You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions I - 13, which are based

on
Reading Passage 1 below.

The Eisriesenwelt Ice Caves

A: Most caves are found in coastal regions, soluble, especially when it comes into contact
their existence being down to pure water ero- with rain water that has been enriched with
sion. Other common cave formations include organic material. Over time, the limestone
those caused by lifting and volcanic lava which came into contact with rain water broke
streams. Eisriesenwelt, which holds the down and dissolved, leaving large hollow
longest known system of ice caves in the areas to form underground. When the caves
world, was not formed by any one of these were first forming a few million years ago, the
processes alone, and, in fact, owes its exis- climate of the region was sub-tropical, mean-
tence primarily to the water-soluble nature of ing the level of solubility was even higher than
the limestone rock found in the limestone it is today, so the erosion of the limestone
mountains of the Austrian Alps around occurred at a higher rate, too.
Salzburg9.
D: Corrosion is the chemical dissolution of
B: The Alps themselves, one of the largest rock. In the case of Eisriesenwelt, when rain
mountainous regions on earth, which stretch water came into contact with the limestone
across most of Austria, Germany, Switzerland rock, Lime, or CaCo3, was being corroded.
and on into ltaly and France as well, were cre- But water alone is not enough to corrode rock.
ated by a process called lifting. The African Pure water has fewer H+ ions and would not
and European tectonic plates moved towards cause lime to dissolve. Only when carbon
each other. The impact of the eventual colli- dioxide or CO2 from the air and vegetation is
sion of the plates resulted in the formation of a introduced, is an aggressive acid, known as
large mountainous ridge stretching across the carbonic acid, formed. When this acid perme-
impact line. As the two plates continued to ates the cracks in the limestone, the limestone
push towards each other, the ridge grew in dissolves. As it dissolves, wider cracks open in
size, eventually leading to the formation of the stone allowing more water to pass
cracks, rock displacements and fault lines. through, which, in turn, causes greater erosion
Once the Alps were raised, the hollow areas of the rock. High levels of
formed by pressure cracks started to be
precipitation, char
acteristic of the alpine region, resulted in
worked on by outside influences, especially greater volumes of water collecting and flow-
water, and these influences then played their ing through the hollow areas of the stone, and
part over millions of years in the creation of at faster rates. The
the subterranean passages of Eisriesenwelt
greater volume of water
and rate of flow combined eroded the caves
that we are familiar with today. further and led to an increasing amount of
material being washed away. This resulted in
the formation of the
C: Rock composition also played an spectacular geological
important features of the Alps, such as the
long gorges.
role in the formation of the alpine caves.
shafts and Canyons to be found there
Extensive cave systems like Eisriesenwelt tend
only to be located in the limestone Alps, pri-
marily on account of limestone being water
E: In short, the Eisrisenwelt caves were G: Dynamic caves are a little different and
formed as a result of a combination of vari- the basic principle of a dynamic ice cave is
ous factors: primarily lifting, corrosion and the chimney effect: the requirement for a
water erosion. The caves themselves are cave to have at least two entrances, one at
unremarkable, though, similar examples relatively low altitude and the other at a
being relatively widespread in limestone much higher altitude. In winter, when the
areas around the world. What sets outside temperature is very low, the (com
Eisriesenwelt apart is the unique ice forma- paratively) warm temperature within the
tions that are present in a significant cave system's rock causes a draft which
amount of the cave expanse. Of the millions rises up through the cave towards the
of known cave systems in the world, rela- uppermost cave entrance. As a result of
tively few are genuine ice caves in which ice cold air streaming in from outside, the rock
is present year-round. That is what makes in the lower part of the cave then starts to
the Eisriesenwelt caves so special. radically cool. In summer, the outside tem-
perature is much higher than the inside
one, so the draft goes the other way, with
F: Eisriesenwelt is what's known as a warm air streaming in from the topmost
dynamic ice cave system, the other types entrance towards the lower levels. But,
being static ice caves and glacier caves. before this warm air can reach the lower
Static ice caves, as the name would sug- levels of the cave, it has cooled consider-

gest, have a consistent level of ice cover ably, so, as a result, the lower levels main-
year-round and a fairly even temperature. Intain a fairly constant year-round tempera-
winter, the air temperature outside the cave ture close to freezing. Consequently, water

might reach below minus 20 degrees Celsius that seeps into the lower part of the cave
for example. When it becomes colder than tends to freeze
the air inside the cave, the air in the cave causing ice to build
rises to escape and the cold air fills the up, giving the spec-
space left behind. In summer, though, the tacular ice forma-
tions for which the
temperature outside the cave is warmmer
than it is inside and the cold air in the cave, area has becomme

being heavier than the hot air outside, cannot known.

escape and remains in a cold pocket, keep-
ingthe cave at a fairly constant temperature
below freezing. Glacier caves are easier to
explain; simply the product of melt water

carving a route for itself down from the

mountain.
Questions 1-3
Write N) MORI 11IAN IRI WORDS From the passage for each answer.

The majoity of caves

around the world are found in castal arcas and were forme
as result of what
substance actng on rock?

**********a*****ttatA****6 catist *b*dn*0**'*i7a***t*''"*td*fd***df****'*"*

What prOcess is
responsible for the creation of the large mountainous ridge which
stretches across much of
Europe, more commonly known as the Alps?

Large areas of what, were enabled to form by the limestonc rock prcsent of thc
in
parts Alps?
********************************************************************°******* ******'*****

Questions 4 - 9

Reading Passage I has seven sections, A-G.

Which section containsthe following Write the correct
ome sections may be used more than once; others not at all.
information? letter, A-6.

How rare ice caves and ice-cave systems are.

3How serious weathering of limestone rock in the Alps was responsible

for the formation of other features besides caves.

6 An explanation of why limestone was eroded more quickly in the distant

past than it is being today.

7 How the mountain range which is home to the Eisriescenwelt caves

was formed.

8
How caves with more than oneentrance from which air can
escape
all year round can always remain cold enough in
parts for ice to be present.
9How rock corrosion and water erosion do
a direct role in the
not necessarily have t0 play
formation of ice caves.
Questions 10 -
13
Choose the correct letter, A. B. C or D.

0 Which type of cave formation is

A. Static ice cave in winter
represented in the
diagram?
B. Static ice cave in summer
C. Dynamic ice cave in winter
D. Dynamic ice cave in summer
-20

11 Which type of
cave
formation is represented in the diagram?
A. Static ice cave in winter
20
B. Static Ice cave in summner
C. Dynamic ice cave in winter
D. 15
Dynamic ice cave in summer

10

12 Which of the following statements is accurate?

A. Air is escaping from dynamic ice caves all year round, but it only escapes from
static ice caves when the temperature is cooler inside the cave than it is outside.

B. Air is escaping from dynamic ice caves all year round, but it only escapes from
static ice caves when the temperature is warmer inside the cave than it is outside.

C. Air is escaping from dynamic ice caves all year round, but it never escapes from
static ice caves, hence the name 'static'.

D. Air escapes from dynamic ice caves in winter, whereas wind escapes from static
ice caves during the summer months.

Which of the following statements is accurate?

A. Dynamie ice caves produce upward air currents in summer and winter.
B. Dynamic ice caves will produce drafts throughout the year.
C. Cold air is channelled downwards through dynamic ice caves in winter
D. Cold air is channelled upwards through dynamic ice caves in sumumet.
RE DUNG
PASS GE
TOu should spend about 20 minutes on Duestions 14 - 26, which are based
on
Reading Passage 2 below.

What's the best smartphone on the market?

The nen HTC 4CG is, for now at least, The Nexus employs energy-efficient screen
restricted from showing us its true potential technology, making it an instant hit for the
since, as Australia's first 4G
phone, it is ahead many who have been thus far frustrated by
of its time and must wait for the 4G infrastruc- the lack of battery longevity smartphones have
ture to be put in place before it can really be offered up. Design isn't compromised either
appreciated. As things stand, and limited to and this handset is light and compact (the
use as a 3G handset, the HTC stacks up well practicalities are covered then) not to mention
against its competitors though. There is a very sleek and funky. The 5-megapixel rear-facing
generous screen size of 4.3 inches, and the camera is handy to have in an emergency, but
graphics and screen resolution are very sharp. can hardly be relied upon to produce the sort
This is perhaps both the phone's greatest of imagery we have come to expect from such
strength and its greatest weakness because, products. Autofocus and an inbuilt flash do
for all the good of having a large, sharp screen help to enhance image quality, but this device
image, this comes at a cost; that being that falls just a few too many pixels short and so
the HTC is a bulkier, weightier model than trails behind its rivals in the multimedia
most of its peers. Size issues aside however, department; and not by a neck, but several
you cannot help but admire the sheer range of lengths at least.
features on this handset. An 8-megapixel cam-
era, and a front-side 1.2 megapixel for voice
calls, and high-definition image quality should
you switch to recording mode make the need
tocarry any casual photographic or recording
equipment around with you almost redundant.
Perhaps no more than a blip, as company
engineers and programmers assure us a fix
will be issued shortly, but it must be said that
the battery life is slightly
disappointing; a reg-
ular daily charge is simply a
necessity as any
longer would leave you, well, flat!
 The iPhone series have been market lead- The new Motorola should not be thought
of so much as a smartphone, as a mini-com-
ing devices ever since Apple entered the
sector, and seldom is there puter, such is the manner in which this
smartphone
more excitement in techie circles than when device performs. With massive processing
a new iPhone model is released. Cue fierce and memory capabilities, Motorola users can
applause and much gasping then, for Apple's download video, image and music files with-
latest offering is now on sale in a store near out giving a second thought to whether or
iPhone has the sharpest and not there is enough unused space, and, with
you! The new
clearest display of any smartphone on the 16GB internal memory and scope to add on
market, and, quite simply, in almost every another 32GB via an external memory card,
aspect of design, it is king. In fact, the quali- why would you? The main camera though,
ty of kit gone into this phone almost beggars given how high-spec everything else about
belief and gives the handset the feel of being this device be, is somewhat of a
seems to

indestructible, which, given the quality of disappointment. At only 5 megapixels, you

manufacture, is not too far wide of the mark. do wonder what the designers were think-
There are, of course, the trademark front ing; after all, had they even matched their
and rear-display cameras on the new iPhone, rivals at HTC in this area, the Motorola

and, though at 8 megapixels the main camera would have been a standout handset that left
is, well, hardly earth-shatteringly impressive, its competitors trailing in its wake. As things
don't be too quick to write off the iPhone's stand, the Motorola is a definite player and
multimedia credentials. Remember to start will appeal to those for whom the smartphone
with, that the screen and recording devices is primarily a work-related device, as its unri
operate in High Definition, and let's not valled processing capability and compatibility
overlook the vast number of complementary with most office software make it the perfect
media apps - Apple is in a league of its own travel companion for every busy businessman
in the apps market, and this is perhaps one and businesswoman out there. However,
of the main reasons it has so many diehard Motorola have missed a trick or two in fail-
fans. Another factor which is crucial to this ing to target the many smartphone buyers
device's popularity is the fact that you can more interested in entertainment features
leave home confident there will be no need like high-megapixel cameras. Had they com-
to beg for a charger from someone in the bined their download power with a better
office halfway through the day. Battery life picture snapper' they could have cornered
on this handset is not market-leading, but the entire market; this is an opportunity lost,
the iPhone certainly outperforms its nearest you feel.
rivals in that department. A genuine contender
for best buy.
Questions 11 - 20

Look at the
following statements, Questions 11-20, and
model, A-D, the statements relate to. Write the correct decide which smartphone
letter, A-D.

14 This phone will not be able to showcase all of its strengths until
the country's communication system has been
upgraded. Y******

15 This phone is a
practical device
very that can process information quickly
and has very high storage capacity.
16 This
phone's greatest asset is also a
liability which makes it
more burdensome to carry around.
***************

17 This phone
would stand up to lot
a of abuse; such is the quality
of manufacture gone into it.

18 This phone could have threatened dominate the smartphone market

to
had it not overlooked an important entertainment feature.

19 This phone provides access to lot of

a more something than
any of the rival phone models can.

20 This phone employs special technology designed to conserve energy

and enhance battery life.

A HTC 4G

B Nexus

CiPhone
D Motorola
 Ouestions 21 23
Complete each sentence with the correct
Write the correct letter, A-E. ending, A-E, below.

21 The HTC EVO 4G has such a

high-quality camera **** * ****************************

22 The failings of the Nexus S camera are such

******* * ************** ** °** ***

23 The functionality of the Motorola Atrix can be likened to

******************** *** *

A that of a small
computer, except in the memory and
processing stakes where it comes
up short.

B that the excellent flash and focus

functions are still not enough to compensate.
C that of devices
specifically designed to execute far more
complex tasks than a
phone
is supposed to.

D that it is no
longer necessary to carry extra camera and
recording equipment unless
you are looking for professional results.

E that professional and amateur photographers alike will find that it satisfies all their needs.

Questions 24 26
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in
Write Reading Passage 2?

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

24 In order to produce an energy-efficient phone, the Nexus S manufacturers

have compromised on certain design features.
* ******* ******

25 The iPhone is superior to its rivals in many design aspects. *****************************

26 The Motorola Atrix is unlikely to be a huge success since there are more

smartphone users who use their phones for entertainment than for work
purposes. *
Reading
READINGPISS 1GE
You should spend about 20 minutes 0, which are based
on
uestioms
on
Reading Passage 3 below.

The Australian Visa Application Process Explained

Applications for Australian visas are now
accept
ed online. You should. however. be in
possession
of the foliowing documents before
you embark on
the application process: () Your current passport
(valid for at least 6 months at the date of
applica-
tion) i) your sponsor and associated nomination
approval number or transaction reference number
[(i) only applies to Long-Stay Temporary Business
Visa applicants.] In order to
proceed online. you should also have up-to-date
internet browsers loaded on
your computer and an internationally-accepted
credit card to pay the
application charge.
Before embarking on the
application process, it is recommended that you
understand a little more about what this
process entails and the steps
involved. That is why this guide has been
better understanding of what will
designed. Please read on to get a
happen next once you start
your application.
The first and most
important thing to do is to check that the visa you have
selected is appropriate to your
circumstances. At the start of the online
cation, you will be asked a number of appli
that you have chosen the
questions that will help you to confirm
right kind of visa to apply for Please remember that
certain visas are not available to
apply for over the internet and may require
your presence at your local Australian
to proceed with
embassy or consulate should you wish
your application. In general, however,
that they can apply online as most people will find
our most common
day, student, types of visas (working-holi-
empioyer-sponsored etc.) can be accessed over the
internet.
Before starting the
application process
Online button), please read all the officially (by clicking the Apply
about the accompanying guidelines and information
type of visa application you have chosento make. These details will
appear on Page 1 of the
online application and should
be read through thor-
oughly before the applicant continues and the
necessary to accept the terms and conditions process officially starts. It is also
ing the I Agree box.
before you continue by check-
 Once you have moved on to the actual application form itself. there
will be
between 5 and 9 short Screens to complete. depending on the type of Visa
you
are applying for. AS a rougn estimate. allow yourself about 4 minutes to fill in
the
information on each screen. On this basis, it should take you a maximum of about
40 minutes to complete the form. All applications will ask for you your personal
details, namely your passport number, travei document details, name and current
place of residence, contact information. declarations with respect to your health
and character etc.

Applicants for Long-Stay BusinesS visas will also be asked for details of their
business sponsor. Student visa applicants should outline their education
history
and their intended course of study in Australia.
Applicants for Tourist visas should
outline their travel plans, reason for visiting and
employment status. and so on.
Once you have completed all the screens that form
part of the application form,
answering all questions as truly and honestly as possible. you will be given the
opportunity to review the information you have supplied and print a copy of the
visa application for reference
purposes if you wish.

You are nowready to submit your application. but there is one more thing you
must do before the option to submit appears make the payment. You will be
prompted to enter your payment information after
you have confirmed that all the
details entered in your
application are, to the best of knowledge, true. When
your
the bank accepts payment, a Transaction Reference Number will be automatically
generated. You should make a note of this and keep it safe as it should be
when making any inquiries related to quoted
your application in the future. Once the
application has been submitted, you may be prompted to download and
tain health forms, but only if print cer-
you are applying from overseas (not applicable to
those applying from inside of Australia
itself). Please follow any other requirements
as stipulated on the screen as
special pre-entry conditions must be met for some
types of visas.

Most applications will be processed electronically

and notification will be sent
by post or email (whichever
method you selected on
your application form) within
the timeframe outlined onscreen during your
application. For student visas, that's
about 10 working days. Tourist visas are normaly finalised in
less than two weeks.
Working holiday visas take no more than 2 days and so on.
be necessary for a representative from the immigration
Occasionally, it may
department to contact you,
and, in some cases, further health checks, information, or a formal interview may
be required.
Qucstions 27 36
Complete the flow-chart below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND OR
ANUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Online Application Process

(i) Complete the onscreen questionnaire to

confirm you have chosen the correct type of
REMEMBER

0
visa for your circumstances.
Not all types of visa
application can be accessed
27
(i) Click Apply Online. Read the guidelines on
Page 1 on how to apply carefully. Then, to
start the actual application process, tick the
28 once you have
familiarised yourself with, and if you accept,
the 29
REMEMBER
Allow yourself approximate
31 at most
to complete the form, or 4
minutes for 32

(ii) You are now in the main application form.

You will have to fill in information on between
5 and 9 short screens, depending on which
visa you want. Fill in the form carefully and
answer all questions 30

(iv) 33 the details you

have entered and, if you wish, print a copy of
the application for your 3 4
REMEMBER
If applying from overseas,
you may be prompted to
downioad and complete
certain health forms. Follow
(v) Wait to be 35 , then
any requirements stipulated.
enter your payment information. Record your
36 which will be
generated once your bank has accepted the
payment request. Now click Submit and your
application has gone through.
Questions 37 - 38
Choose the correct letter A,
B, C or D.

37 Before starting the online

application process, all applicants are
A. their sponsor and
nomination approval or transaction expected to have to hand
B. a reference number.
passport that is six months or less old and a valid credit card.
C. a
globally-recognised credit card and a
passport valid for at least another half
D. a valid credit card, a year.
passport with six or more months
approval or transaction reference number. validity left, and your nomination

38 Once an online
application has been submitted
A. your visa will be
approved or rejected within a maximum of 10
B. it is possible for working days
any applicant to be required to download and
the associated instructions. print further forms and follow
C. applicants from outside Australia will be required to download and
D. it will, in most complete further forms.
cases, then be handled electronically, and you will be told whether
it has been successful within the or not
timeframe stated onscreen.

Questions 39 - 40

Choose the two correct letters from A, B, C, D and E.

39/40. Which TWO of the following statements are accurate?

A. Studeent visas, tourist visas and working holiday visas should all take under two weeks
to be approved or rejected.
B. It is a requirement of Australian immigration that all those applying for a visa undertake
a formal interview.

C. Officials from the immigration department may conduct health checks on

and/or an interview with certain applicants.

D. Working holiday visa applicants can expect to receive a comparatively fast confirmation of
whether or not their application has been successful.

E. Successful visa applicants have a limited amount of time within which to finalise their
travel plans and arrive in Australia.