🔬 GAMETOGENESIS WITH HORMONAL CONTROL
🌟 Hormonal Regulation (Common for Both):
Hormone Source Function
GnRH Hypothalamus Stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH
& LH
FSH (Follicle Anterior Pituitary Stimulates gamete production
Stimulating (spermatogenesis or follicle development)
Hormone)
LH (Luteinizing Anterior Pituitary Stimulates Leydig cells (testes) or ovulation
Hormone) and corpus luteum (ovary)
Testosterone Leydig Cells Promotes sperm maturation
(Testes)
Estrogen Follicle (Ovary) Aids follicle growth, endometrium
thickening
Progesterone Corpus Luteum Maintains uterine lining post-ovulation
Inhibin Sertoli/ Negative feedback on FSH
Granulosa Cells
🧬 SPERMATOGENESIS: FLOW (with Hormonal Control)
yamlCopyEdit[Hypothalamus]
|
v
[GnRH Released]
|
v
[Anterior Pituitary]
| \
v \
[FSH] [LH]
| |
v v
[Sertoli Cells] [Leydig Cells]
| |
| (Secrete Testosterone)
| |
+-----------------------+
|
v
Spermatogonia (2n) --(Mitosis)--> Primary Spermatocytes (2n)
|
v
--(Meiosis I)--> Secondary Spermatocytes (n)
|
v
--(Meiosis II)--> Spermatids (n)
|
v
Spermiogenesis (maturation under testosterone)
|
v
Spermatozoa (n)
🧬 OOGENESIS: FLOW (with Hormonal Control)
lessCopyEdit[Hypothalamus]
|
v
[GnRH Released]
|
v
[Anterior Pituitary]
| \
v \
[FSH] [LH]
| |
| (LH surge triggers ovulation)
v |
[Ovarian Follicle] |
| |
(Estrogen Secretion) |
| |
+-----------------------+
|
v
Oogonia (2n) --(Mitosis)--> Primary Oocyte (2n, arrested in Prophase I)
|
(Meiosis resumes at puberty via LH/FSH surge)
|
v
--(Meiosis I)--> Secondary Oocyte (n) + First Polar Body
|
(Arrested at Metaphase II until fertilization)
|
v
--(Fertilization)--> Ovum (n) + Second Polar Body
|
v
[Corpus Luteum forms] --(Progesterone secretion)
1. Gametogenesis
[Link]
xc09ed98f7a9e671b:in-in-human-reproduction/xc09ed98f7a9e671b:in-in-
gametogenesis/a/spermatogenesis-review
a. Spermatogenesis
Location: Seminiferous tubules, testes
Process:
o Spermatogonia (2n) → primary spermatocytes → secondary spermatocytes →
spermatids → spermatozoa
[Link]+[Link]+15unacademy
.com+15
o Spermiogenesis: Spermatids undergo morphological changes (loss of
cytoplasm, acrosome formation, flagellum development), driven by Sertoli
cell support
o Cycle time: ~64–70 days; continuous production; blood-testis barrier
protects germ cells
b. Oogenesis
Location: Ovarian cortex
Process:
o Oogonia → primary oocytes (arrested in prophase I until puberty)
[Link]+[Link]+[Link]+12
o Each menstrual cycle: one primary oocyte completes meiosis I → secondary
oocyte + polar body; ovulated oocyte arrests at metaphase II
[Link]+[Link]+[Link]+4
o At fertilization: completes meiosis II → ovum + second polar body
Features: Large cytoplasm, polar bodies discard excess DNA, long growth phase
(yolk accumulation)
🥚 TYPES OF EGGS — CLASSIFICATION
🟨 Based on Yolk Quantity:
Egg Type Yolk Amount Example
Alecithal No yolk Eutherian mammals
Microlecithal Very little yolk Amphioxus
Mesolecithal Moderate yolk ✅ Amphibians (e.g.,
Frogs)
Macrolecithal / Large yolk Birds, Reptiles, Insects
Megalecithal
Polylecithal Many yolk Insects
granules
🟨 Based on Yolk Distribution:
Type Yolk Location Example
Isolecithal / Evenly distributed yolk Amphioxus,
Homolecithal mammals
Type Yolk Location Example
Telolecithal Concentrated at vegetal ✅ Frog, Bird,
pole Reptile
Centrolecithal Central yolk, peripheral Insects,
cytoplasm Coelenterates
🟨 Based on Developmental Potential:
Egg Type Description Examples
Mosaic Development fate is pre-fixed; damage Annelids, Molluscs,
(Determinate) causes defective embryo Ascidians
Regulative Cells can adjust; normal embryo forms ✅ Vertebrates
(Indeterminate) even after damage (including frogs)
🟨 Based on Shell Presence:
Type Description Example
Cleidoic Hard outer shell; terrestrial adaptation Birds, reptiles, insects,
Eggs monotremes
Non-cleidoic Soft shell or no shell; aquatic or ✅ Frogs, Mammals
Eggs viviparous species
🧫 EGG MEMBRANES (ENVELOPES)
🟧 Classified by Origin:
Type Origin Examples
Primary Membrane Secreted by egg itself - Vitelline membrane
(Frogs, birds)
- Zona pellucida (Mammals)
- Plasma membrane
Secondary Membrane Secreted by follicle cells - Chorion (Insects,
of ovary Ascidians)
- Corona radiata (Mammals)
Tertiary Membrane Secreted by oviduct - Jelly coat (✅ Frogs)
- Albumen, shell
membrane, shell (Birds)
- Mermaid’s purse (Sharks)
🐸 FROG EGG SPECIFIC DETAILS
Feature Description
Type ✅ Mesolecithal, Telolecithal, Non-
cleidoic
Membranes - Inner: Vitelline membrane (primary)
- Outer: Jelly coat (tertiary)
Feature Description
Spawn Eggs grouped together in water after
external fertilization
Animal Pole Contains cytoplasm, nucleus, pigments
Vegetal Pole Heavier, yolk-rich region
Micropyle Not present; sperm enters via animal pole
Grey Crescent Appears opposite sperm entry; marks
future dorsal side
Protection (Jelly Coat) Prevents UV damage, mechanical injury,
desiccation, predation
🐔 CHICK EGG (FOR COMPARISON)
Feature Description
Type ✅ Megalecithal / Polylecithal,
Discoidal, Cleidoic
Membranes - Primary: Vitelline
- Tertiary: Albumen, shell membranes,
shell
Special Structures Chalazae, latebra, isthmus of Pander, air
space