Sampling& Sampling Distr i b u t ion
CHAPTER 3
POPULATION M o d u l e 1. SAMPLE
(N) Sampling (n)
Concepts
The sample is the specific group of
The population is the entire individuals that you will collect
group that you want to draw from.
conclusions about. Sample size (n)
The number of individuals that
include in your sample.
Research Title 1:
Module 1
Intellective andNon- intellective Factors
Sampling Concepts Affecting Academic Performance of the
SHS Students in Statistics
POPULATION
The population is the entire group
that you want to draw conclusions
about.
Research Title 2:
SAMPLE
Intellective andNon- intellective Factors
The sample is the specific group of
Affecting Academic Performance of the
individuals that you will collect UST-SHS Studentsin Statistics
from.
Ex 1.1: Identify the population
Blessed Frassati SHS randomly selected 200 teachers to find out which technology
tools is the most effective:
30 teachers chose Prezi,
45 selected Storybird,
100 chose Kahoot, and
25 chose Ted-ed
The school concluded that all teachers prefer Kahoot.
A B C D
200 Teachers 100 Teachers 45 Teachers All Teachers
Answer: D
Ex 1.2: Identify the population
Members of the Glee Club plan to sell popcorn as a fundraiser for
their Concert Production. They survey 75 students at random about
their favorite flavors of popcorn. There are 30 like butter, 20 like
cheese, and 25 like caramel.
A B C D
25 Students 30 Students 75 Students All Students
Answer: D
Ex 1.3: Identify the sample
A restaurant wants to know if customers buy dessert when they eat
out. As people leave the restaurant one evening, 20 people are
surveyed at random. Eight (8) people say they usually order dessert
when they eat out. The restaurant concluded that most customers
do not order dessert.
A B C D
8 customers 20 customers all customers dessert
Answer: B
Ex 1.4: Identify the sample
To determine if the class understood the homework, the
math teacher checks 10 papers in the pile of collected
homework. The teacher finds that all students understood
the homework assignment.
A B C D
10 papers All papers Homework Math teacher
Answer: A
PARAMETER M o d u l e 1. STATISTIC
Sampling
Concepts
If you are talking about a If you are talking about
PARAMETER, you are talking STATISTIC, you are describing
only a sample of the
about the whole population.
population.
Like N, 𝜇 , 𝜎, population percentage
Like n, 𝑥̅, s, sample percentage
Module 1
Which constitute a parameter & which constitute a statistic?
Ex 1.5 Ex. 1.6
The current population of The maximum monthly earning of
Philippines as of January 20 popular TikTokers is 5,000
2024 is 118.2M based on the dollars.
latest PSA data.
Ex. 1.7
Ex. 1.8 The average temperature in Manila in
March is 32ºC, and the relative humidity
433 win ₱236M in lotto jackpot.
is 66%.
Module 1 It is a technique of selecting individual
Sampling Concepts members or a subset of the population to
make statistical inference from them and
estimate characteristics of the whole
population.
What is Ex 1.9:
SAMPLING? If a manufacturer would like to research the
adverse side effects of a vaccine on the country’s
population, it is almost impossible to conduct a
research study that involves everyone.
In this case, the researcher decides a sample of
people from each demographic and then
researches them, giving indicative feedback on
the vaccine efficacy.
TYPES OF SAMPLING
Title Goes Here Title Goes Here Title Goes Here Title Goes Here
My kinda people, my kinda My kinda people, my kinda My kinda people, my kinda My kinda people, my kinda
place. There's something place. There's something place. There's something place. There's something
special about this place.. special about this place.. special about this place.. special about this place..
Non-Probability Types Probability
Sampling Methods of Sampling Methods
Sampling
A sampling technique where a
A sampling technique in which the
researcher sets a selection of a
researcher selects samples based on few criteria and chooses
the subjective judgment, in which members of a population
not all members of the population randomly. All the members have
have an equal chance of an equal opportunity to be a
participating in the study.
part of the sample with this
selection parameter.
The researcher does
01 not consider
sampling bias.
Difference
between Non-Probability
Non-Probability Sampling Useful when the
and Methods 02 population has
similar traits
Probability
Sampling • Qualitative Research
• Pilot Studies
• Exploratory Research
Finding
03 respondents is
easy.
A brand manager of a
TYPES OF toothpaste asks ten
dentists that have clinic
NON-PROBABILITY 1.10 closest to his office
SAMPLING whether they use a
particular brand of
toothpaste.
• CONVENIENCE
A researcher wants to
SAMPLING study the eating habits
Samples are selected 1.11 of university students.
Instead of randomly
from the population only selecting from the entire
student population, the
because they are researcher decides to
stand outside the
conveniently available, university cafeteria
easy to recruit. during lunch time and
approach the students
as they exit.
Researchers might survey
every person exiting in one
TYPES OF gate about their satisfaction
NON-PROBABILITY 1.12 with the event production
and content and go to other
SAMPLING gate to have survey if
needed.
• CONSECUTIVE In a healthcare setting, a
researcher may want to
SAMPLING interview patients at a clinic to
gather information about their
The researcher picks a 1.13 satisfaction with the services
provided. The researcher could
single person or a group use consecutive sampling by
approaching patients as they
of a sample, and then arrive at the clinic and inviting
them to participate in the
moves on to another study. The researcher would
continue to interview patients
subject or group if one after another until they
have reached the desired
needed. sample size or until the clinic's
operating hours end.
A company is conducting a
market research on a new
TYPES OF consumer product. To ensure
NON-PROBABILITY 1.14 that their sample reflects the
target market demographics,
SAMPLING the target market is divided
into segments based on age
and income level, the
• QUOTA researchers might set quotas
SAMPLING for each segment.
The researcher is 1.15 In a study evaluating the
effectiveness of different
interested in particular teaching methods in schools,
researchers might use quota
strata within the sampling to ensure
representation from various
population. Dividing the types of schools (e.g., urban,
suburban, rural) and
population into strata or socioeconomic backgrounds.
groups.
This is commonly used in
studies on sensitive topics,
TYPES OF such as illegal drug use,
NON-PROBABILITY 1.16 sexual behaviors, or
SAMPLING stigmatized health conditions.
In these cases, individuals
may be hesitant to disclose
• SNOWBALL their experiences to strangers.
By leveraging existing social
SAMPLING networks, researchers can
The system works like the build trust and rapport with
potential participants, making
referral program. Once them more willing to
participate and refer others to
the researcher finds the the study.
suitable subject, he asks 1.17 Dr. Jose, a psychologist asks
them for assistance to his patient, who suffers from
depression, whether he knows
seek similar subjects. other people with the same
condition, so he can include
them in his study.
In a research study exploring the
impact of climate change on
TYPES OF agriculture, the researcher may
purposively select experts in the
NON-PROBABILITY 1.18 field of agricultural science,
SAMPLING environmental studies, and
climate change adaptation.
These individuals are chosen
based on their expertise and
• JUDGEMENTAL knowledge of the subject matter,
making them valuable sources of
OR PURPOSIVE information for the study.
SAMPLING A marketing team developing a
new product may use judgmental
Researcher selects the sampling to select participants for
focus groups. They may
samples based purely 1.19
purposefully recruit individuals
who match the target market
demographic and have specific
on the researcher’s purchasing behaviors or
preferences relevant to the
product. By selecting participants
knowledge and with diverse backgrounds and
experiences, the team can gather
credibility. valuable insights to inform
product design and marketing
strategies.
In a manufacturing setting,
TYPES OF a company selects a
random sample of
PROBABILITY 1.20 products from the
SAMPLING production batch for
quality inspection.
From the list containing
• SIMPLE RANDOM
the names of 300
SAMPLING members in a certain
network business, a
1.21
sample of size 75 is
obtained by using
Each individual of the automatic random
number generator in
population has an Microsoft Excel.
equal chance of being A sample of 10 mice are
1.22 selected at random from
selected. a set of 40 mice to test
the the effect of certain
medicine.
A barangay health worker
TYPES OF asks every four house in
PROBABILITY 1.23 the village for the ages of
children living in those
SAMPLING households.
Every 5th customer
• SYSTEMATIC entering a food
SAMPLING chain is asked to
select his/her
1.24
favorite meal for
lunch.
Choosing the sample
A transportation planner
members of a could systematically observe
and record the movement of
population at regular every 10th vehicle passing
through the intersection
1.25
intervals during peak hours to gather
data for traffic analysis.
Instead of selecting
TYPES OF individual SHS students,
PROBABILITY the researcher includes
SAMPLING 1.26 all students from the
chosen 6 schools in the
study. These schools
• CLUSTER become representative
clusters for the entire
SAMPLING population of senior high
It also involves dividing schools.
the population into Dividing a large
subgroup, but each manufacturing company
into production
subgroup have similar 1.27 departments and
randomly selecting entire
characteristics. departments for a study
on workplace safety
Randomly select entire protocols.
subgroups.
The teacher randomly
TYPES OF selects 20 boys and 15
PROBABILITY girls from a batch of
1.28
learners to be members
SAMPLING of a group that will go to
the field trip.
• STRATIFIED A researcher is conducting
SAMPLING a survey on the
expenditure’s patterns
Dividing the population 1.29 among families with low
income, average income,
into subpopulations that and high income. This
involves dividing the
may differ in important population into strata based
on income levels. Within
ways. Every group is each stratum, a random
properly represented in sample of families should
be selected, ensuring that
the sample. each income type is
adequately represented.
A city council is conducting a survey to gather feedback on various public
services. The city has five districts, and each district has a different population
TYPES OF 1.30
size, as follows:
PROBABILITY • A: 9,000 residents (45% of the city’s population)
• B: 2,000 residents (10% of the city’s population)
SAMPLING • C: 3,000 residents (15% of the city’s population)
• D: 5,000 residents (25% of the city’s population)
• E: 1,000 residents (5% of the city’s population)
• STRATIFIED If the city council plans to conduct a survey by selecting a sample of 200 residents,
how many residents should be sampled from each district to ensure that the
SAMPLING survey sample is representative of the entire city population?
Dividing the District Size 02
Percentage of Distribution Number of Samples
population into A 9,000 9,000
20,000
𝑥100%. = 45%
45% 𝑥 200 = 90
subpopulations that B 2,000 2,000
𝑥100%. = 10%
10% 𝑥 200 = 20
20,000
may differ in important C 3,000 3,000
𝑥100%. = 15%
15% 𝑥 200 = 30
20,000
ways. Every group is 5,000
D 5,000 25% 𝑥 200 = 50
properly represented 20,000
𝑥100%. = 25%
in the sample. E 1,000 1,000
20,000
𝑥100%. = 5%
5% 𝑥 200 = 10
TOTAL 20,000 100% 200
Workbook CHAPTER 3A
Do Exercises, pages 91-92
A, B, and C