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RCC RCC
RCC syllabus – GATE + ESE
ONLY for ESE
1. Basic properties
2. WSM – concepts (Singly [Link] Case
Reinforced) 11. Retaining Wall
REINFORCED 3. Limit State Method
12. Water Tank
CEMENT CONCRETE 4. Design of Beams
FOR ESE 2024 5. Shear and Torsion
13. Masonry Structure

6. Bond & Dev. length 14. Earthquake Engg

6. Design of Slab
7. Design of Column
ER M K SINGH
8. Foundation
Ex IES, CES ----- SE, CPWD (Rtd.) 9. Pre-stressed Concrete -
Faculty - IES Made Easy M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 2

RCC RCC
Important IS Codes/ handbooks SUGGESTED BOOKS for RCC :-
1. IS 456 – 2000 - Design of RCC Structures.
2. IS 1893 – Earthquake Resistant design of structure • 1. RCC – S U PILLAI & D MENON - Best Book
3. IS 13920 – Design & Ductile detailing of RCC Structure • 2. RCC – B C PUNAMIA – Easy to understand
4. IS 3370 – Pt 1 to IV – Design of water tanks • 3. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE – KRISHNA RAJU
5. Is 1343 - Pre-stressed Concrete
6. IS 1905 - Design of load bearing walls (Masonry wall) • 4. MADE EASY WORKBOOK
• 5. MADE EASY PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
■ Design Handbooks :- • 6. IS Codes
■ 1. SP 16 – 1980 Design Aids for RC to IS 456
■ 2. SP 24 – Explanatory Handbook -IS 456 – 1978
M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 3 M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 4

RCC PREPARATION OF RCC RCC

2. Load Bearing
• 1. Understand the pattern of questions asked in exam. Structure
• 2. Clear your basic concepts. 1. Framed Structure
• 3. Memories the formulae
• 4. Practice Numerical questions by yourself.
• 5. Solve Workbook questions.
• 6. Solve previous 25 year questions. (Solve by yourself )
• 7. Revision– (Formula and concepts) every month once.

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RCC RCC
Type of Building Structures CEMENT Concrete
• 1. Framed Structure :-
• Made of RCC Slab, Beams, Columns, and
Foundation.
• Bricks are filled up as non load bearing wall.
• Load transferred from Slab to beam, Beam to
column, column to foundation then finally to
soil.
• 2. Load Bearing Structure :-
• Made of load bearing Brick walls.
• Slabs are provided resting directly over Brick • Cement concrete without
walls.
• Load transfer is from Slab to Brick wall and from reinforcement is called
Brick walls to foundation directly.
Plain Cement Concerte.
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RCC RCC
1. Water for concrete – Pr 5.4 / Page – 14
Water for concrete – Pr 5.4 / Page – 14
1. Water used for Concrete should be clean and
1. free from oil, salts, sugar, organic materials • The PH value of water
etc. shall not be less than 6 – Pr 5.4.2 / Page – 14
2. that may not harm concrete. • PH < 6 -- highly acidic – Not acceptable
2. Sea water should not be used for RCC. • PH = 6 -- acidic – acceptable
3. Salt of sea water is harmful for concrete • PH = 7 -- neutral – Best Water for concrete
• PH > 7 -- Slightly Alkaline water is also acceptable.
4. In extreme case it may be used for PCC.

M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 9 M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 10

RCC RCC Type of CEMENT

PERMISSIBLE LIMITS OF SOLIDS IN WATER
1. OPC - Ordinary Portland Cement
1. 33 GRADE OPC –
Permissible Limits 2. 43 GRADE OPC –
1. ORGANIC 200 mg/l 3. 53 GRADE OPC –
2. Rapid Hardening cement – Becomes hard rapidly
2. INORGANIC 3000 mg/l 3. Portland Pozzolana cement – Use pozzolana
3. SULPHATE as SO3 400 mg/l 4. Hydrophobic cement – water repellent
4. Chloride 2000 mg/l For PCC 5. Low Heat Cement - produce less heat
6. Sulphate resisting Portland Cement
500 mg/l For RCC
5 Suspended matter 2000 mg/l

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RCC RCC Coarse Aggregates

3. Aggregates
(a) Fine • Size > 4.75 mm and larger
aggregates (b) Coarse Aggregates • Angular are better than rounded aggregates
= = • For RCC – 20 mm aggregates are generally
Sand Stone chips of mixed used.
• ( Size 20mm or less – mixed sizes )
Up to 4.75 mm sizes
• Well graded stone aggregates are
size 4.75 mm to 20mm or better
4.75 mm to 40mm • Uniformly (Poorly) graded not suitable.
• 10mm size – for closely places steel sections.
• 40mm size – for PCC etc

M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 13 M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 14

RCC RCC 2. Different Grades of Concrete

Grade of concrete (As per IS 456 )
• Concrete is graded as per its Concrete Grade Used of
• Characteristic Compressive strength (fck) 1 Ordinary M 10 to 1. Leanconcrete
M 50 ---- M = Mix Concrete M 20 2. Min grade for RCC is M20.

50 = Compressive Strength of concrete called 2 Standard M 25 to 1. RCC work &

Characteristic strength after 28 days after casting of Concrete M 60 [Link] Concrete
concrete obtained by testing 150 mm concrete cubes
fck = 50 N/mm2 3 High M 65 to 1. Prestressed Concrete.
Strength M 100 2. Very high strength RCC
Concrete
M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 15 M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 16

RCC 3. Compressive Strength of Concrete RCC ■ 4. Sampling of cubes for testing concrete
1. In India – Characteristic Compressive • In One Sample = 6 Cubes casted.
Strength of concrete (called fck ) is obtained
by - testing of 150 mm concrete cubes in • Concrete Cubes sample are taken during execution of
compressive testing machine. work during actual casting of concrete.
2. However Cylindrical concrete sample of • From Each Sample - First 3 cubes are tested after 7
150mm dia and 300 mm height may also be days after casting of concrete.
used. • Strength found = 67 % of fck.
3. Strength obtained using cylinders are found • From Each Sample - other 3 cubes are tested after 28
generally < than strength obtained using days after casting.
cubes. • Strength found is called = fck

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RCC ■ Strength of Concrete after T days of casting RCC No of Samples required :- for day to day testing at
Site
• Strength of concrete after T days As per IS: 456-2000---- 1 Sample = 6 Cubes
• Minimum Number of Samples required during
𝑻
• ft = 𝐚 .f
𝐛 𝐓 ck
Here a = 4.7 and b= 0.833
concreting :-
• Quantity of Concrete (m3) Number of samples
• So strength after 7 days 1- 5 1 sample ( 6 Cubes )
𝑻 𝟕 6-15 2 sample ( 12 Cubes )
• ft = .f = .f = 0.67 fck 16-30 3 sample ( 18 Cubes )
𝐚 𝐛 𝐓 ck 𝟒.𝟕 𝟎.𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝐱 𝟕 ck
31-50 4 sample ( 24 Cubes )
• Strength after 10 days
51 and above 4 + 1 additional sample
• ft =
𝑻
.f =
𝟏𝟎
.f = 0.77 fck for each additional 50m3 or
𝐚 𝐛 𝐓 ck 𝟒.𝟕 𝟎.𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝐱 𝟏𝟎 ck part there of.

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RCC RCC Cube test Result – Pass or fail

(b) For Qty of concrete
Total number of samples of 240 Cum shall be • The value of test result of three Cubes for M 30 grade
required for cube test:- concrete tested on 28th day after casting are :-
For 1st 50 cum = 4 nos
• 31.5 , 33.0, 32.7 N/mm2
(a) For Qty of concrete of For 2nd 50 cum = 1 no 𝟑𝟏.𝟓 𝟑𝟑.𝟎 𝟑𝟐.𝟕
• Average strength = = 32.4
40 Cum shall be For 3rd 50 cum = 1 no 𝟑
N/mm2
(a) For Qty = 40 Cum For 4th 50 cum = 1 no
• If we get strength of different samples as above.
No of sample = 4 For last 40 cum = 1 no • Are such samples of concrete acceptable for M
No of cubes = 4 x 6 = 24
Total samples = 8 No. 30 ?
No of Cubes = 8 x 6 = 48
Result :- Acceptable or Not Acceptable
M -K RCC
MADE EASY SINGH
- GATE / IES 21 M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 22

RCC 6. Characteristic Strength of Concrete RCC Example :-

• If 100 cubes are tested in compression and results are
• Based on 28th day strength of Cube, arranged in an increasing order as follows :-
• Characteristic Strength (fck) is that Value of 27.8, 28.6, 28.9, 29.4, 29.7, 30.3, 30.9, 31.4, 31.8
strength below which not more than 5% of 32.4, 33.8, 34.1, 34.7, 35.3, 35.4, 35.9, 36.1, 36.6
cube test results are expected to fall. ---------------------------47.6, 48.3 N/mm2.
• for a particular concrete if - In this case :-
• < 5% Cube test results are < 30 N/mm2 - 5% cube test results are < 30 N/mm2.
- 95% cube test results are > 30 N/mm2.
• > 95% Cube test results are > 30 N/mm2
- For this concrete 30 is Characteristic strength
• Such concrete is called M30 and its fck=30
value.
N/mm2
- This Concrete is called M30.

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RCC RCC
Probability Curve of concrete Cube test 7. Acceptance Criteria for Concrete
• Mean Strength (fm) : -
Average value of strength
As per 16.1 (a) / IS 456/2000 Page 29 (Table- 11/P-30)
of maximum frequency. :-
• Mean Strength (fm)
fm = ( fck + 1.65 σ )
1. For all Concrete > M 15 Grade and above :-

frequency
where Standard Deviation = σ The Mean strength of group of four (4)
95% non-overlapping consecutive test results shall be :
Grade M10 & M20 & M30 & 1.65 σ fav (4 results) ≥ ( fck + 0.825 σ ) N/mm2
M15 M25 above 5% (Rounded off to 0.5 N/mm2 )
SD 3.5 4.0 5.0 fav (4 results) ≥ ( fck + 3 ) N/mm2
fck fm (whichever is greater ) M K SINGH
MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 25 MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 26
M K SINGH

RCC Acceptance Criteria for Cube test at Site RCC 2. As per 16.1 (b) / IS 456/2000 Page 30
Latest – Revised in amendments 4 Individual Test results of any specimen(Cube result)
ITR ≥ (fck – 3) N/mm2

None of the cube test result shall be less than (fck -3)
M M M M M M M M
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
ITR VALUE > 12 17 22 27 32 37 42 47
If any value is found less than (fck-3) – Test is failed.

M K SINGH
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RCC As per 15.4 of IS 456/ 2000 page 29. RCC

3. As per 15.4 of IS 456/ 2000 page 29.
The test result of the sample shall be
average of the strength of three (3) specimen and
the Individual variation shall be not more than
±15% of Average strength.
If more the test result of the sample are Invalid.

All values of test results shall be between

[Link] to [Link]
f +f +f
where fav = ( 1 2 3 )
3
M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 30
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RCC RCC Quality control at site- Cube test results

Example :- – if 4 samples are tested.
• If three test results are :- 29.8, 35.1 38.6
29.8+35.1+38.6 sampl Average of 4 ITR Min Min Max
1. fav = ( ) = 34.5 > 34 – OK. Grade cube 1 cube 2 cube 3 Average Variation
3 e sample value Range Range
2. all value 29.8, 35.1 38.6 > (fck-3) > 27 – OK
1 31 36 38 35 31 -11.4% 8.6% ok
3. Max result is 38.6 so max (+)ve variation 2 34 38 39 37 34 -8.1% 5.4% ok
M 30 35.75
38.6 34.5 3 29 33 37 33 29 -12.1% 12.1% ok
=( ) x 100 = 11.88 % < 15% – OK
34.5 4 35 39 40 38 35 -7.9% 5.3% ok
4. Minimum value = 29.8 so Maximum (-)ve variation Average
Average st
strength 34 acceptable
29.8 34.5 > 34
=( ) x 100 = - 13.62 % <15% – OK required
34.5
Acceptable MADE EASY - RCCM
- GATE / IES
K SINGH 31 M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 32

RCC Quality control at site- Cube test results RCC

– if five sample taken as one sample invalid

ITR Min
sampl Average of 4 Min Max
Grade cube 1 cube 2 cube 3 Average value ( Variation
e sample Range Range
Min)

1 41 43 48 44 41 -6.8% 9.1% ok
2 38 48 52 46 38 -17.4% 13.0% INVALID
M 40
3 39 42 45 42 43.25 39 -7.1% 7.1% ok

4 41 46 51 46 41 -10.9% 10.9% ok

5 39 41 43 41 39 -4.9% 4.9% ok

Average
Average st < not
strength 44
44 acceptable
required
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RCC What if test result is not found OK. RCC

1. If Cube Test is failed :- Core Cutting Sample are taken and

tested. If core test are found OK, Concrete may be accepted.

2. If Core Cut sample also get failed :- Load Test is done.

1. The structure is loaded with DL + 1.25 times LL for 24 hours Design mix
– Deflection of structure is noted.
2. Now load is removed and deflection is observed.
3. If 75% of deflection is recovered in 24 hour - Concrete may
be accepted. Otherwise load test is done again after 72 hrs.
4. If Recovery of deflection in 2nd load test is less than 80%, the
structure may be rejected.
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RCC Concrete Mixes RCC

Max Qty of water / 50 kg of cement for Nominal
• There are two type of Concrete Mix Mix – Table – 9 / IS code – Page- 23
1. Nominal Mix 2. Design Mix
• (1) Nominal Mix :- shall be used Grade of Concrete Proportion Qty of water / 50 kg
• for concrete less than M20 grade. – Pr 9.3 / of cement
Page –23
• A fixed proportion like 1:2:4 or 1:1.5:3. M5 1:5:10 60 Kg
• show volumetric ratios of materials. M 7.5 1:4:8 45 kg
• Quality of materials used not considered.
• Used for rough concrete work in small M10 1:3:6 34 kg
quantity.
• Assumed that desired strength shall be M15 1:2:4 32 kg
obtained. M 20 1:1.5:3 30 kg
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RCC 2. Design Mix RCC 2. Design Mix :- design of proportion

Purpose :- 1. Design Mix shall be used for Concrete grade M25 and above.
1. The proportion of materials to be mixed in 2. Design Mix is done before start of work or whenever
concrete is designed (in ratio of Weights) required.
such that the desired strength of concrete is 3. Proportion of Materials is got designed in proportion of
obtained. weight by using actual sample of materials from site
2. During testing - Concrete Mix is designed 4. Generally Batch Mix plant is used for making Design Mix
Concrete.
such that the average compressive strength
5. Design mix is done by a reputed Institution or Laboratories.
of cubes at the time of Mix design is
obtained more than fm 6. First proportions are designed and then Cubes are made and
tested as per designed proportion.
faverage ≥ fm ≥ (fck + 1.65 σ )
this is called Target Mean Strength
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RCC Proportion Design :- RCC Example :- For M 40

1. Select water cement ratio for desired strength using Unit wt Wt required
already prepared charts.
1 Assume Water Cement ratio 0.40
2. Select water content based on workability charts.
2 Assume water content / m3 1000 180 Kg
3. Calculate Cement content required
3 Calculate Cement required 3150 = 180/ 0.40
Cement Content = ( Water content / WC ratio ) (Minim 320 Kg /m3 ) = 450 Kg
5. Decide a ratio of Fine to Coarse Aggregate (𝑊𝑓𝑎 / 𝑊𝑐𝑎 ).
6. Calculate masses of fine aggregate and coarse
4 Assume ratio Wfa/ Wca 1:2
aggregate based on “absolute Volume principle”. 5 Solve Wfa using eq A 2650 613 kg
𝑊𝑐 𝑊𝑓𝑎 𝑊𝑐𝑎 6 Solve Wca = 2. Wfa 2750 1226 kg
+ + + 𝑉𝑤 + 𝑉𝑣 = 1.0
𝜰𝑐 𝜰𝑓𝑎 𝜰𝑐𝑎
.
( + + + ) = 1 ---- Eq (A)
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RCC Q :- For M40 Concrete Target Mean strength of Concrete for RCC Mixing time of concrete Mix = 2 Minutes
Design Mix shall be. Standard Deviation shall be considered or as per Manufacturers specification.
5.0 N/mm2.
- As per Pr 10.3.1 / Page- 25
a. 38.25 b. 44.0
c. 48.25 d. 45.0

For M40 Concrete Target Mean strength of Concrete =

fm ≥ (fck + 1.65 σ ) ≥ ( 40 + 1.65 x 5.0 ) ≥ 48.25N/mm2

Average strength of 3 cubes casted as per

Design Mix and tested on 28th day ≥ fm

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M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 43

RCC 9. Stripping Time Pr 11.3.1 / P-25 of IS 456 RCC

Type of Formwork OPC Cement Other than
Minimum period of curing – Pr 13.5.1 / page 27
used OPC used
A) Vertical formwork to columns, walls, 16-24 hrs 16-24 hrs Case Minimum period of curing
beams 1 Ordinary Portland 7 days
B) Soffit formwork to slabs 3 days 7 days Cement used
(Props to be refixed)
C) Soffit formwork to beams 7 days 10 days 2 In Dry and hot weather 10 days
(Props to be refixed) condition
D) Props to slabs: 3 Mineral Admixtures or Minimum 10 days.
1) Spanning up to 4.5 m 7 days 10 days Blended Cement used Code suggest the period may be
2) Spanning over 4.5 m 14 days 14 days extended to 14 days

E) Props to beams and arches:

1) Spanning up to 6 m 14 days 14 days
2) Spanning over 6 m 21 days 21 days
M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 46
M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 45

RCC RCC Modulus of Elasticity

1. Young’s Modulus of Elasticity of
Stress
Concrete 𝐸𝑐 = = Tan𝜃
Strain
2. Slope of Stress strain curve at any point
Modulus of elasticity of concrete (Ec) is called Youngs modulus of Elasticity
3. Modulus of Elasticity can be measured
as
1. Tangent modulus
2. Secant Modulus

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RCC Value of modulus of elasticity of concrete EC RCC Tangent Modulus of Elasticity

• Modulus of Elasticity as per IS 456: 2000 • Slope of tangent at any point of Stress strain
𝐄𝒄 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝐟𝐜𝐤 Curve.
• This is called instantaneous value of Ec at any
• Ec is called short term, static modulus of particular stress value.
Elasticity.
• Ratio of Instantaneous increase of stress and
• Short term – without effect of Creep. instantaneous strain at a certain stress is called
• Static – stress value acting continuously. tangent Modulus of Elasticity
■Variation = 𝑬𝒄 +/- 20% of value as above formula. 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒅𝒑
• Etangent = =
Actual Ec may be = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝐟𝐜𝐤 𝒕𝒐 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝐟𝐜𝐤 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒆

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MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES M K SINGH 50

RCC RCC
Secant Modulus of Elasticity Initial Tangent Modulus of Elasticity
• Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete at Origin.
• Slope of the line joining any point on stress • Also called dynamic modulus of Elasticity
strain curve to origin . • Dynamic modulus of elasticity is measured by
• Also called static modulus of Elasticity. • Resonant frequency test and
• Ultrasonic Pulse velocity test method.
• Ratio of stress to strain already obtained
• The value of Initial tangent Modulus is also equal
due to static loading condition. to
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝐄𝐈𝐓 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐟𝐜𝐤
• Esecant =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 • Within the Elastic Limit at every point all the three
values of Modulus of Elasticity are same
𝐄𝐓𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭 = 𝐄𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐭 = 𝐄𝐈𝐓 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐟𝒄𝒌

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MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES

RCC RCC
Ec Value suggested by IS 456
• 𝐸c = 5000. 𝑓𝑐𝑘 recommended in IS 456 is based on-
• Secant Modulus of Elasticity at ( fck) stress value.
• Secant modulus is also called Static modulus of
Elasticity.
• Code clearly state that Ec is short term static
modulus of Elasticity.

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RCC RCC
11 Creep
Creep is the time dependent deformation due to a continuous
Static loading ( stress ) acting on an elastic material for a long
period of time.

Creep Ultimate Creep strain

Creep Coefficient (𝛉) = Elastic Strain
and its effect on Youngs
modulus of elasticity of concrete Ultimate Creep Strain = Creep Coeff. x Elastic Strain.

Time after Casting of Concrete when the 7 days 28 days 1 year

concrete is loaded first time
Value of Creep Coefficient ( 𝜃 ) 2.2 1.6 1.1
56

MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES M K SINGH

RCC RCC
Elastic and Creep Deformation Creep Effect – Short term and Long term Ec

• Short Term Value of Ec

• Elastic Deformation = dx Stress (P/A)
• 𝐄𝒄 = =
• Elastic strain = dx/L Strain (dx/L)
• Creep Deformation = dy • Ultimate creep strain = 𝚹. Elastic Strain = 𝚹. dx/L
• Long Term Value of Ec
• Ultimate Creep deformation = Total stress (P/A)
dymax • 𝐄𝐜𝐥 = Total strain =
(dx/L + 𝚹.dx/L)
dx

• Ultimate creep strain = dymax /L (P/A) Ec 5000√fck

= = = -
dymax dx/L( 1 + 𝚹) ( 1 + 𝜭) ( 1 + 𝜭)
= (𝜃. dx/L ) This is also called Effective modulus of Elasticity

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MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES M K SINGH 57

RCC RCC •Q. If a concrete was loaded initially after 7days of Casting,
Creep Coeff for concrete loaded after t days
then For M 40 Concrete Effective Modulus of Elasticity will
be:-
T Log 10 T
a.9882 N/mm2 b.12163 N/mm2
T1 = 7 days Log 7 = 0.845 ϴ = 2.2
T2 = 28 days Log 28 = 1.447 ϴ = 1.6 c.15058 N/mm2 c.31623 N/mm2
T3 = 365 days Log 365 = 2.562 ϴ = 1.1
For loading after 7 days creep coeff = 2.2
T4 = 15 days Log 15 = 1.176 ϴ=? For M 40 Concrete Effective Modulus of Elasticity
• For Age of loading T = 15 days 5000√fck 5000√40
will be:- 𝐸𝑐𝑙 = ( 1 + ϴ) = =9882 N/mm2
( ) ( 1 +2.2)
ϴ = 1.6 + (2.2-1.6 ) x
59
( )
. .
MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES
= 1.6 + 0.6 x = 1.87
. .
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RCC RCC Poison’s Ratio

12. Poison’s Ratio
𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
• Poison’s ratio = Poisons Ratio :-
𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
1. Poisons ratio of High strength concrete are less.
• Value = 0.1 to 0.3 and vice-versa.
• Generally 𝝁 = 2. The Value ranges from
𝟎. 𝟐 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 for high strength concrete = 0.1
• In STAAD 𝝁 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 for low strength concrete = 0.2
• Initial poison’s ratio is less but 3. It can be computed from static loading test.
beyond elastic limit poison’s 4. It can be determined dynamically from ultrasonic
ration increases sharply. pulse velocity and from Resonant frequency Test.

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RCC RCC
Unit weights
• 1. PCC - 24 KN/m3
• 2. RCC – 25 KN/m3
• 3. Flooring – 24 KN/m3 Tensile strength of concrete
• 4. Brick Masonry – 20 – 22 KN/m3
• 5. Earth filling – 18 -19 KN/m3
• 6. Steel = 78.5 KN/m3

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RCC Strength of concrete RCC 14. Tensile Strength of Concrete

•Strength of concrete can be measured in • Tensile Strength of concrete :-
1. Compression :- • Two type :-
1. Direct Compressive Strength 1. Direct tensile strength : Permissible
2. Bending Compressive Strength stress in direct tension may be read
2. Tension :- from IS code 456.
1. Direct Tensile Strength 2. Bending( flexural) tensile strength
2. Bending Tensile Strength 𝑓𝑐𝑟 = 0.7 𝑓𝑐𝑘
3. Shear Strength of Concrete - Also called modulus of rupture.

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RCC 14.1. Two Point Load Method RCC

• Two point loads are applied at middle third points on a Two Point Load
Concrete Beam without steel.
Test machine
• Two loads are applied to keep a constant BM and constant
bending stress in central one third portion of beam.
• Load is increased till failure.
• Flexural Tensile Strength is calculated by
M
• Bending Stress = fcbt = fcr = y
I

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RCC ■ Two point loads - BM Constant - BM = P. a RCC

Q. If the two point loads of 15 KN are required
■ Bending Stress
to be applied at middle third points for failure
M M P.a 6P.a of a concrete beam of size 150mm x 150 mm
= fcbt = fcr = y =fcbt = = =
I Z BD2/6 BD2 simply supported over a span of 600 mm. The
flexural tensile strength of concrete shall be :

Flexural Tensile strength of concrete

M 6P.a 6 x 15000 x 200
fcbt = = = = 5.33 N/mm2
Z BD2 150 x 150x 150

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RCC RCC 14.3 Split Tensile Strength Test

14.2. Split Tensile Strength Test
• Split Tensile strength Test is performed on:-
• Cylindrical Concrete test specimen
• dia 150mm and height 300mm.
• Line load is applied along Length of cylindrical
specimen.
2P
• Split Tensile Strength of Concrete =

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RCC RCC Q. If the load of 150 KN is required for

Relation – Modulus of rupture and split tensile strength
failure of a concrete cylindrical specimen of
• It is found that for normal density concrete- size 150mm dia & 300 mm long. Then
2 flexural tensile strength of concrete shall
• split tensile strength = . Modulus of be :
3
rupture Split tensile strength :-
3 2.P 2 x 150000
• Modulus of Rupture = x split tensile str. fct = = = 2.122 N/mm2
2 DL . 150 x 300
• Modulus of rupture = Bending tensile strength
3 2P 3P Flexural tensile strength fcr = 1.5 x 2.122 = 3.183
= 1.5 fct(split) = . = N/mm2
2 DL DL 2.P 2 x 150000
or fcr = 1.5 . = 1.5x = 3.183 N/mm2
DL . 150 x 300

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RCC RCC
■ 14. Steel Reinforcement
• various types:-
• 1. Mild Steel reinforcement or
Medium tensile steel
a. Ordinary
b. Hot rolled
Steel reinforcement • 2. High yield Strength
deformed bars (HYSD Bars)
• 3 . Cold Twisted Bars (CTD
Bars )
• 4. Thermo-mechanically
treated bars (TMT Bars)
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RCC RCC Property / Strength of steel

Requirement of a good steel
• Unit 1. High strength. Type Characteristic Properties
Weight of 2. High Ductility Yield
steel= Strength
3. Perfect bond with concrete.
78.5 KN/m3 1. Mild Steel fy = 250 1. High ductility
4. Cheap, durable and easily available.
Bars N/mm2 2. Low Strength
Or 5. Workable i.e., easy to cut, bend and join 3. Suitable for Earthquake
7850 KG/m3 6. Coefficient of thermal expansion of steel resistant
= Coeff of thermal expansion concrete [Link] fy = 350 1. Medium ductility
Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete and steel is tensile steel N/mm2 2. Medium Strength
found between 11 to 12 x 10 -6 3. Not used so widely

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RCC Property / Strength of steel RCC Property / Strength of steel

Type fy Properties
Type fy Properties
1. HYSD fy = 415 1. Low ductility 1. TMT fy = 415 1. High ductility
Bars or N/mm2 2. High Strength Bars N/mm2 2. High Strength
CTD Bars 3. Mostly used but not 3. Mostly used for
suitable for Earthquake Earthquake resistant
fy = 500 4. Steel more than Fe 500 structure
fy = 500
N/mm2 are not suitable for 4. Have soft inner core
N/mm2
or Earthquake resistant with very hard and tough
Or Higher
higher structure. outer rim in this steel.
5. Prepared with special
heat treatment

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RCC
15. Properties of Mild Steel reinforcement
RCC Demerit of Mild steel
1. Excessive deformation of steel at yield plateau result in
• Mild steel is not suitable due to :- large deformation and cracking of concrete if stress goes
1. Mild steel is becomes more costly for Buildings due to beyond yield plateau.
• More area of steel is required due to less strength. 2. Yield plateau can be eliminated by Cold working.
• Total Cost of steel required will be much higher. 3. Cold Working –
2. Concrete with Mild steel show - 1. Steel reinforcement is stressed beyond yield limit
• Mild steel are very ductile and show yield plateau at - either by stretching or by twisting
yield stress level. 2. and then by unloading it.
• high value of deformation are seen in steel at yield This process is called cold working process.
plateau, if stress in steel increases beyond yield stress
4. After cold working the steel reinforcement will not show
level.
high value of deformation at yield limit again.

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RCC RCC Properties of Cold Twisted/ HYSD Bars/ TMT bars

1. More strength as compared to Mild Steel.

2. Stress diagram does not show any yield.
3. Yield stress is read using proof strain value
4. 0.2% strain is called proof strain= 0.002.
5. Stress required to produce a plastic Strain of 0.002
= Yield stress.
6. Total strain developed at yield stress
f
= Plastic Strain(0.002) + Elastic strain ( y )
Es

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RCC Total strain at Yield Limit in steel RCC

As per IS 456 – Maximum Strain at the time of failure in LSM shall
0.87. fy
Es = Young’s modulus of Elasticity of Steel = 2 x 105 not be less than 0.002 + - Pr 38.1 (f)
200000
N/mm2
Total Strain at Yield Limit in TMT / HYSD / CTD bars :- • Maximum strain at the time of failure in LSM as per
1. For Fe 415 steel IS 456 :-
415 • For Fe 415 steel
Total stain at yield stress = 0.002 + = 0.00407 0.87x415
200000
= 0.002 + = 0.00380
2. For Fe 500 steel 200000
500 • For Fe 500 steel
Total stain at yield stress = 0.002 + = 0.00450 0.87x500
200000
= 0.002 + = 0.00417
200000

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RCC Idealised Stress strain curve – Mild Steel – is RCC Idealised Stress strain curve – HYSD
456 -2000 Steel – is 456 -2000

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RCC RCC 19. Nominal Cover or Clear Cover

1. As per IS 456:- Pr 26.4/ Page – 46 :-

Design depth of concrete cover
provided to all kind of steel
reinforcement including links (Ties,
Nominal cover stirrups etc.)

& 2. Nominal cover :-

Minimum clear cover to
Effective Cover outermost layer of steel (main bars
or stirrups of beams or lateral ties
of columns).
Clear cover

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RCC RCC
20. Clear Cover & Effective cover 21 Exposure Conditions
• Minimum Clear Cover or Nominal Cover • There are five exposure condition as per
for Mild Exposure :- environmental condition of the area
1. Slab = 20 mm • Minimum Clear cover provided in
2. Beam = 25 mm different exposure condition are
3. Column = 40 mm 1. Mild = 20 mm
4. Water Tank =45 mm 2. Moderate = 30 mm
5. Foundation = 50 mm 3. Severe = 45 mm
4. Very Severe =50 mm
5. Extreme = 75 mm

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RCC RCC
Why concrete cover is essential for steel :-
Example 1 :- For a beam in extreme exposure condition :-
Minimum Clear Cover to all steel reinforcement is required: B= 500mm D= 900 mm
Tension steel
1. To avoid the rusting of steel. Ast = 4 nos of 32 mm (1st layer )
2. To improve the durability of RCC Section. = 4 nos of 28 mm (2nd layer)
3. To develop adequate bond between steel and Concrete. = 4 nos of 20 mm (3rd layer )
Compression reinforcement
4. To protect the steel from Fire. Asc = 4 nos of 20 mm dia
---- This is one of the important check for limit state of Clear distance between different layers = 32 mm
Serviceability Dia of stirrups = 10 mm
Calculate the value of effective cover and effective depth.

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RCC MINIMUM HORIZONTAL SPACING OF RCC

BARS MINIMUM VERTICAL SPACING OF BARS
Pr 26.3.2 (c)/ Page – 45
Pr 26.3.2 (a) / Page – 45
Minimum Horizontal distance Minimum Vertical distance between
steel (max of ) :-
between steel (max of ) :-
1. 15mm
2. Max Dia of bar
1. Dia of Bar 3. 2/3 of max size of Aggr.
2. Dia of Larger bar
3. 5mm + max size of Aggregate

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RCC 4.4 Different Exposure Condition – table 5 RCC

Sr Exposure Min Min Cover Min Cement Max Water
no condition Grade (mm) content Cement ratio
(Kg/m3)

1 Mild M 20 20 300 0.55

2 Moderate M 25 30 300 0.50
3 Severe M 30 45 320 0.45
4 Very Severe M 35 50 340 0.45

5 Extreme M 40 75 360 0.40

MADE EASY - RCC - MK

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RCC 4.5 Exposure Conditions as per IS 456 RCC

Exposure Example Table – 3 / IS Code Exposure Example
1. Mild 1. Protected against weather condition
2. Sheltered from rain 4. Very Severe 1. Exposed to sea water spray
2. 1. Exposed to rain but not to severe rain 2. In contact with under ground aggressive
Moderate 2. Continuously under normal water sub soil water. Like Foundation.
3. Protected to saturated salt air in coastal area 3. Exposed to severe freezing
3. Severe 1. Alternate wetting and drying with water 5. Extreme 1. Member in tidal zone in sea
2. Exposed to severe rain 2. In contact with harmful chemicals
3. Exposed to environment in sea coast area
4. Concrete immersed completely under sea water
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RCC RCC
Q. Minimum Grade of PCC for concrete in sea water a. M20 4.6 Minimum Nominal Cover in Different
or directly exposed to sea coast
exposure condition
As per Pr no. 8.2.8
As per Table 5 also SN Member Mild Moderate Severe Very Extreme
severe
Minimum Grade of Exposure Min Grade Min Grade
PCC for concrete in Condition for PCC for RCC
sea water or 1 Slab 20 30 45 50 75
directly exposed to Mild ----- M 20
2 Beams 25 30 45 50 75
sea coast shall not Mod. M 15 M 25
be less than Severe M 20 M 30 3 Column 40 40 45 50 75
M20 for PCC
M30 for RCC Very sev. M 20 M 35 4 Foundation 50 50 50 50 75
Extreme M 25 M 40

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