To calculate the molarity of a titrated solution, the formula M1V1 = M2V2 is used, where M1 and V1 are the molarity and volume of the known solution, and M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the unknown solution. For instance, in a titration where phenolphthalein is used to determine the endpoint, and a solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is added to neutralize hydrochloric acid (HCl), the volume of NaOH used helps determine its molarity if the molarity of HCl is known and the required volumes are measured. This calculation involves setting up the equation with the known values and solving for the unknown variable to determine molarity .

Determining the purity of sodium hydrogen carbonate involves dissolving a known mass of the sample in water and titrating it with a standard hydrochloric acid solution using an indicator such as methyl orange. The volume of acid needed to reach the endpoint reflects the amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate that reacted to form CO2 and water. By calculating the moles of acid consumed and, consequently, sodium hydrogen carbonate present in the solution, the purity of the original sample is assessed by comparing the reacted amount to the sample's total mass. This method evaluates any impurities present that do not react in the titration .

An experimental design involving dilution and titration is used to assess molarity differences between diluted and original solutions. This involves first diluting a known volume of the sulfuric acid solution in a volumetric flask. A portion of this diluted solution is then titrated against a standard base, like sodium hydroxide, to determine the molarity of the diluted solution. The initial concentration in the original solution can be back-calculated from the dilution factor and titration results. For instance, a 50.0 cm3 sample of sulfuric acid diluted to 1.00 dm3 and requiring 25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide for neutralization reflects this type of analysis, illustrating the systematic difference in concentration results between the setups .

To determine the molarity of a calcium ion solution using EDTA titration, one must first prepare an EDTA solution and add a pH 10 buffer (like an ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer) to maintain the necessary pH for the reaction. An indicator such as Eriochrome Black T is added to visually detect the endpoint by changing color. During titration, a measured volume of the EDTA solution is added to the calcium ion solution until the endpoint is reached, indicated by a color change from reddish to blue. The moles of calcium ions in the solution can then be calculated from the known concentration and volume of the EDTA used, thus determining the molarity of the calcium ions .

The concentration of chloride ions in seawater can be determined by first diluting a sample of the seawater and then titrating it with a standard solution of silver nitrate using potassium chromate as an indicator. This method involves transferring a known volume of diluted seawater into a conical flask, adding a few drops of the chromate indicator, and titrating with silver nitrate until the appearance of a permanent brownish precipitate of silver chromate, which signifies the endpoint. The volume of silver nitrate used in this reaction allows for calculating the moles of chloride ions in the titrated aliquot and consequently the concentration in both the diluted seawater and the original sample .

The weight of zirconium in a solution can be calculated by adding a known volume and concentration of EDTA to the zirconium-containing solution and titrating the excess EDTA with a bismuth nitrate solution. The initial and remaining EDTA volumes allow calculation of how much EDTA reacted with zirconium. Knowing the stoichiometric ratio of EDTA to zirconium ions and the molar mass of zirconium, the weight of zirconium can be derived from the reacted moles. For example, in a setup involving 10 ml of 0.05M EDTA and titrating with 0.05M bismuth nitrate resulting in the use of 208 ml of titrant allows calculation of zirconium's weight, which in the given setup is 35.9 mg .

The percentage composition of a compound in a sample can be determined by dissolving the sample in water and titrating it with a standard solution. For example, to find the percentage of Na2CO3 in a 1g sample, it is dissolved in water and titrated with a 0.1M HCl standard solution. The volume of HCl required for the reaction gives the necessary data to calculate the moles of Na2CO3, which can then be converted to a percentage of the original sample's weight. In this case, 36.5 ml of HCl was used, leading to a percentage composition of 19.345% Na2CO3 in the sample .

To calculate the mmol of sodium hydroxide consumed in a reaction with hydrochloric acid, the equation from stoichiometry, M1V1 = M2V2, is applied, where M1 and V1 are the molarity and volume of the hydrochloric acid, and M2 and V2 are those of sodium hydroxide. Given a titration or reaction setup, such as 3333 mL of 3.333M hydrochloric acid being titrated with sodium hydroxide, you convert the volume from mL to L for calculating mmol by using the formula mmol = molarity × volume (in L). This approach determines the mmol of the sodium hydroxide required to complete the neutralization of the acid .

The percentage of manganese dioxide (MnO2) in a sample is calculated by reacting it with a known amount of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and then titrating the excess FeSO4 with potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). By knowing the initial and excess amounts of FeSO4, the amount of MnO2 that reacted can be deduced. In this given situation, 0.1N FeSO4 is used, and the excess is titrated with 0.08N K2Cr2O7. The volume used for titration allows the calculation of the MnO2 involved in the reaction and, using its molecular weight, the percentage is derived by comparing the mass of MnO2 calculated to the total mass of the sample .

Indicators such as phenolphthalein are used in titration to identify the endpoint of the reaction by undergoing a color change. In the titration of an acidic solution with a basic solution, phenolphthalein remains colorless in acidic solutions and turns pink as the solution becomes basic, indicating that the titration has reached the equivalence point. This allows for the precise determination of the amount of base required to neutralize the acid. For example, in titrating a solution of sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid, phenolphthalein helps ensure the titration endpoint is correctly identified, enabling the calculation of the molarity of the reactants .