Mobile Application

Development MADT-4118

W25 - BSCS-7 / BSSE-7

Instructor
Dr. Tanzila Kehkashan

UOL-Sgd

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Module 1: Introduction to Mobile Application Development...............................................................3
[Link] & Evaluation Criteria......................................................................................3
[Link] is Flutter?..........................................................................................................................3
Key Concept: Cross-Platform Development.....................................................................3
Why is Cross-Platform Development Important?...........................................................3
1.1Understanding Key Terms................................................................................................4
1.2How is Flutter Different from Other Cross-Platform Tools?........................................5
Advantages of Flutter’s Rendering............................................................................................5
1.4Benefits of Flutter......................................................................................................................6
1.4.1................................................................................ Faster Time to Market
................................................................................................................................................6
1.4.2............................................................................................ Cost Efficiency
................................................................................................................................................6
1.4.3....................................................................................... High Performance
...............................................................................................................................................6
1.4.4....................................................................Customizable and Beautiful UI
...............................................................................................................................................6
1.4.5..........................................................Growing Community and Ecosystem
...............................................................................................................................................6
Module 2: Environment Setup...............................................................................................................8
Module 3: Dart Programming Essentials..........................................................................................10
[Link] is Dart Programming.................................................................................................10
[Link] First Program..................................................................................................................14
[Link] Data Types in Dart..............................................................................................16
3.4Declaration and Initialization..............................................................................................16
3.5. Nullable and Non-Nullable Variables..............................................................................17
3.6 Variable Scope and Lifetime..............................................................................................17
[Link] and Immutable Variables...................................................................................17
[Link] and Var Keywords...............................................................................................18
[Link] Operators in Dart............................................................................................18
3.10....................................................................................................... If Condition
....................................................................................................................................................19
3.11.................................................................................. Logical Operators in Dart
.....................................................................................................................................................19
3.12....................................................................................... Ternary Operator (? :)
....................................................................................................................................................19
3.13.............................................................................................. Functions in Dart
....................................................................................................................................................20

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 3.14...................................................................................................... Lists in Dart
....................................................................................................................................................24
3.15..................................................................................................... Maps in Dart
....................................................................................................................................................28
3.16....................................................................................................... OOP in Dart
....................................................................................................................................................32
Module 4: Flutter Basics - UI Components & Widgets..................................................................39
[Link] Widgets Overview....................................................................................................39
[Link], Buttons, and Image Widgets..................................................................................39
[Link]: Rows, Columns & Stack.....................................................................................39
[Link] & Routing in Flutter........................................................................................39
[Link] Input Handling & Forms.............................................................................................39

[Link] Management Overview (Stateless vs Stateful Widgets).............................40

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 Module 1: Introduction to Mobile Application
Development

1.1. Assessment & Evaluation Criteria

Mid Term 20 %

Final Term 40 %

Assignments 10 %

Quizzes 10 %

Semester Project 20 %

Total: 100 %

1.2. What is Flutter?

Flutter is an open-source toolkit developed by Google that enables developers
to build natively compiled applications for multiple platforms using a single
codebase.

Key Concept: Cross-Platform Development

Flutter is a cross-platform development tool. This means:

● You write one codebase.

● The same code runs on multiple platforms like Android, iOS, Web
browsers, Desktop (Windows, macOS, Linux)

Instead of writing separate codes for each platform, Flutter helps you save time and
effort by allowing you to reuse your code across different environments.

Why is Cross-Platform Development Important?

Real-world example: Imagine if you're building an app or software product, the goal is to
reach as many users as possible. In today's world, people use:

● Desktops/Laptops

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 ● Mobile phones (Android & iOS)

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 ● Web browsers

To maximize your audience, your app needs to be available on all these platforms.

Traditional Approach: Normally, to support these platforms, developers must learn and work
with different languages and tools:

● Android: Java or Kotlin

● iOS: Swift or Objective-C
● Web: HTML, CSS, JavaScript
● Desktop: Java, C, C++

This requires different teams, different codebases, and a lot more time.

Cross-Platform with Flutter: Flutter solves this problem by allowing you to write one
codebase that works across all major platforms.

This helps you:

● Save time
● Reduce development costs
● Maintain only one codebase
● Ensure a consistent user experience

1.1Understanding Key Terms

Native Development: Developing apps using the platform’s official languages and

tools. Example:

● Android apps → Java/Kotlin with Android Studio

● iOS apps → Swift/Objective-C with Xcode

- Native development means apps are optimized specifically for that

platform, but require separate codebases for each platform.

Hybrid Development: Hybrid apps combine web technologies (HTML, CSS, JS) inside a
native container to run as mobile apps.

- Common hybrid tools: Ionic, Apache Cordova, Capacitor

- Hybrid apps often feel like websites packaged into apps, and can
sometimes suffer from performance or native feature limitations.

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Cross-Platform Development: Write your app’s code once and run it on multiple
platforms.

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- Popular cross-platform tools: Flutter, React Native

- The goal is to balance native performance with code reuse across platforms.

1.2 How is Flutter Different from Other Cross-Platform Tools?

To understand Flutter's uniqueness, let’s compare how Flutter and other frameworks
handle UI rendering.

Example: Raised Button (a button with a shadow effect)

- In other cross-platform frameworks (like React Native):

- When running on iOS, the system uses the native UIButton component.

- On Android, it uses the native [Link] component.

- These frameworks rely on platform-specific components at runtime, increasing

complexity and potential inconsistencies.

- In Flutter:

- Flutter doesn’t rely on the platform's native components.

- It uses its own rendering engine called Skia.

- Flutter draws every pixel on the screen itself, making the UI fully customizable
and consistent across platforms.

Advantages of Flutter’s Rendering

- Pixel-perfect designs on any device.

- Consistent UI across platforms.

- No dependency on native UI components.

- Easier to implement complex and custom UIs.

1.3 Why Choose Flutter Over Other Cross-Platform Tools?

Flutter provides:

● Consistent performance across platforms.

● Beautiful and customizable UI.

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 ● Fewer platform limitations compared to hybrid solutions.
● Faster development through hot reload, which lets you see changes instantly.
● A single language (Dart) to learn for full app development.

1.4 Benefits of Flutter

1.4.1 Faster Time to Market

● - One codebase = less development time.

● - You can release apps to Android, iOS, web, and desktop simultaneously.
● - Ideal for startups and businesses looking to launch quickly.

1.4.2 Cost Efficiency

● No need to hire separate teams for each platform.

● Maintain one codebase, which reduces long-term costs.

1.4.3. High Performance

● Flutter compiles to native machine code.

● Smooth animations and transitions.
● Fast startup times.

1.4.4. Customizable and Beautiful UI

● Full control over every pixel.

● Easily create complex, beautiful, and responsive UIs.
● Consistent designs across all devices.

1.4.5. Growing Community and Ecosystem

● Backed by Google.
● Rich set of packages and plugins.
● Strong community support.

1.3. Flutter Architecture

1.4. Setting up Developer Accounts & Prerequisites

● Formal Definition:
○ ML is a field of computer science that uses statistical techniques to
enable computers to learn from data without explicit
programming.
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 ● Simplified Explanation:
○ ML is about learning from data.
○ Key term: "Explicit Programming":
■ Traditional programming: Write code for each specific condition.
■ ML: Provide data & algorithm → The model learns patterns from the
data.
○

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Module 2: Environment Setup

2.1. Installing Flutter on Windows

2.2. Setting up IDEs: Android Studio

2.3. Creating & Running a Flutter Project

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2.4. Git & GitHub Setup for Flutter Projects

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Module 3: Dart Programming Essentials

3.1. What is Dart Programming

Why Learn Dart Before Flutter?

● Flutter is a framework used for app development, but the programming

language behind it is Dart.
● Without understanding Dart, it would be difficult to develop apps in Flutter.
● Dart provides both UI development and backend logic in Flutter.
● Learning Dart first makes Flutter development easier and more efficient.
● Unlike Android or Web Development, Flutter uses only one language—
Dart, making development simpler and faster.

Comparison with Other Development Platforms

Platform Frontend Language Backend Language Database

(UI) (UX)

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 Android XML Java/Kotlin SQLite, Firebase

Web HTML, CSS PHP, Codeigniter MySQL,

Development Firebase

Flutter Dart (Single Dart (Single Firebase, SQLite

Language) Language)

What is Dart?

● Dart is a front-end focused language used for UI development and logic building.
● It was developed by Google in 2011 to provide a better alternative to JavaScript.
● Dart is used for:
○ Mobile application development (Flutter)
○ Web development
○ Desktop applications
● Developed by Google (2011)
● Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Language
● Strongly Typed Language (Variables must have defined data types)
● Mixture of JavaScript, Java, and C#
● Can be compiled into JavaScript (for browser execution)
● Supports AOT (Ahead-of-Time) and JIT (Just-in-Time) Compilation
● Supports Asynchronous Programming (async, await)
● Supports Flutter’s Hot Reload & Hot Restart Features

Key Features of Dart

1. Strongly Typed & Object-Oriented Language

● Every variable in Dart has a defined type (e.g., int, String, double).
● Supports OOP concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism,
abstraction, and encapsulation.

2. Asynchronous Programming (async, await)

● Helps handle time-consuming tasks like:

○ Downloading files

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 ○ Fetching data from a server
○ Database calls
● Asynchronous programming = Parallel programming
● Dart provides async and await to handle asynchronous operations easily.

Example of async and await in Dart

void fetchData() async {

print("Fetching data...");

await [Link](Duration(seconds: 3));

print("Data fetched successfully!");

Output:

Fetching data...

(Data fetched after 3

seconds) Data fetched

successfully!
[Link] in Dart (AOT vs

JIT) What is a Compiler?

● Converts human-written code into machine-readable instructions (bytecode).

Types of Compilation in Dart

Type Meaning Usage

JIT (Just-in-Time) Compiles code at Used during development (Hot

runtime Reload, Hot Restart)

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 AOT Compiles code before Used for final app release
(Ahead-of-Time) execution

Benefits of AOT and JIT Compilation

● JIT:
○ Hot Reload & Hot Restart allow fast UI changes.
○ No need to restart the entire app after every small change.
● AOT:
○ Optimizes performance for faster app startup.
○ Used when compiling the final installable APK or iOS app.

Example of JIT (Hot Reload in Flutter)

Text("Hello World")

● If changed to "Hello Flutter" and hot reloaded, the UI updates instantly

without restarting the app.

[Link]’s Role in Flutter Development

● Flutter provides pre-built widgets for UI development.

● Dart is used to write logic and define UI components.
● Everything in Flutter (UI & logic) is written in Dart (unlike Android where UI is
XML and logic is Java/Kotlin).

5. Dart Can Be Compiled into JavaScript

● This allows Dart to be used in web development.

● Flutter Web apps run because Dart is converted into JavaScript for browsers.

6. No Need for Separate UI Templating Language

● Unlike React Native (JSX) or Android (XML), Flutter uses Dart for UI & logic.
● This makes Flutter development faster and reduces the learning curve.

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3.2. Dart First Program

Creating a Dart File

To start programming in Dart:

1. Open Android Studio

2. Right-click on the lib folder → Click on New → Select Dart File
3. Give the file a meaningful name (e.g., [Link]).
○ Dart file names should use underscores (_) instead of spaces.

Understanding the Main Function

Every Dart program starts execution from the main function.

void main() {

runApp(MyApp());

Explanation:

● void → The return type (indicates that the function does not return any value).
● main() → The entry point of the program.
● print("Welcome to Dart"); → Prints a message to the console.

Basic Input and Output in Dart

Printing Output (Console Output)

To display messages in Dart, use print or [Link].

void main() {

print("Welcome to Dart"); // Using print()

Difference between print and [Link]:

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 ● print() → Moves the cursor to the next line after displaying the message.
● [Link]() → Keeps the cursor on the same line.

Taking User Input (Console Input)

To take user input, use [Link]().

import 'dart:io';

void main() {

[Link]("Enter your name: ");

String? name = [Link]();

print("Welcome, $name!");

Explanation:

● import 'dart:io'; → Required for input/output operations.

● [Link]("Enter your name: "); → Displays the message but does not
move to the next line.
● String? name = [Link](); → Reads input from the user.
○ ? (nullable) → Indicates that name can store a null value if no input is
given.
● print("Welcome, $name!"); → Prints the user’s name.
● $name (String Interpolation) → Used to insert variables inside strings.

Alternative way to concatenate strings:

print("Welcome, " + name!);

But using string interpolation ($name) is recommended.

Using DartPad for Online Programming

If you don’t want to install an IDE, you can use DartPad (an online Dart editor).

Steps to Use DartPad:

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 1. Open your browser.
2. Go to [Link].
3. Write your Dart code in the editor.
4. Click on Run to execute the code.

3.3. Common Data Types in Dart

Data Description Example
Type

int Stores whole numbers int count = 10;

(integers)

double Stores decimal (floating- double price = 99.99;

point) numbers

num Can store both int and num value = 50; or num value = 50.5;
double values

bigint Stores large integers BigInt bigNumber =

beyond int range [Link]('12345678901234567890'
);

String Stores text (characters) String name = "Nawaz";

bool Stores true/false values bool isLogin = true;

var Automatically detects the var city = "New York";

data type

dynamic Can change type during dynamic data = 10;

runtime data = "Hello";

3.4 Declaration and Initialization

A variable in Dart is declared using:

1. A data type (optional if using var or dynamic).

2. A variable name (identifier).
3. An assignment operator = to store a value.

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3.5. Nullable and Non-Nullable Variables

Non-Nullable Variables (Default)

By default, Dart does not allow null values for variables.

int x; // ERROR: Non-nullable variable must be initialized

Nullable Variables

To allow null, use the ? symbol.

int? age;

age = null; // This is allowed

3.6 Variable Scope and Lifetime

● Local Variables: Declared inside a function/block and accessible only within that
block.
● Global Variables: Declared outside all functions and accessible throughout the
program.

Scope Example

void main() {

int localVariable = 10; // Local variable

print(localVariable);

int globalVariable = 20; // Global variable

3.7. Mutable and Immutable Variables

Mutable Variables (Default)

● By default, Dart variables are mutable, meaning their values can change.

int score = 100;

score = 200; // Allowed

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Immutable Variables (final and const)

● final: Variable value is assigned only once but determined at runtime.

● const: Value is constant at compile-time.

final int maxLimit = 500;

const double pi = 3.14159;

3.8. Dynamic and Var Keywords

var Keyword

● Automatically detects the data type at compile-time.

var city = "New York"; // Inferred as

String
var age = // Inferred as
30; int
dynamic Keyword

● Can change type at runtime.

dynamic value = "Hello";

value = 10; // Allowed

3.9. Conditional Operators in Dart

Dart provides several comparison operators that return Boolean values (true or false):

Operator Meaning

== Equal to

!= Not equal to

> Greater than

< Less than

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 >= Greater than or equal to

<= Less than or equal to

3.10. If Condition
Example
void main() {
int a = 100;
if (a > 200)
{
print("Block 1 executed");
} else if (a > 50) {
print("Block 2 executed");
} else if (a > 10) {
print("Block 3 executed");
} else {
print("Block 4 executed");
}
}
Output:

Block 2 executed

3.11. Logical Operators in Dart

Logical operators combine multiple conditions:

Operator Meaning Example

&& Logical AND (a > 10 && b < 20)

|| Logical OR (a > 10 || b < 20)

! Logical NOT !(a > 10)

3.12. Ternary Operator (? :)

A shorthand way to write if-else.

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Syntax:

condition ? expression_if_true : expression_if_false;

Example:
int a = 100;
String result = (a > 50) ? "A is large" : "A is small";
print(result);

Output:

A is large

3.13. Functions in Dart

Declaring a Function in Dart

● Return Type – Specifies what type of value the function will return (e.g.,
int, String, double, etc.). If a function doesn’t return anything, we use
void.
● Function Name – A unique identifier that is used to call the function.
● Parameters (Optional) – Input values that the function requires to perform an
operation.
● Function Body – Contains the instructions to be executed when the function is
called.

Example 1: Function Without Return Type

void printMessage() {
print("Hello, Dart!");
}

Explanation:

● The function printMessage() does not return any value, so its return type is
void.
● Inside the function body, a message is printed to the console.
● Whenever this function is called, the message "Hello, Dart!" will be displayed.

Calling the Function

void main() {
printMessage(); // Function calling
}

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Output:

Hello, Dart!

Example 2: Function With Return Type

int add(int a, int b)
{ int sum = a + b;
return sum;
}

Explanation:

● The function add(int a, int b) takes two integer parameters and returns
their sum.
● The return type is int, so we must return an integer value.
● The return statement sends the result back to the calling function.

Calling the Function and Storing the Result

void main() {
int result = add(5, 7); // Function calling with
arguments print("The sum is: $result");
}

Output:

The sum is: 12

Example 3: Function with Parameters

Parameters allow functions to operate on dynamic values instead of hardcoded data.

void greet(String name) {

print("Hello, $name!");
}

void main() {
greet("Nawaz");

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 greet("Kandan");
}

Output:

Hello,

Nawaz!

Hello,

Kandan!

Returning Values from Functions

A function can return a value using the return statement.

double calculateArea(double radius) {

return 3.14 * radius * radius;
}

void main() {
double area = calculateArea(5);
print("The area is: $area");
}

Output:

The area is: 78.5

Function With Parameters and Without Return Type

void greetCR(String name)
{ print("Welcome,
$name!");
}

void main() {
greetCR("Faisal");
greetCR("Nawaz");
}

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Function Without Parameters but With Return Type

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int getRandomNumber() {
return 42;
}
void main() {
int number = getRandomNumber();
print("Random number is:
$number");
}
Passing Arguments to Functions

Arguments are the actual values passed to a function when it is called.

void displayInfo(String name, int age)

{ print("Name: $name, Age: $age");
}

void main() {
displayInfo("Sohaib", 25);
}

Output:

Name: Sohaib, Age: 25

Using Optional Positional Parameters

void showDetails(String name, [int? age])
{ print("Name: $name");
if (age != null) {
print("Age:
$age");
}
}

void main() {
showDetails("Umair");
showDetails("Adil", 30);
}

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Named Parameters with Default Values
void introduce({String name = "Guest", int age = 18})
{ print("Name: $name, Age: $age");
}

void main() {
introduce();
introduce(name: "Imran", age: 25);
}

Higher-Order Functions (Functions as Arguments)

Functions can be passed as parameters to other

void executeFunction(Function func)

{ func();
}

void sayHello() {
print("Hello from a function!");
}

void main() {
executeFunction(sayHello);
}
functions.

Lambda Functions (Anonymous

Functions) Short functions written

var add = (int a, int b) => a + b;

void main() {
print(add(3, 5)); // Output: 8
}
without a name.

3.14. Lists in Dart

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A List in Dart is an ordered collection of objects. Lists are similar to arrays in other
programming languages and allow storing multiple values in a single variable.

Creating Lists

i. Fixed-Length List (Immutable Length)

A fixed-length list has a predetermined size that cannot be changed.

void main() {
List<int> numbers = [Link](5, 0); // Creates a list of size 5
with default values 0
numbers[0] = 10;
numbers[1] = 20;
print(numbers); // Output: [10, 20, 0, 0, 0]
}

ii. Growable List (Dynamic Size)

A growable list can expand dynamically as elements are added.

void main() {
List<String> fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"];
[Link]("Mango"); // Adding a new element
print(fruits); // Output: [Apple, Banana, Cherry, Mango]
}

List Properties
void main() {
List<int> numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

print([Link]); // Output: 5 (number of elements)

print([Link]); // Output: 1 (first element)
print([Link]); // Output: 5 (last element)
print([Link]); // Output: false (checks if list is empty)
print([Link]); // Output: true (checks if list is not
empty)
}

List Methods

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i. Adding Elements
void main() {
List<int> numbers = [1, 2, 3];

[Link](4); // Adds a single element

[Link]([5, 6, 7]); // Adds multiple elements
[Link](2, 99); // Inserts 99 at index 2
[Link](1, [10, 20]); // Inserts multiple elements at index 1

print(numbers); // Output: [1, 10, 20, 2, 99, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

}

ii. Removing Elements

void main() {
List<String> colors = ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow"];

[Link]("Green"); // Removes "Green" from the list

[Link](1); // Removes element at index 1
[Link](); // Removes the last element
[Link]((color) => [Link]("R")); // Removes elements
starting with 'R'

print(colors); // Output: ["Blue"]

}

[Link] Elements
void main() {
List<String> cars = ["BMW", "Tesla", "Toyota"];

cars[1] = "Mercedes"; // Replacing Tesla with

Mercedes

[Link] Elements
void main() {
List<int> numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40];

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 print([Link](20)); // Output: true (checks if 20 exists)
print([Link](30)); // Output: 2 (returns index of 30)
}

v. Sorting a List
void main() {
List<int> numbers = [5, 2, 9, 1, 7];

[Link](); // Sorts in ascending order

print(numbers); // Output: [1, 2, 5, 7, 9]

[Link]((a, b) => [Link](a)); // Sorts in descending order

print(numbers); // Output: [9, 7, 5, 2, 1]
}

vi. Reversing a List

void main() {
List<String> names = ["Nawaz", "Faisal", "Umer"];

print([Link]());
}

vii. Iterating Over a List

void main() {
List<String> cities = ["New York", "London", "Paris"];

for (String city in cities) {

print(city);
}

// Output:
// New York
// London
// Paris
}

viii. Mapping Over a List

void main() {
List<int> numbers = [1, 2, 3];

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 List<int> squaredNumbers = [Link]((num) => num *

num).toList(); print(squaredNumbers); // Output: [1, 4, 9]

}

ix. Filtering a List

void main() {
List<int> numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];

List<int> filtered = [Link]((num) => num > 25).toList();

print(filtered); // Output: [30, 40, 50]

}

x. Converting Between Lists and Strings

void main() {
List<String> words = ["Hello", "World"];

String sentence = [Link](" "); // Convert list to string

print(sentence); // Output: "Hello World"

List<String> splitWords = [Link](" "); // Convert string to list

print(splitWords); // Output: ["Hello", "World"]
}

3.15. Maps in Dart

A Map in Dart is a collection of key-value pairs, similar to a dictionary in Python or
an object in JavaScript. It allows efficient lookups, insertions, and deletions based on
unique keys.

Dart Maps are a powerful way to store key-value pairs and provide various methods
for easy manipulation. They are essential when working with structured data in
Flutter and Dart applications.

Creating a Map

i. Using Literal Syntax

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void main() {
Map<String, int> ages = {
"Haseeb": 25,
"Umer": 30,
"Zaka": 35
};

print(ages); // Output: {Haseeb: 25, Umer: 30, Zaka: 35}

}

ii. Using Map Constructor

void main() {
Map<String, String> countries = Map();

countries["USA"] = "Washington D.C.";

countries["UK"] = "London";
countries["India"] = "Dubai";

print(countries); // Output: {USA: Washington D.C., UK: London, India: Dubai}

}

Accessing Elements
void main() {
Map<String, int> scores = {"Fahad": 90, "Umair": 85, "Arslan": 95};

print(scores["Fahad"]); // Output: 90
print(scores["Imran"]); // Output: null (key not found)
}

Adding & Updating Values

void main() {
Map<String, int> marks = {"Math": 90, "Science": 85};

marks["English"] = 88; // Adding a new key-value pair

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 marks["Science"] = 95; // Updating an existing key

print(marks); // Output: {Math: 90, Science: 95, English: 88}

}

Checking Keys & Values

void main() {
Map<String, int> scores = {"Mohsin": 90, "Ali": 85};

print([Link]("Mohsin")); // Output: true

print([Link]("Hussain")); // Output: false

print([Link](85)); // Output: true

print([Link](100)); // Output: false
}

Removing Elements
void main() {
Map<String, int> scores = {"Fahad": 90, "Umair": 85, "Arslan": 95};

[Link]("Umair"); // Removes key "Umair"

print(scores); // Output: {Fahad: 90, Arslan: 95}

}

Iterating Over a Map

i. Using forEach()
void main() {
Map<String, int> marks = {"Math": 90, "Science": 85, "English": 88};

[Link]((subject, mark) {
print("$subject: $mark");
});
}

Output:

Math: 90

Instructor: Dr. Tanzila Kehkashan

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Science: 85

English: 88

ii. Using for loop

void main() {
Map<String, String> capitals = {"USA": "Washington D.C.", "UK": "London",
"Pakistan": "Islamabad"};

for (var key in [Link]) {

print("$key → $
{capitals[key]}");
}
}
Output:

USA → Washington D.C.

UK → London

Pakistan → Islamabad

Map Properties
void main() {
Map<String, int> numbers = {"One": 1, "Two": 2, "Three": 3};

print([Link]); // Output: (One, Two, Three)

print([Link]); // Output: (1, 2, 3)
print([Link]); // Output: 3
print([Link]); // Output: false
print([Link]); // Output: true
}

Sorting a Map
void main() {
Map<String, int> students = {"Fahad": 90, "Umair": 85, "Arslan": 95};

var sortedKeys = [Link]()..sort();

var sortedMap = {for (var key in sortedKeys) key: students[key]};

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 print(sortedMap); // Output: {Arslan: 95, Fahad: 90, Umair: 85}
}

Mapping Values in a Map

void main() {
Map<String, int> prices = {"Apple": 10, "Banana": 5, "Mango": 15};

var discountedPrices = [Link]((fruit, price) => MapEntry(fruit, price -

2));

print(discountedPrices); // Output: {Apple: 8, Banana: 3, Mango: 13}

}

Filtering a Map
void main() {
Map<String, int> marks = {"Math": 90, "Science": 70, "English": 85};

var highScores = [Link]((entry) => [Link] > 80).toList();

print(highScores); // Output: [MapEntry(Math: 90), MapEntry(English: 85)]

}

Merging Two Maps

void main() {
Map<String, int> map1 = {"A": 1, "B": 2};
Map<String, int> map2 = {"C": 3, "D": 4};

var mergedMap = {...map1, ...map2};

print(mergedMap); // Output: {A: 1, B: 2, C: 3, D: 4}

}

3.16. OOP in Dart

Defining a Class with Constructor, Properties, and Methods

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class Car {
// Instance Variables (Properties)
String brand;
int year;
double price;

// Constructor
Car([Link], [Link], [Link]);

// Method to Display Car Details

void showDetails() {
print("Car Brand: $brand, Year: $year, Price: \$$price");
}
}

void main() {
// Creating Objects of Car Class
Car car1 = Car("Toyota", 2022, 25000);
Car car2 = Car("Honda", 2023, 28000);

// Calling Methods
[Link]();
[Link]();
}

Output:

Car Brand: Toyota, Year: 2022, Price:

$25000 Car Brand: Honda, Year: 2023,

Price: $28000

Types of Constructors in Dart

(a) Default Constructor

If no constructor is defined, Dart provides a default constructor that initializes objects

without parameters.

class Person {
String name = "Ali Raza Jatala"; // Default value

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Instructor: Dr. Tanzila Kehkashan

44
 void showName() {
print("Person's Name: $name");
}
}

void main() {
Person p = Person(); // Default constructor
[Link]();
}

(b) Parameterized Constructor

We can pass parameters to initialize object properties.

class Student {
String name;
int age;

// Parameterized Constructor
Student([Link], [Link]);
}

void main() {
Student s1 = Student("Kandan", 20); print("$
{[Link]} is ${[Link]} years old");
}

(c) Named Constructor

Dart allows multiple constructors using named constructors.

class Employee
{ String name;
int salary;

// Default Constructor
Employee([Link], [Link]);

// Named Constructor
[Link]([Link], [Link])
{
salary += 5000; // Adding Bonus

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45
 }
}

void main() {
Employee e1 = Employee("Haseeb", 50000);
Employee e2 = [Link]("Umer", 50000);

print("${[Link]}'s Salary: ${[Link]}"); print("$

{[Link]}'s Salary with Bonus: ${[Link]}");
}

Output:

Haseeb's Salary: 50000

Umer's Salary with Bonus: 55000

Getters and Setters in Dart

Getters and setters control access to class properties.

class Product {
String _name = ""; // Private Variable

// Getter
String get name => _name;

// Setter
set name(String value) {
if ([Link]) {
_name = value;
}
}
}

void main() {
Product p = Product();
[Link] = "Laptop"; // Using
Setter print([Link]); // Using
Getter

Instructor: Dr. Tanzila Kehkashan

46
Inheritance in Dart (Extending a Class)

Inheritance allows a child class to reuse properties and methods from a parent class.

class Animal {
void makeSound()
{
print("Animal makes a sound");
}
}

// Child Class (Extending Animal)

class Dog extends Animal {
void bark() {
print("Dog
Barks");
}
}

void main()
{ Dog d =
Dog();
[Link](); // Inherited
Output:

Animal makes a sound

Dog Barks

Abstract Class in Dart

An abstract class cannot be instantiated and is used to define a blueprint for other
classes.

abstract class Shape {

void draw(); // Abstract Method (No Body)
}

class Circle extends Shape {

void draw() {
print("Drawing a Circle");

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Instructor: Dr. Tanzila Kehkashan

48
 }
}

void main() {
Circle c = Circle();
[Link]();
}

Polymorphism in Dart

Polymorphism allows overriding methods in a child class.

class Animal {
void makeSound()
{
print("Animal makes a sound");
}
}

class Cat extends Animal {

@override
void makeSound() {
print("Cat
Meows");
}
}

void main()
{ Animal a =
Cat();
Output:

Cat Meows

Static Variables and Methods

static properties and methods belong to the class itself, not individual objects.

class MathUtils {
static const double pi = 3.1416;

Instructor: Dr. Tanzila Kehkashan

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static double square(double num) {
return num * num;
}
}

void main() {
print("Pi Value: ${[Link]}");
print("Square of 4: ${[Link](4)}");
}

Instructor: Dr. Tanzila Kehkashan

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Module 4: Flutter Basics - UI Components & Widgets
4.1. Flutter Widgets Overview

4.2. Text, Buttons, and Image Widgets

4.3. Layouts: Rows, Columns & Stack

4.4. Navigation & Routing in Flutter

4.5. User Input Handling & Forms

Instructor: Dr. Tanzila Kehkashan

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4.6. State Management Overview (Stateless vs Stateful Widgets)

Instructor: Dr. Tanzila Kehkashan

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