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Descriptive Research and Evaluation Methods

The document outlines various research designs and evaluation methods, including descriptive research, surveys, correlation studies, and different types of evaluations such as formative and summative. It emphasizes the importance of understanding characteristics, trends, and relationships within populations, as well as assessing the effectiveness of programs and interventions. Additionally, it discusses needs assessment, implementation evaluation, program monitoring, secondary analysis, impact evaluation, outcome evaluation, and cost-effectiveness evaluation.

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7 views4 pages

Descriptive Research and Evaluation Methods

The document outlines various research designs and evaluation methods, including descriptive research, surveys, correlation studies, and different types of evaluations such as formative and summative. It emphasizes the importance of understanding characteristics, trends, and relationships within populations, as well as assessing the effectiveness of programs and interventions. Additionally, it discusses needs assessment, implementation evaluation, program monitoring, secondary analysis, impact evaluation, outcome evaluation, and cost-effectiveness evaluation.

Uploaded by

norhannahcota
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

-Aims to systematically obtain information to describe a phenomenon, situation, or population.


Descriptive Research is a research method use to try and determine the characteristics of a population
or particular phenomenon.

Descriptive Research means observing and measuring without manipulating variables it can identify
characteristics trends and correlations.

For example you could use descriptive research to understand fashion trends in a given city when
planning your clothing collection for the year.

SURVEY

-This method is often used by small and large organization to understand and analyze new trends,
market demands, and opinions.

Are procedures in quantitative research in which investigators administer a survey to a sample or to


entire population of people to describe the attitudes, opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of
population.

In this procedure, survey research collect quantitative numbered data using questionnaires or interviews
and statistically analyze the data to describe trends about responses to questions and to test research
questions or hypothesis.

Example:--A sample survey is a method for collecting data from or about the members of a population
so that inferences about the entire population can be obtained from a subset, or sample, of the
population members.

CORRELATION

-Investigates relationships between variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of
them.

A correlation reflects the strength and /or direction of the relationship between two or more variables.

Example: Include studies looking into relationships between alcohol consumption and unemployment,
the relationship between academic performance and career success, or the relationship between
income levels and crime. A correlation study will start by defining the research questions.
EVALUTION RESEARCH

-Is a structure approach to planning and conducting research that assesses the usability, and impact of a
product.

Example: Fake Door Test by tracking engagement with the features, it's easy to determine if theres
enough interests in the functionality to justify the resources you would need to spend on its
development.

FORMATIVE EVALUATION

-Is a type of evaluation that assesses the development or progress of a project, program, or product to
improve its effectiveness.

SUMMATIVE EVALUATION

-A type of evaluation that occurs at the end of a learning period or program.

Summative evaluation looks at the impact of an intervention on the target group.

DEFERENCE BETWEEN FORMATIVE AND SUMMATIVE EVALUATION

The Formative evaluations are used the steer the teaching, by festing whether content was understood
or needs to be revisited, while Summative evaluation assess the students mastery of the material.

NEEDS ASSESSMENT

-A process for determining the needs, or gaps between a current and desired outcome.

Its a part of strategic planning essentially, a needs assessment helps you pinpoint how you'll accomplish
your strategic goals. A needs is an opportunity for improvement within a particular process or system.

PROCESS EVALUATION

-Focus mainly on internal project or programme issues.

Example: Before you start an exercise program get a medical evaluation to make sure you're able to
handle the activity.

Recruitment of Participants

IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION

-Conducted after a project has been implemented and gathers data about how the materials or activities
are actually being used.
Example: The implementation of new parking fees means everyone has to put more money in the
parking meters.

Example²: If your strategy implementation is the act of running a marathon, your implementation
strategy would be to wear suitable running shoes.

PROGRAM MONITORING

-Reviews performance data in order to evaluate the effectiveness of programs and to identify areas with
potential for improvement.

Is the systematic process of collectin, analyzing, and applying information as a prevention programme
proceeds.

Example: focus on a single project or on a more extensive program or sector that includes numerous
projects delivered by the same organisation or multiple organisation.

SECONDARY ANALYSIS

-The use of existing research data to find answer to a question that was different from the original work.

Secondary data can be large scale surveys or data collected as part of personal research.

Example: survey observations, experiments, questionnaire, personal interview.

EMPACT EVALUATION

-Provides information about the observed changes or impacts produced by an intervention.

This type of evaluation is used to help decide whether a service or scheme should be adopted,
continued, or modified for improvement.

OUTCOME EVALUATION

-Measure a programs result and determines whether intended outcomes were achieved.

In tests hypothesis by comparing conditions before and after participation by comparing participants
with similar individuals who did not participate or by comparing a combination of both.

Example: Gyms comparing health statistics of their clients before and after to see if their program is
working.

COST-EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATION

-A way to examine both the costs and health outcomes of one or more interventions.

A cost-effectiveness ratio is the net coss divided by changes in health outcomes.


Example include: Cost per case of disease prevented or cost per deth averted.

Common questions

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Process evaluation focuses on internal issues to improve the delivery of projects or programs, ensuring effectiveness by verifying the alignment of activities with objectives . It ensures stakeholder satisfaction by providing feedback on operational aspects, allowing timely adjustments to enhance efficiency and target attainment .

Correlation studies investigate relationships between variables without researcher intervention, reflecting the strength and direction of the association . Unlike causal research, correlation does not establish a cause-and-effect relationship but identifies potential links that warrant further exploration .

Descriptive research aims to systematically describe characteristics or phenomena without manipulation, focusing on observation and measurement to identify trends and correlations . Unlike experimental research, it does not involve control or manipulation of variables, often employing surveys and observational methods to gather numeric data for statistical analysis .

Program monitoring involves systematic data collection and analysis to gauge program performance and identify improvement areas . This ongoing review process facilitates informed decision-making and timely interventions, enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of organizational efforts .

Cost-effectiveness evaluation examines the net costs and health outcomes of interventions, guiding resource allocation by comparing cost per health improvement . In healthcare, it ensures efficient allocation of limited resources to interventions with optimal cost-benefit ratios, promoting improved health outcomes .

Secondary analysis uses existing data to explore new research questions, maximizing resource use and providing broader context . Benefits include cost savings and access to large datasets, while limitations include potential biases in original data collection and mismatches with new research goals .

Formative evaluations assess progress to guide ongoing improvements, enhancing a project's formative teaching phase . Summative evaluations, conducted at project completion, assess overall impact, providing feedback on efficacy and mastery of objectives . Together, they provide a comprehensive view of both ongoing adjustments and final outcomes, thus enhancing project success .

A needs assessment identifies gaps between current and desired outcomes, essential for strategic planning . By pinpointing opportunities for improvement, organizations can align resources effectively and prioritizes strategic goals, fostering targeted and efficient action plans that enhance project outcomes .

Implementation evaluation examines how project activities are executed, providing insights into practical challenges encountered during the rollout . It assesses actual use of resources, determining whether approaches align with intended designs, and helps in addressing and resolving observed mismatches .

Impact evaluations assess changes produced by interventions, providing data on program effectiveness . This information enables informed decision-making about adopting, continuing, or modifying initiatives to optimize benefits and improve program relevance and impact .

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