GEOKHAN
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GEOKHAN
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CRYSTALLISE:
2 Where the atoms of molecules are highly organized into a structure known as
Crystal. Ex-Quartz.
CRYSTALLINE:
Partially developed (subhedral).
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CRYPTOCRYSTALLINE:
3
Crystals having very fine size cannot be seen by naked eyes.
AMORPHOUS:
Crystals absent. Ex- Opal.
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CRYSTALS:
4
Isotropic: same properties in all direction
Anisotropic: different properties in different direction
SUBSTANCE:
Homogenous: same in every position
Heterogenous (Inhomogenous): different in different position.
Question:
Homogenous Anisotropic refers to-
1. Properties constant with position and direction.
2. Properties varies with position and direction.
3. Properties varies with position and varies with direction.
4. Properties constant with position and varies with direction.
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CRYSTAL FORM:
5 Defined on the basis of number of crystallographic axes and angular relationship among
themselves.
Crystallographic axes- Imaginary direction along which growth of crystal is assumed.
Vertical plane- contain c-axis
Basal section- contain a,b axis
Section perpendicular to plane containing c-
axis.
Anti- clockwise direction
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LAWS OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHY:
1. Laws of crystallographic axes
2. Laws of constancy of axial ratio
3. Laws of constancy of interfacial angle
4. Laws of Rational indices (index)
Interfacial Angle: Angle between two faces is always constant.
Contact goniometer
instrument to measure
Optical goniometer
LAWS OF RATIONAL INDICES:
1. Weiss parameter
2. Miller Indices
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MILLER INDICES: Unit dimension is divided by the intercept value than fractions are cleared.
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ELEMENTS OF SYMMETRY:
Planes of symmetry- two equal values of a crystal by a plane
Axis of symmetry- similar face after 360° rotation.
Center of symmetry- equidistant properties from a center.
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9 RELATION BETWEEN FACE, EDGE AND SOLID ANGLE:
F+V = E+2
Where F= Face
V= Vertices
E = Edges (Intersection of two faces)
QUESTION:
1. 1a 2b 1/2c in miller indices.
2. 5/4a 1/4b 3/4c in miller indices.
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10 CRYSTAL FORMS:
Pedian- one face, open, nil symmetry.
Pinachoid- two parallel faces, at a time they may cut a, b, c- axis. Open form, Pinachoid- a, b, c-
pinachoid
Prism- number of faces may be 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 parallel to C- axis and cuts one or two horizontal
axis (100) (010) (110), open form.
Dome- two non-parallel faces related to mirror plane, open form, 3, 4, 6, cuts essentially C- axis
and may cut one horizontal axis.
Pyramid- 3, 4, 6, 8 or 12 faces non parallel and intersects at a common point, cuts vertical axis
and may cut one or two horizontal axis. (111) (101) (011), open form.
Dipyramid- 6, 8, 12 faces, Closed form, Cuts vertical axis essentially and may cut one or two
horizontal axis (101) (011) (111)
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Tetrahedral form- 4 face, closed, (111)
Octahedral form- 8 face, Closed, (111)
Holohedral Form- maximum number of element of symmetry / Normal class- octahedron- 8
face
Hemihedral form- half of holohedral
Tetartohedral - one quarter of holohedral, No plane of symmetry, no axis of symmetry
Enantiomorphic- mirror image.
Suffixes:
-gonal (angle) -hedron (face)
Prefixes:
scaleno- (scalene triangle)
rhombo- (rhomb shaped) trapezo- (trapezoid shaped)
Numerical Prefixes:
di- (two)
tris- (three) tetra- (four) penta- (five) hexa- (six) octa- (eight) dodeca- (twelve)
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QUESTIONS:
1. If a crystal face has Weiss parameters of 1a, 2b, ½c, its Miller indices will be
a) 124
b) 214
c) 421
d) 412
2. A crystal face has the following intercepts for the crystallographic axes: 1a1, 1a2, ½a3, ∞c.
The Miller-Bravais indices for the face is .
3. Which one of the following prismatic crystal forms belongs to the hexagonal crystal system?
a.{112 ̅0}
b.{h0h ̅l}
c. {0001}
d. {hk0}
4. Which of the following statements is/are NOT correct?
a. (110) lies in zone [001]
b.(021) lies in zone [I 00]
c. (101) lies in zone [010]
d.(1 1) lies in zone [11 ̅1]
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17 5. The Weiss symbol of a crystal face is 4a: 2b: c. The value of h in the corresponding Miller
Index (hkl) is
6. If a crystal contains 5 faces and 8 edges, the number of vertices in the crystal is .
7.A crystal has lattice parameters of a : 4.26 Å, b : 10 Å and c : 3.44 Å, respectively. A plane
intercepts on the a, b and c axes at 2.13 Å, 10 Å and 1.72 Å, respectively. The Miller Indices
for the plane, written as an integer, is (Answer in integer).
8. In the holosymmetric class of the Cubic System, how many more faces does the {110} form
have compared to the {111} form?
a) 2
b) 4
c) 6
d) 8
9. What is the minimum number of forms that an actual crystal must contain in Class 1 (Pedial) of
the Triclinic System?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
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10. The intercepts of a crystal face on the crystallographic axes are ∞a, 2b, 3c. Which one of the
following is its Miller Index?
(A) (032)
(B) (023)
(C) (203)
(D) (320)
11. All the faces of an octahedron can be collectively symbolized by
(A)111
(B) [111]
(C) (111)
(D) {111}
12. In a monoclinic crystal , one principal vibration direction is parallel to
a. any one of the crystallographic axes
b. 'a' crystallographic axis
c. ‘b’ crystallographic axis
d. 'c' crystallographic axis
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