHA, A., ASKA, A. S., ABDU, S. U and MADARA, M.
S. synethisized “ Determination and Removal of Hardness of water in Water samples from Bultumari
ward in Gashua and Hausari ward in Nguru, Yobe State of Nigeria.”Because of the presence of
dissolved salts like Ca(HCO3)2 and Mg(HCO3)2, which cause temporary hardness while CaSO4 and
MgSO4 cause permanent hardness, hard water is the type that does not immediately lather with
soap. In order to establish the hardness, ground water samples were taken from the Bultumari and
Hausari wards and subjected to qualitative [Link] temporary and permanent hardness
were present in the water samples taken from the study regions. The amount of calcium sulphate in
water and the amount of soap solution consumed are inversely proportional. As a result, the study
areas' hard water is to blame for the high amount of soap that people use in their daily domestic
[Link] beginning to cook or do laundry, water in the study areas should be softened for
improved health and safety as well as soap economy. [3]The paper was proposed by [Link]*,
[Link] Babu1, [Link] Reddy2 and [Link] Rao Only 4.16% of the samples in the
current study had severe levels of hardness, which may not be detrimental to people. Although most
people dislike using hard water, magnesium and calcium may have some protective effects on
cardiovascular mortality. However, the evidence is still up for debate and does not establish
causation. Additionally, drinking water is the body's main source of calcium and magnesium intake.
The majority of people have the incorrect belief that hard water is unhealthy for your health; in
reality, very hard water has extremely high levels of hardness. Therefore, it would be preferable if
we raised public awareness. [4]Rafia Sarfraz, Mehwish Taneez , Sabahat Sardar, Lubna Danish and
Abdul Hameed study used the ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) technique to determine the
hardness levels of 17 distinct water samples. [5]Adelekan, B. A. and Abegunde K.D. Among these,
samples of pool water from Seoul's outdoor swimming area (140 ppm) revealed significant levels of
the ions Ca2+ and Mg2+. The carbonation process with a closed pressure reactor for a 5 min reaction
time reduced the hardness of the various water samples by 40-85%.The 21 g/L of CO2 carbonation
for 5 minutes at room temperature reduced the hardness of the natural water samples taken from
various parts of South Korea by 70 to 85%. The findings showed that the carbonation process in a
closed pressure reactor may easily and effectively manage the hardness of various types of
water.”Evaluation of biological treatment for decreasing water hardness”

METHODOLOGY

Hardness Major Method  EDTA The determination of water hardness using EDTA (ethylene diamine
tetraacetic acid) is a widely used method in analytical chemistry. EDTA forms a stable complex with
metal ions, particularly calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+), which are the main contributors to
water hardness. The major method for determining water hardness using EDTA is known as
complexometric titration. © 2023 IJNRD | Volume 8, Issue 10 October 2023 | ISSN: 2456-4184 |
[Link] IJNRD2310125 International Journal of Novel Research and Development
([Link]) b226 Here's a step-by-step procedure for the EDTA complexometric titration
method to determine water hardness: Sample Preparation: Collect a representative sample of the
water to be tested in a clean and dry container. If the water contains any suspended particles, filter
it before proceeding. Titration Setup: Fill a clean burette with a standardized EDTA solution. The
EDTA solution is prepared by dissolving a known weight of EDTA in water and then standardizing it
against a primary standard solution of calcium or magnesium. Indicator Selection: Choose a suitable
metal ion indicator that forms a colored complex with the metal ions being titrated. Eriochrome
black T (EBT) or calmagite are commonly used indicators. EBT changes color from wine-red to blue
when the metal ions are complexed with EDTA. Titration Procedure: Take a measured volume of the
water sample (e.g., 50 mL) in a titration flask. Add a few drops of the selected metal ion indicator to
the sample solution. The indicator will typically be red or pink in the absence of metal ions. Titration
Initiation: Begin the titration by slowly adding the EDTA solution from the burette into the flask while
swirling the flask gently. The EDTA will react with the calcium and magnesium ions in the sample,
forming stable complexes. Endpoint Determination: As the EDTA solution approaches the
equivalence point, the color of the indicator will change. In the case of EBT, it will change from red to
blue. The endpoint is reached when the color change is permanent, indicating that all the metal ions
in the sample have reacted with EDTA. Calculation: Note the volume of EDTA solution required to
reach the endpoint. The hardness of the water sample can be calculated using the following formula:
Hardness (in ppm or mg/L) = (Volume of EDTA solution × Normality of EDTA solution × Equivalent
weight of CaCO3) / Volume of water sample The equivalent weight of CaCO3 is the molecular weight
of calcium carbonate divided by the number of moles of calcium or magnesium that reacts with one
mole of EDTA (this depends on the stoichiometry of the reaction). Repeat and Average: Perform
multiple titrations using different water samples or replicate trials to ensure the accuracy of the
results. Calculate the average hardness value from the replicate determinations. It's worth noting
that this is a simplified description of the method, and actual laboratory protocols may involve
additional steps, specific equipment, and precise calculations. Always refer to an authoritative
source or consult a laboratory manual for detailed instructions and safety guidelines when
performing complexometric titration using EDTA. 1)Temporary Hardness Removing Method Clarks
method Boiling: Temporary hardness of water can be removed by boiling water. During boiling,
bicarbonates are processed to form hydroxides and calcium bicarbonates and then they are
converted to form carbonates. Temporary hardness can be eliminated by filtering these precipitates.
Clark’s method: Thomas Clark is known in chemistry for introducing a method for softening hard
water known as Clark’s method. His method involves softening calcareous water by removing
carbonic acid © 2023 IJNRD | Volume 8, Issue 10 October 2023 | ISSN: 2456-4184 | [Link]
IJNRD2310125 International Journal of Novel Research and Development ([Link]) b227 from
them. His method consists of adding milk of lime to hard water until the formation of precipitation
of calcium and magnesium carbonates. Removing water hardness by Clark’s method Minerals,
salts, metals, cations, anions and other dissolved solids in water can be removed to reduce water
hardness. One of the common methods of water softening is Clark’s method by which the temporary
hardness of water can be removed by using cold lime. Clark’s method helps in the preparation of
water in a direct cooling tower makeup. This method can be used as a first-stage treatment before
ion exchange for boiler makeup or recycling of RO reject water. Lime or a combination of lime and
soda ash is added to treat the water (carbonate ions). They generate insoluble compounds when
they come in contact with the hardness and natural alkalinity of the water. Sedimentation or
calcification can be further removed from the water by precipitating them. Many companies use this
method to treat water with moderate to high levels of hardness and alkalinity of about 150-500
ppm. Fig 1 Boiling Temporary hardness of water can also be removed by simply boiling the hard
water, as by boiling bicarbonates are converted to insoluble carbonates which can be simply
removed by filtration. But for permanent hardness of water boiling does not help as sulphate salts
do not decompose on heating 2)Perament Hardness Removing Ion exchange methodStep-1 The
hardness of water is due to the presence of a number of ions such as chloride ions, sulfate ions, and
bicarbonates ions of calcium or magnesium metal these ions are present in the water when it passes
through any rock, Hard water is not capable of producing lather on reacting with soap solution
because different ion reacts with soap and form precipitate which is insoluble in nature and thus get
settled at the bottom of soap solution. Step-2 Therefore, the ion exchange method is used to remove
the hardness of water, different ions which is responsible for causing the hardness of water are
substituted with less damaging ion, ion exchange is of two types namely inorganic ion exchange or
organic ion exchange. For example, in order to remove the hardness of ion by inorganic ion
exchange hard water is poured into the tank which has hydrated sodium aluminium silicate as an
exchanger which reacts with the calcium ion of hard water to form calcium zeolite. FIG 2 Washing
Soda method for treating hardness of water : Washing soda method is used to remove hardness of
water by treating it with hard water which is the one which does not give immediate lather with
soap due to the presence of dissolved salts like Ca(HCO3)2 and Mg(HCO3)2 which cause temporary
hardness while CaSO4 and MgSO4 cause permanent hardness. In this process, qualitative analysis
was carried out on the ground water. The results disclosed the presence of Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42- and
HCO3-which indicated the presence of both temporary and permanent hardness in the samples.
First of all we will boil the water to remove the temporary hardness of water Furthermore, addition
of washing soda (Na2CO3) to the boiled and cooled water by doing this process we will find that
permanent hardness of the water will be removed. boiling and addition of washing soda were the
suitable methods used in removing the hardness. This is because boiling is a very simple process
while washing soda is cheap and available. 2HCO3- boilingCO32- + H2O + CO2 Lime Softening : Lime
softening, which is also used for temporary hardness removal, can partially remove permanent
hardness as well. By adding lime (calcium hydroxide) to water, the lime reacts with the calcium and
magnesium ions, forming insoluble precipitates that can be removed through sedimentation or
filtration. Lime softening is often used as a pre-treatment step in combination with other methods to
achieve more complete hardness removal. © 2023 IJNRD | Volume 8, Issue 10 October 2023 | ISSN:
2456-4184 | [Link] IJNRD2310125 International Journal of Novel Research and Development
([Link]) b228 Fig3 III. RESULT  Water hardness before Hardness Removing Water Water
Sample Burette Reading Test Purified water 20ml 1.1 55 Tap water 20ml 2.5 125 Hard water 20ml 4
200 Lab Crated water 20ml 8 400 Hardness Removal Method  Temporary Removing 1) Lime Soda
Water Water Sample Burette Reading Test Hard water 20ml 1.3 65 Lab created water 20ml 2.3 115
2) Boiling Water Water Sample Burette Reading Test Tap water 100ml 14 40  Permanent Hardness
Removing Water Water Sample Burette Reading Test Hard Water 20ml 1.5 75 Lab created 20ml 2.5
125 3) Washing Soda Water Water Sample Burette Reading Test Tap boiling water 50 5 100 Formula
Total hardness = Volume of EDTA solution consumed X1000 / Volume of the hard water taken These
are the water samples that we have taken from polluted river, tap water and one of the hard water
we have prepared it in a lab by adding calcium chloride and magnesium chloride in it. [Link]
SCOPE The future of hard water removal will contain improvements in techniques, methods, and
tactics to deal with the problems brought on by hard water. Here are a few suggested directions for
improvement: Advanced Water Softening Technologies: Water softening technologies including ion
exchange, reverse osmosis, and lime softening can be improved through research and development.
This entails improving their effectiveness, lowering the amount of energy used, streamlining the
regeneration procedures, and creating new materials with increased selectivity and capacity.
Alternative Water Treatment Techniques: Investigating different approaches to treating hard water
can lead to new opportunities. In the laboratory, cutting-edge methods including electrochemical
treatment, magnetic water conditioning, and catalytic processes have showed promise and may
provide more long-lasting and affordable solutions for hard water removal. Applications of
Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology has the potential to V.
 CONCLUSION

The harnessing of water resources plays a vital role in various aspects of human life and the
development of societies. Water is a precious and essential resource that supports ecosystems,
sustains human life, and drives economic activities across the [Link] this report, we have
explored different aspects of water harnessing, including water supply systems, hydroelectric power
generation, irrigation, and water management strategies. We have examined the benefits,
challenges, and potential solutions associated with each of these [Link] supply systems are
crucial for ensuring access to clean and safe drinking water for communities. The development of
reliable infrastructure and efficient water treatment methods is essential to meet the growing
demand for water in urban and rural areas.

[Link]

We are grateful to [Link] Joshi, our mentor and guardian, who helped us with every step of
this project and the system development process. We also like to express our gratitude to several
elders and contacts who helped us with this process. [Link] [1]Journal of Analytical
Sciences, Vol 25 No 4 (2021): 605 - 621 [2]1& 2 Federal University Gashua Yobe State Nigeria 3&5
Aminu Saleh College of Education Azare, Bauchi State, Nigeria [3] National Boarb for Technical
Education (NBTE), Kaduna, Kaduna State Nigeria International Journal of Recent Scientific Research
Vol. 6, Issue, 6, pp.4505- 4507, June, 2015 Water Science & Technology Water Supply · January 2019
© 2023 IJNRD | Volume 8, Issue 10 October 2023 | ISSN: 2456-4184 | [Link] IJNRD2310125
International Journal of Novel Research and Development ([Link]) b229 [4] Boretti, Alberto,
and Lorenzo Rosa. ”Reassessing the pro jections of the world water development report.” NPJ Clean
Water 2, no. 1 (2019): 1-6 [5]International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry · April 2021
[6]. Ab Razak, N. H., Praveena, S. M., Aris, A. Z. and Hashim, Z. (2015). Drinking water studies: A
review on heavy metal, application of biomarker and health risk assessment (a special focus in
Malaysia). Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 5(4): 297-310. [7]. Aziz, N. I. A. and Othman,
N. (2017). Groundwater quality and soil characterization: A case study at Bukit Tembaga, Kuala
Nerang, Kedah. In MATEC Web of Conferences, 103, p. 05011. [8].Mahasti, N. N., Shih, Y. J., Vu, X. T.
and Huang, Y. H. (2017). Removal of calcium hardness from solution by fluidized-bed homogeneous
crystallization (FBHC) process. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 78: 378- 385. [9
]Ojo, O. I., Otieno, F. A. and Ochieng, G. M. (2012). Groundwater: Characteristics, qualities, pollutions
and treatments: An overview. International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental
Engineering, 4(6): 162-170.