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Chapter 11 Complex Function

Chapter 11 discusses the integration of complex functions, emphasizing its significance in science and engineering, particularly in proving that analytic functions have derivatives of all orders. It covers the concept of definite integrals for complex functions, the properties of curves in the complex plane, and provides examples of parametric representations of curves. The chapter also introduces contour integrals and their applications in evaluating integrals along curves.

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63 views55 pages

Chapter 11 Complex Function

Chapter 11 discusses the integration of complex functions, emphasizing its significance in science and engineering, particularly in proving that analytic functions have derivatives of all orders. It covers the concept of definite integrals for complex functions, the properties of curves in the complex plane, and provides examples of parametric representations of curves. The chapter also introduces contour integrals and their applications in evaluating integrals along curves.

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thakurgungun599
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Chapter 11 Integration of Complex Functions —_— ———.3$3>$—q$ ——_—_—____—_ {1.1 Introduction Integration of functions of a complex variable plays a very important role in many areas of science and engineering. Using integration, we shall prove a very important result in the theory of analytic functions, which is: if a function f(z) is analytic in a domain D, then it possesses derivatives of all orders in D, that is, f(2),f"(@), « . . ate all analytic functions in D. Such a result does not exist in the real variable theory. Also, complex integration approach can be used to evaluate many improper integrals of a real variable, which cannot be evaluated using real integral calculus. The concept of definite integrals for functions of a real variable does not directly extend to the case of complex 6 variables. In the case of a real variable, the path of integration in the definite integral | f(x) dx is along the x-axis from x= a to x= b. That is, the path of integration is along a straight line. In complex integration, the path could be along any curve from z= 4 to z=b. 11.2 Definite Integrals A function @(¢) of the form 0) = O1(0) + i2(t) (Lb) where ¢,(f) and @,(t) are real functions of t is called a complex function of the real variable r. The function 9(¢) is integrable over an interval {a, b], if the real functions 9,(0) and ¢4(1) are integrable over this interval. We write b a a b J a¢eyat= f toe) + iosona= f onda n(t) dt. (11.2) b rb Thera integrals { Oi(t) dt and f Or{t) de can be evaluated by using the familiar rules of integration of real functions.” i Remark 1 If either a or 6 or both a and b are infinite or if 9,(#) or 9(¢) or both $,(t) and @,(¢) have infinite discontinuity at a or at b (a, b finite) or at some point in this interval, then the integral (11.2) is called an improper integral. 11.2 Engineering Mathematics Example 11.1 Evaluate J ” pnnde, where @ o@=t+i?,a= 0,5 =, Gi) 9 = te“, a=0,b=7, Git) (== t# ia =0,b=1, Civ) OW te +E, a=0,424 Solution When (4) = 94(0) + i Ga(0), we have » o % if wna f Ot) dt + if G2(t) de. @ AO =4 0) = =0,b=1. 1 1 Therefore, t=[ carsil Paadedi. aa [rasifieanted Gi) (1) = te = 1(cos t ~ i sin 1). Hence, $(1) = 1 cos t, h(t) =—tsint,a=0,b= _ = Therefore, ff soos eae — i tsintdt 0 0 = [tsint + cos ¢]j -i[-tcost+ sint]} = -2- in. - a tti atti O90 = 7" GaN FT Hence, WO =a 7 O2(t) = zy aI O,b=1. itt ‘a t= | sbeasi d Therefore, f zit wf zat aT" 5 i py eT ni =3 [Ine +d), + iftan Vale =yin2+ 5. (iv) O(t) = te7”, Go(t) = 2/VF. Therefore, Since @,(t) becomes infinite at a = 0, we write 1 1 if on i 2 J, -1)42i [lima - 2V)| =F (et = 1) +4. fe-* | +2 {um fev} dee 26 Integration of Com ; plex Funct 4 12.1 Curves in the Complex Plane ae et (and y(0 be two continuous functions of a rea Variable 1, a<1 % through values in this interval. Thus, a piecewise continuous function is continuous on (a, b] except for, at most, a finite number of finite jumps in the interval. (iv) z(0) is differentiable in the interval (a, b], if both x(t) and y(¢) are differentiable in this interval. ‘We write G1 = 20 = 4 GO +i-L Ol =x +0. If Z(@ exists and is continuous in the interval a, 6), then z(1) is said to be continuously differentiable in [a, b]. () The curve defined by z = z(t) is said to be smooth, if z(t) is continuously differentiable 11.4 Engineering Mathematics and z’(t) #0 for all t, a St 00 (i) Ast x(t) and y(t) — c0, therefore, 2(¢) 9 00. Ast > ©, x(t) > 1 and y(t) > 1, 1 + i. Both the poi i therefore, z() > oth the points do not lie on the i i. ILC). The curve is simple, smooth bat wx oe cin The graph of the curve is given 3 y ) y * a1) a, 1) 5 1. 1 a 7 o ci) Fig. 11.2. Example 11.4, Example 11.5 State whether the following curves t, -lst<1, @ = je 1 0 traversed counter-clockwise. 19, The triangle with vertices at z = 0, z= 1 and z= 1 + j, traversed counter-clockwise. 20. ‘The square with vertices at z= 1+ i, z= — I + traversed counter-clockwise. 11.2.2, Contour Integrals (Line Integrals in the Complex Plane) Let c(t) = x(t) + iy (#), a St < b represent a simple and smooth curve C, Let f(z) be a continuous function defined at each point of C. Partition the interval a $t< bas a=) ©, max | Az,|~9 0, ae sur Sy i Eq. (11.4) approaches a limit as write’ regardless of the choice of points zy and then f (2) i said to be integrable along the bn and the limit of S, denoted by [oa curve wf 058 = i f@)dz (a1) i Fig. 113, iscalled the contour integral or the line integral e Contour integral. he curve C. When C is a closed c : of f(z) along tl Urve, We often write sane C is called the path of integration, Mode as f(a) de. The Remark 3 te This result also holds when Cis a piecewise smooth curve and f(2) is a piecewise continuous function defined at each point of C. Properties of contour integrals Let f (2) and g(z) be two continuous functions defined on a piecewise smooth curve C and a, B be arbitrary complex constants. Using the definition of the, contour integral given in Eq, (11.5), the following results can be easily proved. n J foa=-f soe where C* denotes the curve traversed in the opposite direction of C. 7 J tester + Batenae= af Heayde+ BF fe) de é e é P3 If Cconsists of two piecewise smooth arcs Cy and C2 joined end-to-end (Fig. 11.4), then [row j fender f F(z) dz G c cy cx (11.6) Similarly, if C consists of n piecewise smooth arcs Cy, Cp .. . , C, joined end-to- end, that is, the terminal point of Cy coincides with the initial point of Cys1 for Fig. 11.4. Integration along piecewise smooth arc. k=1,2,...,n—1, then . a 11.8 Engineering Mathematics [sows | soa [soars i. fle) dz, tity Now, we prove some important results. Theorem 11.1 (Existence of the contour integral) If f (z) is continuous (or piecewise continuous) at every point on a smooth curve (or a piecewise smooth curve) C, then f (z) is integrable. Proof Let f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x ys ze= e+ dye and Azy = Ary + typ If Ee = de + iM is an arbitrary point between zj.1 and zy (Fig. 11.3), we obtain from Eq. (11.4) E, (ug + ivy) (Axe + idys) Sn é = E lupe — vedya) + 0dr + 4.470] (118) where uy = u(y, 14) and vg = (5p Ne) 7 Now, as n — © such that max Ax, —> 0 and max Ay, —> 0, the first part in Eq. (11.8) approaches the line integral j dads 00) (is) ic and the second part in Eq. (11.8) approaches the line integral j (udx + udy). (11.10) Ic Since f(z) is continuous, the real functions u(x, y) and v(x, y) are continuous and the real integrals defined in Eqs. (11.9) and (11.10) exist. Hence, we obtain from Eq. (11.8) jim 5, = J. f(z) dz= J. (udx - vdy) +i J. (udx + udy) (La or J. fle) de= J. (u+ ivyldr + dy), aaa) Remark 4 From Eq, (11.11), we observe that a complex line integral can be expressed in terms of two real line integrals, which can be evaluated by using the rules of integration for real functions. Remark 5 Suppose that the piecewise smooth curve C is represented in the parametric form as C:xt)=x(t)+iy(),astsb. Then, from Eg. (11.12), we obtain J. f(z) dz= I. [u(t) + iv(t)] [se + Ol a d: = J. (u(t) + ivy] at + be j feoae= f F(z(t)) 2/(t) de. (11.13) c la Integrati ; 1.2 Let C be a piecewise smooth cury, gration of Complex Functions 11.9 e Ciz theorem 2) =x) + iy(Qea sy Sb ‘Then, \[. roel s ai where L is the length of the curve C and IFC) |< M everywh i vw proof From the definition of a contour integral (cee emer onc. } (11.4), 15, we get s : |i (aa s Ei aes a SMX |y-z Gy! ~ Zl (11.14) where [f(2) [Mon [Link], & | z ~ 24] = i. ins ae Ziv == 2a L*, is the sum of the lengths of the chords whose end (Fig. 11.3). Si = it el eg pei stone dc ta + rc joining the point: d of essuch that max | Azy|—» 0, we have L* ig the points z,_ and z,. Therefore, as ve obtain L, the length of the curve C. Hence, from Eq. (11.14), J F(z) dz c his inequality is called the ML-inequality. = lim |5, |S ML. (11.15) Remark 6 For a smooth curve C Ci z= al) =x + iy), astsb the length of the curve C is given by 6 > Le f [z'@|de= J [x(OP + L'@P dt. (11.16) a Example 11.6 Using the definition of contour integral, show that for any smooth curve between zp and Zp @ j dz =m —20, (i) f zdz=4(z2 - 22). Ic 7 2 Solution (i) We have f(z) = 1. Using Eqs. (11.4) and (11.5), we get Fe fim, fe 4 Ata +... + Atm) = [(e — 20) + (Za 2) ++ + + m= Set)) = Sm ~ 0° (ji) We have f (2) = z. Using Eqs. (11.4) and (11.5), we get T= lim (&Au + dz. +--+ + Sm Atm) max| Az [90 11.10 Engineering Mathematics Since, the integral exists for any choice of E,, we first choose in the limit, Ey = 21.1. We get T= lim [zp Az, + 2 Azy + +++ met Az (a7) Now, choose in the limit, &; = zp . We get T= lim [z,Az + 29 Aza ++ «+ 2m Atm): (Lg) Adding Eqs. (11.17) and (11.18) and using Az = ze~ zt-1» we obtain DE = birm (Cea + 2o)(er ~ 20) + (ea + eaVC2n ~ 21) + 2+ + mt Emm — Ema] = (22) 4 (cb 22) +. 4 GR A ta Therefore, 1=43 -z). Example 11.7 Evaluate the integral / = j z"dz,n = 0,4 1,£2,.-- where C:|z|=T is traverseg Ic in the counter clockwise direction. Solution Represent the circle C : | z| = in the parametric form as 2(t) = r(cos t+ isin), OS tS 2m. Then v/() = r(- sin t +i cos 1) and flz(] = [2@)J" = r"(cos t+ i sin 1)" = "(cos nt + isin nt). Using Eq. (11.13), we obtain on = = “(t) di I J. f(z) de f, Flz(t)] z(t) dt ae = aa [cos nt + isin nt][- sin t + i cost] dt lo a =r j [-sin (n + L)t + icos (n+ 1)t) dt (11.19) 0 ml = LA [cos (n+ Ie + ésin (n+ Dilys #1 (11.20) =0. For n = — 1, we obtain from Eq. (11.19) 2m =f idt =2ni. fo nde (27 MEO Hence, fe <= )0, n#-1 Thus, we have the interesting result that Integration of Complex Functions 11.11 a5 eo Emmi, whore C is any circle | z| = r traversed in the positive direction. Example 11.8 Evaluate the integral 1 = j c (2~ 20)" den =0, £1, +2,...,where C:|z-zol=7 js traversed in the counter-clockwise direction, solution Set z - z = w. The given Problem. reduces to [= j w"dw, where C is the circle |w |= 1 which is same as Example 11.7. Hence, we have . c 0, n#-L have the interesti = dz , Thus, we have the interesting result that J, = J, zit = 2a, where C is any circle | 2-20] =r traversed in the positive direction. Example 11.9 Evaluate the integral nef yee a c WAD=% G)A®=7, Gi)AO=@-H)"n=0,£1,42,... and C is the closed curve Ciz=2lt)sitel,OSt< 2. Solution On C, we have z’(t) = ie'!. Since z’(t) # 0 for any t, C is a smooth curve. @MA® =z i+e!!. Hence, an an he j file(s) 2/1) dt = f (it el )iel at 0 0 am 11 op? = (0 bel eietdtr=|-Fell + ge") =0. 0 t 2 lo (i) (= ZF =- i+ eo". Hence, a" ie nef Aleoyz(Oat= j Cite" iel ar 0 lo an e+ il =2ni. o 2 if (e" + iydr= 0 in! Hence, (ii) A) = @ - 9) 2m 20 . he j, fylalt)) 70 de= J et elt dt an j lat Did, 0 11.12 Engineering Mathematics 2m For n=-1, we obtain, I =i | dt =2zi. 0 is ine P* For n #-1, we obtain, J; = CES 7 Di [e ( "= Example 11.10 Evaluate the following integrals (a) f z3dz, where C is the arc of the circle | z |= 2 from @= 0 to 6 = n/3, ec ) f 2243 de, where C is lg ve (upper half of the circle | z | = 2 in the clockwise direction, (ii) lower half of the circle | z | = 2 in the anti-clockwise direction. (iii) is the circle | z | = 2 in the anti-clockwise direction. © j |z| dz, where C is the left half of the unit circle in the clockwise direction. c Solution (a) Let z = 2c". We have dz = 2ie!® d6. Hence. mi a3 T= f wde= f [2e!]}? (2ie'®) do = ai f 49 Ic lo fo (b) Let z = 2e®. We have dz = 2ie! d@, Hence, ° I= f [2eepe3 i 3] Qie®) do= if (40! +3) d0=4e +310. Integrating along the required paths (Fig. 11.5), we obtain “ ia 7a) 1°. i. Y @ 1 = (4e® + 316) 18 =8- 32. + J 12 Gi) I= ((4e + 310))°, = 8 + 3i. © (iii) 1 = [(4e!® + 310))2" = 6ni. (c) Let z = e!®. We have dz = ie d0 and | z| = 1. i 7” Hence, [= f ie dO = [el J"? = 2i. ni Example 11.11 Evaluate the integral i) =| Re(z2) de =n/2 c Fig. 11.5. Example 11.10. from 0 to 2 + 4i along the e " Integration of Complex Functions 11.13 (9 line segment joining the points (0, 0) and (2,4), . (py xaxis from 0 to 2, and then vertically 102 + 4, (o parabola y = olution The curve C is sketched in Fig. 11.6, Cy (2,0) Fig. 11.6. Example 11.11. fa) The curve C is the line segment joining the points O(0, ji te li ¢ OP in given by Poi (0, 0) and P(2, 4). The equation of this line ze u)=t+ t= (14 2,0<152, Therefore, z(t) = 1 + 2i and F(2(0) = Re (2(#)) = Re (7(1 + 2i)?] = Re [(-3 + 4i) 79] = — 312. Hence, we obtain 2 Is f F (z(t) 2(t) dt = ii (—3t?) (1 + 28) dt = - 8(1 + 21). (b) The integration is first carried along C; and then along C, (Fig. 11.6). Thus, the path of integration consists of two curves C, and Cz, The parametric form of Cy is given by z = z(t) = % 0.<1S2. The parametric form of C, is given by z= z(t) = 2 + 2it, 01 <2. We have for Cy : (0) = 1, f(@() = Rez’) = 1? for Cz: z(t) = 2i, f (z(t) = Re [(2 + 2if)] = 4 - 412, Hence, we obtain i=f sew etn ars f F(z(t)) 2(t) dt c Co 2 2 3 4 2 =f Pars f (4 = 4t?)2ide =| & + 2i[ 4-2? 0 0 3 3 0 =$+2i(8-3) =$a-2i. (©) The parameteric form of the curve y = x7 can be written as zea jertir, OS1s2. We have z(t) = 1 + 2it, and f (z(0)) = Re{z2(0)] = Re (t + it?)? 11.14 Engineering Mathematics Hence, we obtain 2 T= jf S (z(t) z(t) dt = f (1? = #4) (1 + 2it) de Ic 0 + 6\P_ (8 32). 5, (16 = [fo -$e oa -2)] -(§- ) +01 - Example 11.12 Evaluate the integral [= j (x+y? -ixy) de, lc t-2i, 1srs2, — cxenit0= (aon 2<153. Solution The curve C is continuous but not differentiable at z = 2, as a. { 1 0, there exists a real number 5> 0, such that F(z) dz* (11.29b) [s(2") ~f(2)) de. If") ~ f(@) |< whenever | 2*-z] <6. Letting | Az | < 8 and using the ML-inequality, we get Fete FO _K)| =a] fen -seonaer | s oyel alse Integration of C, _ ; ‘omplex Funetic : ine definition of limit and derivative, we obtain neve HSS By F'(2) = jim E@+ 2) - Fy By Re pe), js any arbitrary point in D, this im, plies that since x D, written as rm 2) is analytic j ‘i me nalytic in D and is an indefinite integral F=f peas at HG) be another Indefinite integral oF / (2), Therefore, HQ) = fi, Then, W'@)~ FR = fF) ~ fF) =, Hence, F(z) =H(z)+e= f Sle) den where ¢ is an arbitrary constant. Letting z = 2 We fas that H(%)+c=0 or c= - Hey, Now, letting z= Zi, We obtain “ i P12) de= Ha) + 6= Ha) ~ H(zy) = Hay = Fi) ~ Flzo) = (F(a), ‘Alternative Proof Laf(@) =u + iv and F(z) = U + iV. Then, from Eq, (11.28), we get 2 usive f (u+ iv) (dx + idy) 20 Ca. y) ” = J (udx — vdy) + if (udy + vdx). 0,90) (50,90) Comparing the real and imaginary parts, we obtain (es y) xy) v= (udx —vdy) and V= (udy + v dr). (x0, Yo). ‘(x0 .¥0). Differentiating partially with respect to x and y, we get ov WL av ae ay 8 and Be ‘We have aU OV a ae ay HM a Hence, U and V satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations. Since f(z) is analytic, u, v are continuous and 11.34 Engineering Mathematics therefore, the partial derivatives aulax, AU/ay, 0 an analytic function. We also have Pi(e) =U; + Ve = ut iv =f. AV /ax, BV/Ay are also continuous, ten, 1 Fla) ig Example 11.28 Evaluate the following integrals. 2-1 i zdz, (ii) edz, an fl w@ J Ls (ii) thea, 142i ' 3 uy [setae ) [ stePae. 0 lo Solution If (2) is analytic in a simply connected domain D which contains the curve jon, MB the points zo and z; in D, then I= I. Je)de= Flay) ~ Feo) where FC2)= f f(a, Inall the given problems (i) ~(v).f (2) is analytic in the entire complex plane. Therefore, the in can be evaluated by indefinite integration. eras O) res f ede= Therefore, 1=FQ-i)-F)=F2-0?- 421-2) (i) F@= f ede = 4 6%, Therefore, 1 = F(ai) ~ FRI) = 4 [ett e-2ei 1 i ah (ett eo = ra +e). Therefore, cosh 7; ii) F(2)= fant mdz [=F — FO) = se fee) (1+ DI =-2. E In = (iv) FQ = f ze‘dz. Integrating by parts, we obtain F(z) = (z — 1)e*. Therefore, I= FL + 2i) — FQ) =2ie'™™ +1. W) Fo = J ze? dz. Substituting 2 = T, we get FQ = tfe tat=Let = Lee therefore, I= F() - FO) = Ke-1) 30 Exercise 11.3 In each of the followi f cl esctal the following problems, verify the Cauchy integral theorem. All curves are traversed in the positive 1; § (Qz?-iz+3)dz, C:|z]=1 ic Integration of Complex Functions 1.35 f ade, € boundary ofthe rangle with Vertces at 1, 1+ jj : ii. ~hl-i Leite 4 . f: 13 de» C boundary ofthe shombus with vertices at — f° pdeC: boundary of the square with vertices at — c ii lc of cos 22 dz C boundary of the square with vertices at 1 i, — 1 +i. de C+ boundary of the rectangle with vertices at 2 + i, -2 +i. ‘6 sh ing problems, indicate whi i spent ate following pro ther Cauchy integral theorem can be applied and evaluate the we a C:l2|=1- bth t fxs 8. coche Ci] = 1. ‘. f pessedecolecils 10. f eaecresailas tt f eeneraecslel=t lc “4. > = iJz|= $s Sag de cilel=l- SaSeoT gee: he ot ; 8 § PASEAT de, C+ rectangle with vertices at £ 21/8, #(1 98. my § [erSfectel=1 20. § [Rez+z]}dz, C:]z|=2 Ic 5 c (aa 7 ig rs u § [edie 2] erlel= Using he extension of the Cauchy-integral theorem for multiply ‘connected domains, evaluate the following integrals. Gd o.yz4if=h 2 § a8: $ aeehaesy Clete —S—, C: dz, Cz =4 a § Pes " fa bz aig te Celel= 21. § 22-1 a, C:|z|=2 fo mk 11.36 Engineering Mathematics bee, C3] 2123 ». $ atop Cilel=2 ae f Ge - DEA a+ DE=D) C:|z|=4 ss 30. ff, G=DE-DE-9 31. Show that the integral f (22—2) de, where C is the path joining the points z = 0 and z= 4 eu . “hy ig independent of the path ‘of integration. Evaluate the integral by taking a suitable path, 432. Show that the integral f e* dz, where C is the path joining the points z = 1 + 2rti and; = 3449, is independent of the path of integration. Evaluate the integral by taking a suitable path, 33, Evaluate the integral J. (2? +2)8de, where C is the arc of the eycloid x = a(0 six g : , y =a(1 cos 8) joining the points (0, 0) and (27, 0). 34. By evaluating ef dz, Ci]z]= 1, show that lc 2H ae @ j e®cos(0 + sin 0) dO = 0, Gi) f e°* sin (0+ sin 8) d0 = 0. 0 35. Let n be a positive integer. Then show that tm as @ f e%"® cos (0 - cos nO) dO = 0, Gi) i} etn sin (8 — cos nO) dO = 0. Evaluate the following integrals. 24 1 36. J vide 37. f en dz. 1 in 204 12h 39. J (2-293 dz. 40. jf zsin (2?) dz. 2 0 tent i 2 42, j (22+ cosh 2z) dz. 43. J aw 1 1 45. jf (27+ 1)? de 46. J cos*z dz. 0 0 = B 48. J zc0s 3zdz. 49. J £, «40, 840. 0. a 2 11.4 Cauchy Integral Formula Cauchy integral formula is a representation of an analytic function f(z) at any interior point zo of a simply connected domain D as a contour integral, that is as an integral evaluated along the boundary of a simple closed curve C_ which lies inside D and encloses the point zp. : . . Integration of Complex Functions 11.37 Let f(z) be analytic in a simpl 4.5. Let f(z) be ana imply connected domai ser pe closed curve in D enclosing the point domain D. Let . cree be any point i 2= 29. Then, % be any point in D and . (11.30) cis waversed in the anti-clockwise direction, tere 2 ' aie tion f (2) is analytic in a simph ne given function f( Ply connected domain D and Cis any si proot enclosing the point z = zq, Let C, :|z— 25] = 1ain D and Cis any simple closed it rely insi i =P be a circle with infinitesi i ne it lies entirely inside C. Consider now, the function F(z ~ 25) het resin Pp sich Uipere in D except at the point z = zo, However, this fi 5 inction is analytic eer 3 function i ici , closed curve:C andthe cree Cy, tha ain nis analytic in the domain bounded e 1. " a doubly co: ted. it : oye tne extension of the Cauchy integral theorem for multigiy eet ee ae LO 4. £2) . E= zo den he fa ences ty (1131) Fig. 11.24. Cauchy integral formula. Now, writing f(z) = Lf @) —F @o)] +f @o) in Eq. (11.31), we obtain § 2 ae F(20) + S@~Flzo)) 4, ic Z- Zo ci z- 2% = dz £2) - fz) =Ft00) pit} Of a z = mi fle) + I (1.32) f(z) = f (Zo) af LO=te) y where ys 9! Saag ‘We have in| -| £(2) - S20) 4p a z- 20 <§ a 2 § L@=LEN | yp) , “eat Tz- zo ££) |e) z— Zo (11.33) 11.38 Engineering Mathematics Now, f (2) is analytic and hence continuous in D- Therefore, for any given real number ¢, « exists a real number 5> 0 such that 7 Lf(@ —flzo) |< & whenever | z-wl @+ = (73) ~ 4] 2 a zit+l és z+ z+ ‘Therefore, f. w= = $ uy &- $. a &=h-h. Now, the integrands of J, and /, are not analytic at a point which lies inside C. Using the Cauchy Sxi “= integral formula to /, and J5, we get 2 241 8 [ogi tit = $. oy &= {2mi(z? + Neva} 2 he § Eth de = (anite? + eo }= 2a. ic I p= oni = Hence, dz. where C is a rectangle enclosing the points Example 11.34 Evaluate the integral f. CEE 2=Oand z= 11.40 Engineering Mathematics Solution Let the given integral be denoted by J. The integrand of / is not analytic at the points 2 = 0 and z = ~ 2 both of which lie inside C, We can evaluate I using the procedure given jn Example 11.33 by using the partial fractions. However, we can evaluate J alternatively as follows, Enclose the points z = 0, ~ 2 by circles C;: | z| = 6 and C2: | z+ 2 | = 43 respectively such that C, and C, do not intersect each other and lie inside C. Using the extension of the Cauchy integral theorem for multiply connected domains, we get def Wry § (Ba. i=§ ag $, Bor do tte Using the Cauchy integral formula, we obtain Smt |i 4] =ni-ni=0. 1=2ni[t5] at ami[4 ni ni Example 11.35 Evaluate the integral f. ag where () C:| 2-28 Gi) C:|z+2i|=1, (iii) Cs] 2] =4, (iv) Gis a piecewise smooth curve with initial point z = 0 and the terminal point z = 2 and the curve does not pass through the points z= + 2i. Solution Let the given integral be denoted by /. The integrand is not analytic at the points z= +2; (i) The point z= -2i lies outside C. Taking f(z) = 1/(z + 2i), zo = 2i and using the Cauchy integral formula, we obtain _f W429 =2m{+)=2. taf. Mes ae =n 2m a) =F (ii) The point z = 2: lies outside C. Taking f(z) = 1/(z - 2), zo = — 2i and using the Cauchy integral formula, we obtain Wi -2i1 _ a dz = 2ni a (ii) Both the points z = + 2i lie inside C. Enclose the points z = ~ 2i and z = 2i by circles Cy:|z+2i|= 6 and C,:|z—2i|=5, respectively such that C, and C, do not intersect each other and lie inside C. Using the extension of the Cauchy integral theorem for multiply connected domains, we get f de. § dz, . coved So 2244 Jey (using the results in parts (i) and (ii)) (iv) Since C is not a closed curve, Cauchy integral theorem or Cauchy integral formula cannot be used. The integrand is analytic for all z except when z = + 2i. The curve C does not pass through the points z = + 2i. Therefore, the integral is independent of the path of integration. Choose the path of integration along x-axis from x = 0 to x = 2. Hence, we have z = x and dz = dx. Therefore, 2 2 a§ ste [7 te tan-t®) P= rant tan!) = Z =f se , B= 4 [tm (SI z ltan“'1 ~ tan“! 0] = 3. Int ic $8ration of Complex Functions 11-41 je 11.36 Consider the function g(z) defineg by g(z) = $ eal por “ fees Gay “el Z| # 1. Show that os" owhen|z|>1, ii) (2) = ani (ez 4 D when |e] <1 p ; ution z |> 1, the integrand is analytic j nen |z |>1,¢ ytic in; weal theorem g(z) = 0. 1, the integrand is not analyti " “when |21< | Ytic at the point E= 2 which lies ine: (i) ring the Cauchy integral formula with f(2) 18 =z which lies inside C : | E| = 1. using I= + Land & = 2, we get Is 8) = (2m [FENN ) = 29; (+0, sid 6 ; Ide and on the unit circle | E| = I. Hence, by Cauchy be analytic within and 41.37 Let f(z) y' in an On acircle C:| z= ample “ ' . 'T21=R. Let z= re! be any point inside choosing # point 2* outside the circle C at a distance of R2Jp from the origin ne a Chee Poisson integral formula for the cele fen eS We 1, pro" 4 2H r) ul TR cos (9 db at (R? wer = ab a Me rer, 7 jon = re” is a point inside C. By Cauchy integral formula, we get -1§ 1© fo=aeg J D solu . (11.34) = Rel since & is point on C, let = Re'#. Therefore, |z|=r and | E|=R, Now, z* is a point outside the ele C ata distance R°7r from the origin on the same ray as z, We have é . since 2 is a point outside C, we have by Cauchy integral theorem LO ooo LG JO x. § Pano o oe §. PX d=. (11.35) gong HE SED Now z ‘Subtracting Eq. (11.35) from (11.34), we obtain ro=a$ [py -palow ell Te ey aw mafs| dé. =a. [eG Ez pox maf, [zSts yeas Substituting z = re'®, E= Re", we get 11.42 Engineering Mathematics 2m 2_ Rp? 10) Riel? fre) = aa (12 R?) f( Rel?) Rie é (Re! — rel) (re — Re“'?)Re'? ee eon 0 =2f" (R?= 1?) f(Re"*) 2 Jy (Re®— re) (Re? — re“) L rf (R21?) f(Re"#) =t| 2m Jy R?—2rR cos (P- 0) +1? (11.36 Comparing the real parts in Eq. (11.36), we obtain 2m 2 a aif tee u(r, 0)= 3% i; — 2rR cos (@ — 8) +r? “ Exercise 11.4 Evaluate the following integrals. 1 § Seta C:z|=1. 2 $ tanz4 8002 y2, C2] z]=1, ae ot ~1o 4) eds -dit lec L. § fae C:@|z-1=4 GD |z-2] +12 +21=6 g2=3zni a§ 351 de, C:|2|=3. 2h 4 3E85 de,c:|z|=3 nd) E= 2 DE 4 § aoa ® Cc: l2l=4 c:|zl= 2 Be uAge ier moriser no” Nee e?+ sin 1Z ooo CF =2. @pe- er) tel ~ So a) ae, CC: boundary of the triangle with vertices at -1, 1 and ~ 2i. 10. (z+Z)az, C:|zl=r. i. § Sthae co lenaleh (i) [243] en 12. Bel ge, C:(@)| 2-21] 22 Gi) |2-211=6 +9 de Taga 13. wat -3/= § —*—c: ae yg Odeo 3d= 4. $ sertica C: tenes 15. § —0082z_ gp, C:|2-1-2i|= f 384 7 =4 @lel=2 f wate ae se-t-2il=2 16 P Olel=} We! Integration of Complex Functions 11.43 sin (iz) SHAS? dz, C : bound 41. $ wel oundary of the triangle with vertices at 1 ~2i, — | ~2i, 24 2 Daher & Ci] z/= 18. § (=z) (20-1) Fel= 1 and @) |] <1, Gi) f]>1 43 a, C:|z|= 7 f Sh de, CJ |=2 n. § —%& ¢, lc je et ay Cte =2 15 Cauchy Integral Formula for Derivatives the Cauchy integral formula, we i using the , We NOW establish that if f (2) is analytic i i ; gevivaives ofall orders exist and are also analytic in D. This is a very Reeve fae ae of functions of a complex variable. Such a result does not exist for functions of real variables. orem 11.6 Let f(z) be analytic in a simply connected domain D. Let zy be any point in D and ‘The - ‘i Mi any simple closed curve in D enclosing the point z = z. Then, f(z) has derivatives of all orders b Gp which are also analytic in D. Further f(z) = ole £2) . 0) Bai Po em eq yet Mad. 137) ere C is traversed in the anti-clockwise direetion. Proof The result can be proved by the mathematical induction. Consider the case n = 1. We are to prove that ao) 2 f(z) Fo) = ay ‘ Gar” (11.38) By the definition of a derivative, we have Mies F(z + Azo) - f(z) S20) = Jin a ince the interior of C is an open set, if zo is inside C, then zp + Az is also inside C for |4zo| ea small. Using the Cauchy integral formula, we get feo) = 545 f. Bu and f(zq + Ato) = siz f. wie Hence, fiz Tn dey Jz — (eo + Azo) ae f(z) de = Omi). ae (e~ t0~ Heo) ‘We now write 1 el Ea] Gate t= Ae) (zz)? | 2-207 Ato Azo -—1..—-— + = Gam) (e—e0)*(z- 20- Ato) 11.44 Engineering Mathematics Therefore, £@) ac+f — i] ic “i 1 1. peo) = 3 ding §. eos G20)" (z= 20- Azo) 1 f(2) 1 4 § Azo F(Z) $ LS e+ Tai ito Pp (= 20)? (z - 20- Azo) = ni So (= 20)? C, it is bounded on C, that is | f (2) | $ M for all zon nC (Fig. 11.25). Therefore, for any z on 4%. (1139) Since f(z) is analytic and hence continuous on C. Let d be the smallest distance from Zp to any point z 0! CC, we have the following: iy ee then show that “simple closed contour Cand zo is any f(z) 4 ) $ Gaye £) de, ince /() is analytic, (2) is also analytic Using the Ca ; : chy integral formula, we get fs @ 4 z= 29 = 2Hif"(29), sowion S| aing the Cauchy integral formula for derivatives (n = 1), we get § f@ ce =a)? = 7S (20) and hence the result dn grample 11.39 Show that §. eg Cile-ifen 1 ‘he integrand is not analytic at th =+2i. . solution The integs y © points z = + 2i. The point z= 2i lies inside C. We have i=$ st =4 U/(z +21?) c (+4? Jo G2? dz. ae ; (z+ 2iJ* and using the Cauchy integral formula for derivatives (n = 1), we obtain ‘aking f 1= {201 Lf’ (lee -omi[ =2ni| =2.|= Je=2i il a ape - 2ni an? ie gxample 11.40 Evaluate the integral J = § Bete Sz? +2 lc (z+ 14 containing the point z = ~1 inside it. dz where Cis any simple closed contour solution The integrand is not analytic at the point z = -1 which lies inside C. Using the Cauchy integral formula for derivatives (n = 3) with f(z) = 3z* + Sz? + 2, we obtain 3 oe [S Get+ 522+ >| } -24ni. Example 11.41 Evaluate the integral 1=§ dz, C:|z|=2. Ic (2+)? Solution The integrand is not analytic at the points z = 0 and z = -1 both of which lie inside C. Enclose points z = 0 and z = —I by circles C):| z|= 6, and Cy: | z+ 1 | = 5; respectively, such that they do not intersect and lie inside C. Using the extension of the Cauchy integral theorem for multiply connected domains, we obtain y 3 222 § “e te eles Phas § fetle?] ic e(z+ 1)? cr z cy (z+ 1) For evaluating 1), we have f(z) = e#/(e + 1)* and for evaluating 12, we have f @) = Cauchy integral formula for derivatives, we obtain th. 11.48 Engineering Mathematics | -4.(—et + ee (=)| I= 2m (ct DJheg 2 Lae Pe ‘ (e+ p' Mes Pe) ont {e me] 3 = 2ni(-2) + nf =-4ni +11 mie! = (11 e' - 4) ai, Example 11.42. Verify hat the maximum and minimum modulus theorems hold for the function @ f@ = e# and (ii) f(z) = 2+ 1 where C is the circle | z| = 1 and D is the domain inside c. Solution (i) For f(z) = e%, we have | f(z) | = e*. Now x takes the values in the interval ~1 1 for | z|>r. Therefore, 1/P(z) is bounded or isltl? ; p(s differentiable forall z, 1/P(2) is continuous since ; is co in|z| le5.t\ (ees lel Sinz) Csie) a $ —*, ci fz}=2. 2 Sar C:[z[=2. 13. > a= Iz] Lnz 1 dz, C:|z-1 > Gane lt 18, § fore dz, C:: any simple closed curve enclosing the point z = -a. c eta sinz ‘fet 4 6) “ed, C:|z]=1m=2,3,4,.... I. | dz, C:|z] =2. $ ™ lzl=im 1. [Ss +i |® Clel=2 z-2 sfz]= 19. patty C:]z]=3. 11.50 Engineering Mathematics aitge Cilec tle be ba +4 edz — ©; the square with vertices at + 2 + 2i. me Jae?" Pde. 7 $ 4 ..¢: are with vertices at +3 + 3i. : the square wit 2 9 AG-i* ct , Ci[z as. f caricap ® Ole ir the function g(2) is analytic on and inside a simple closed contour C and 29 point inside C. then 2A, If the show that cn) kL gD (2) (2) il) gz) = AL SO 4 o f ore f Tag FEF Gaye ik SH. z ic . , 25. If the function f (2) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C containing the point z = g inside ” it then show that = ‘ 7 x en f(a +e) do, ©) sar= ge [sore aa, ty) P= ae J sare”) 0 an Git) FOC =BE | et flat e) dO, n=2,3,.... 0 ‘The closed curve C contains the circle | z—a | = 1 within it. In the following problems, verify the maximum and minimum, modulus theorems. 26. f(=24+5,C:|z|=4. 21. f= 327 +2,C:|z 28. f()=e%, C:|z]=1. ele Let f(z) be analytic within and on a circle C: |z- zo| = r. Using the Cauchy inequality, find a bound on (0), where 29. f(z) +41,C:[zj=l 30. fi) =e, Cz | zl = 11.6 Answers and Hints Exercise 11.1 1-1 +)2. 2. 2m, if n= 0, and 0 otherwise. 3 (42. 4 Straight line path from (2, 0) to (2, 6);.x = 2, y = 34. Lower semi-circle, radius 2, centre at 1 — x ‘The parabola y = 3x? from (1, 3) to (2, 12). 7. The ellipse 4x? + y? = 4, 8. Simple, closed, smooth. 9. Simple, closed, piecewise smooth, (not differentiable at 1 = 0). Simple, closed, smooth. 1. Simple, 1-2 cost, y=- 1-2 sins. not closed, piecewise smooth (not differentiable at ¢ = 1) ; Integration of Complex Functions 11.51 wo simple (= 1 + for t= 1 and 1 = 5), we id= 3) | 4 Act OS s yea 4it ten {Se 14, UN=t+ ili ses3 “21+ 2e", 01 S20 in the counter clockwise direction, Ther ‘ clockwise direction: \. Therefore, z = i+ 2e~, 2n<1< 0 in the aig aos! + iB SL OSIS% 29 (ry), Not cl iecewis Closed, piecewise smooth (not differentiable at ¢ = 2 i/t,0<1< © in the counter clockwise directi gett lh ise direction. Therefore, ii 2S = it, << in the clockwise direction. 1, eel OCIS Osrsi, ae 1% z= {1+it-1), 1152, (1+) G-0, 25683 1+it, -Istsl, gei-t, 18183, ~y+i4-O, 38185, eth 5187. pyercise 11-2 2 pene dirt, 12 1523/15. 2 =f (4iyyidy 221-4. +(1-04,0S18 1, 1=52-a/3, 4, Parametric form of C : z= (3 cos 0+ isin 8), w/2< 9S -n/2,1=0. 3, Parametric form of C 5, cee! [= (1 + 8) cosh (1/2). 6. z=it, [=- 1/8, 4. 208 1= mil2. 8 z=e%[=-2. 9, ceite1=0. 10. z=1+iP,1=0. 1. L=Gi-2)/6. in. z= cos 1 +i sin t, Re z= cos 1 > 0, when 0 <1 < m/2 and 3/2 <1 < 2m, and Re z= cos <0 when 2/2 <1 < 3m/2. Hence a san an I= j e" (ie" dt + J 7! (ie dt + e" (ie )dt = 21/3. 0 an ert 13, @ 2=e% 1=0, ji) 2=2+e%1=0. 14. Parametric form of C:2=x+ mi(1-2), 0SxS1;1=-(1+e") 15. (i) Parametric form of Ciz=iy,-1SyShs=i Gi)zel+e%lzl= [os $ | ‘Therefore, |[=2008 9, 0< 0< mand] z|=~2e0s $, n< 0< 2m 1=8i/3. 16, 2=e%, (i) 1 = mi, (ii) 1=- mi. 1 2=3€% (i) 1= 9 + (a+ ONT VIB, (il) P= 2a + 3)/3 Gi) I= 41/3. 18, (j) Parametric form of C: z= [1 + (2i/3)] x, 0Sx $3, 1=G9- 261)/3, (ii) 1 = (63 + 467)/3 11.52 Engineering Mathematics 19. (i) Parametric form of C: z= x+ (13 - 5x)i, (i) = (109 — 2513, (ii) Path 32 2iy/y, i (0,0), B(2, 0), C(2, 2) and D(O, 2). Al . 21. Let the vertices of the square be : cng di 0 = F lies inside Cc, —=*0l (ii) when | zo| 20 | zol Zoll =| zl (i) when | zo| < 1, z = Zo lies inside C, The points z = 0, +i lie inside C, 0. The points z = 0, + 1 lie inside C, 0. Exercise 11.5 1 3. =O lies inside C, n = 1, -1i/2. 2. z= n/2 lies inside C, n= 1, 0. z= 1 lies inside C, n = 1, 2[(2 + m) + 2i(1 — Ln 2)}/2. z= 1 lies inside C,n = 1, 4mie/25. 5. z= mlies inside C, n= 1, -2n. z=~2 lies inside C, n = 1, 647i sin (16). z= 2i lies inside C, n = 1, ni/8. 8. z= 3+ 4i lies inside C, n= 1, 30/128. z =O lies inside C, n = 1, -1/2. 10. z= 1 + ilies inside C, n= 2, mi e', z=—i lies inside C, n = 2, -7i (cosh 1 + i sinh 1). ‘i 12. z= 2/2 lies inside C, n = 2, mi(3m-9). 13. z= i lies inside C, n = 2, mie’. 14, z= 1 lies inside C, n = 2, —mi. 15. z= —a lies inside C, n = 2, wi(2-a) e*. ethlaceitics om 2a x 16, z= Olies inside C, n= m- 1, <= sin [(m — 1) F]. 17. 18. (z+ i)? side C, 277i. 19. Both z= 1 and z = - 2 lie inside C, 0. elt zt - T=h+hh=®@ Sdah= dz,1=-n(8 +i). ef c Both z = 0 and z = i lie it Integration of Complex Functions \1.55 ah 22 2 and 2=—2i Tie inside C, 0, me pon z= oad 2 1 lie inside C, mi(2 - Se-', ws 0 and z= lie inside C, 4n(2e! — 1), Both aa 1 -2i and -1 + 2i lie inside C, 0, 15. Bo oni , QLHs.= yr so) = RAS. «an Apply Cauchy integral formula for derivatives to the right hand side substitute z= 4 + e'? in the Cauchy integral formula for derivatives, " = g(% )) = (x + 5)? + ¥*, For local , y Page = + extremum g, = 2(x +5) = tb i This points not inside C. Hence, there i tes Ye and #737 =[Link] gt the substituting Y* = 16 ~x°, we obtain | f(2) |? = 10 x + 41, hee ed. On |z|=4,x7+ 97 Maximum | f (2) Minimum | f (2) thus, the maximum and minimum values occur on the boundary. 2) P= gy) = BO? -y?) +27 + 36x79, Cra eye , [fF = 8 7 + Cix° + y*= 1/4, From g,= 0 and g, = : 0. Ir 0) inside C and f (0) = 2. On C P=(4)- 2,1 fF) P= ae asia 520, wes set the point Maximum [J (2) | occurs at x= 1/2, y=0 and max | f (2) |= 11/4, Minimum | f (2) | occurs at x= 0, y= 1/2 and min | (2) |= $/4. Thus, maximum and minimum values ‘occur on the boundary. 9atx=4orz=4 J=Latx 4orz=-4. . IP@l= e*, -1 SxS 1. No extreme value inside C. Maximum | f (z) |= e at x= 1 and minimum | f (2) at x = — 1, both of them occur on the ‘boundary. yy. Me2re hl fO|S2ah. yo. Meera | LOOSE (nt).

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