MOUDLE-2

Hyperbolic Functions & Logarithms of Complex Numbers

2.1. Circular functions of complex number and Hyperbolicfunctions. Inverse

Circular and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions. Separation ofreal and imaginary
Parts of all types of Functions. (Simple Examples)
2.2 Logarithm of Complex Number (Simple Examples)

2.1. A) Circular functions of complex number

𝑒 𝑖𝜃 +𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 −𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
cos(𝜃) = , sin(𝜃) =
2 2𝑖
𝑖𝜃
Where 𝑒 = cos(𝜃) + isin(𝜃) & 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = cos(𝜃) − isin(𝜃)

𝑒𝑖𝜃 −𝑒−𝑖𝜃 𝑒𝑖𝜃 +𝑒−𝑖𝜃

2𝑖 2 2
tan(𝜃) = 𝑒 +𝑒−𝑖𝜃
𝑖𝜃 , cot(𝜃) = 𝑒 −𝑒−𝑖𝜃
𝑖𝜃 , sec(𝜃 ) = ,
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 +𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
2 2𝑖
2𝑖
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃) =
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
2.1 B) Hyperbolic functions

𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
If 𝑥 is real or complex number then is called hyperbolic cosine of 𝑥
2
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
Denoted by cosh(𝑥) , [cosh(𝑥) = ]
2

𝒆𝒙 −𝒆−𝒙
If 𝑥 is real or complex number then is called hyperbolic sine of 𝑥
𝟐
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
Denoted by sinh(𝑥) , [sinh(𝑥 ) = ]
2

𝒆𝒙 −𝒆−𝒙 𝒆𝒙 +𝒆−𝒙 2
tanh(x) = , coth(x) = sech(𝑥 ) =
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ(𝑥 ) =
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
Formules

𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (𝑥) = 1, 𝑖𝑖) 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 (𝑥) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 (𝑥) = 1

𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 (𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 (𝑥) = 1,
𝑖𝑣) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (𝑥 ± 𝑦) = cosh(𝑥) cosh(𝑦) ± sinh(𝑥) sinh(𝑦)

tanh(𝑥)±tanh(𝑦) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(2𝜃)−1
𝑣) tanh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = 𝑣𝑖) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (𝜃 ) =
1±tanh(𝑥)tanh(𝑦 2

2tanh(𝑥)
𝑣𝑖𝑖) tanh(2𝑥) =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 (𝑥)

𝑥 𝑦
Q. If sin(𝛼) cosh(𝛽) = , cos(𝛼) sinh(𝛽) = , then show that
2 2
4𝑥
a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 ) =
𝑥 2+ 𝑦 2
4𝑖𝑦
b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽 ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 ) =
𝑥 2+ 𝑦 2

Solution
We have
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 ) = =
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼+𝑖𝛽) sin(𝛼) cos(𝑖𝛽)+cos(𝛼) sin(𝑖𝛽)

1 1 2
= = 𝑥 𝑦 =
sin(𝛼) cos ℎ(𝛽)+𝑖 cos(𝛼) sin ℎ(𝛽) +𝑖 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
2 2

Similarly ( by changing the sign of 𝑖 )

2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽) =
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
2 2 4𝑥
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) = + = 2+ 2
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 𝑦

2 2 4𝑖𝑦
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) = − =
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 2+ 𝑦 2
 1
Q. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥) =
1
1− 1
1−
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥)

Solution
1 1 1 1
R.H.S. 1 = 1 = 1 = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 (𝑥)
1− 1 1− 1−
1− 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 (𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 (𝑥)
−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (𝑥)

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (𝑥)
= = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿. ℎ. 𝑆
1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥)−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥)

𝜋 𝜃
Q. If 𝑢 = log tan ( + ) , Prove that
4 2
𝑎) cosh(𝑢) = sec(𝜃) b) sinh(𝑢) = tan(𝜃)
𝑢 𝜃
𝑐) tanh(𝑢) = sin(𝜃) d) tanh ( ) = tan( )
2 2

Solution
We have
𝜋 𝜃
𝑢 = log tan ( + )
4 2
𝜋 𝜃 𝜃
𝜋 𝜃 tan( )+tan( ) 1+tan( )
𝑢 4 2 2
𝑒 = tan ( + ) = 𝜋 𝜃 = 𝜃
4 2 1−tan( 4 ) tan( 2 ) 1−tan( 2 )

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
cos( 2 )+sin( 2 ) cos( 2 )+sin( 2 )
= 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
cos( )−sin( ) cos( )+sin( )
2 2 2 2

𝜃 𝜃
1 + 2 cos ( ) sin( ) 1 + sin(𝜃)
= 2 2 = = sec(𝜃) + tan(𝜃)
2 𝜃 2 𝜃 cos(𝜃)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 2

𝑒 𝑢 = sec(𝜃 ) + tan(𝜃 ) -------- (i)

1 sec(𝜃)+tan(𝜃)
𝑒 −𝑢 = = sec(𝜃 ) − tan(𝜃) -------- (ii)
sec(𝜃)+tan(𝜃) sec(𝜃)+tan(𝜃)
 𝑒 𝑢 +𝑒 −𝑢
(a) By addition 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢 = 2 sec(𝜃) ∴ cosh(𝑢) = = sec(𝜃)
2

𝑒 𝑢 −𝑒 −𝑢
(b) By addition 𝑒 𝑢 − 𝑒 −𝑢 = 2 tan(𝜃) ∴ sinh(𝑢) = = tan(𝜃)
2

sinh(𝑢) tan(𝜃)
(c) tanh(𝑢) = = = sin(𝜃) from (a) and (b)
cosh(𝑢) sec(𝜃)

c) 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆.
𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
𝑢 sinh ( ) 2 sinh ( ) cosh ( ) 2 sinh ( ) cosh ( )
tanh ( ) = 2 = 2 2 = 2 2
2 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2 (𝑢)
cosh (2) 2 cosh (2) cos (2)
sinh(𝑢)
=
1 + cosh(𝑢)

𝑢 tan(𝜃)
tanh ( ) = by (b) and (a)
2 1+sec(𝜃)

sin(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
= 1 =
1+cos(𝜃) 1+cos(𝜃)

2sin(𝜃/2) cos(𝜃/2)
=
2cos2 (𝜃)
sin(𝜃/2) 𝜃
= = tan ( ) = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
cos(𝜃/2) 2

𝑢 𝜃
∴ tanh ( ) = tan( )
2 2

1
Q. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 −𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (𝑥 ) = 1
1− 1
1−
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (𝑥)

Q. If 5 sinh(𝑥) − cosh(𝑥) = 5 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 tanh(𝑥)

1
Q. If log(tan(𝑥)) = 𝑦, Prove that sinh(𝑛𝑦) = (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 (𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑛 (𝑥)
2
 Relation between Circular and Hyperbolic functions

(i) sin(𝑖𝑥) = 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑥) (ii) cos(𝑖𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑥)

(iii) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑖𝑥) = 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(x)

(iv) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑖𝑥) = 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) (v) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑖𝑥) = cos(𝑥)

(vi) 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑖𝑥) = 𝑖 tan(𝑥)

Q. If 𝑒 𝑧 = sin(𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

Prove that 2𝑒 2𝑥 = cosh(2𝑣) − cos(2𝑢) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 tan(𝑦) = tanh(𝑣) cot(𝑢)

Solution
We have 𝑒 𝑧 = sin(𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣)

∴ 𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 = sin(𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣)

𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑦 = (sin(𝑢) cos(𝑖𝑣) + cos(𝑢) sin(𝑖𝑣))

𝑒 𝑥 (cos(𝑦) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦) = sin(𝑢) cos ℎ(𝑣) + icos(𝑢) sinh(𝑣)

by sin(𝑖𝑥) = 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑥) cos(𝑖𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑥)

Equating Real and Imaginary parts

𝑒 𝑥 (cos(𝑦) = sin(𝑢) cos ℎ(𝑣) ------- (i)

𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑦) = sin ℎ(𝑢) cos(𝑢) ----------- (ii)

Squaring and Adding (i) and (ii)

𝑒 2𝑥 =((𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑦) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑦))= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑢)𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑣) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑢)𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (𝑣)

𝑒 2𝑥 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑢))𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑣) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑢)(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑣) − 1)

𝑒 2𝑥 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑢))𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑣) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑢)(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑣) − 1)

1 1
𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑣) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑢) = (1 + cosh(2𝑣) − (1 + cos(2𝑢)
2 2

1 1
𝑒 2𝑥 = (cosh(2𝑣) − (cos(2𝑢)
2 2

∴ 2𝑒 2𝑥 = (cosh(2𝑣) − (cos(2𝑢)

Dividing the (ii) by (i)

𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑦) sin(𝑢) cos ℎ(𝑣)

=
𝑒 𝑥 (cos(𝑦) sin ℎ(𝑢) cos(𝑢)

∴ tan(𝑦) = tanh(𝑣) cot(𝑢)

Q. If sin(𝜃 + 𝑖𝜑) = 𝑟(cos(𝛼) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼)), Prove that

1
𝑟 2 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(2∅) − cos(2𝜃) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 tan(𝛼) = tan(∅) cot(𝜃)
2

Q. If cos(𝜃 + 𝑖𝜑) = 𝑟(cos(𝛼) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼), Prove that

1 sin(𝜃−𝛼)
∅ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ]
2 sin(𝜃+𝛼)

𝑖𝜋
Q. If 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 = tanh (𝑥 + ), Prove that 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 = 1
4
Q. If sin(𝜃 + 𝑖𝜑) = (cos(𝛼) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼), Prove that
1 cos(𝜃−𝛼)
𝑖) cosh(2𝑦) − cos(2𝑥) = 2 𝑖𝑖) ∅ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ]
2 cos(𝜃+𝛼)

Solution
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
sinh(𝑥+ ) 2sinh(𝑥+ )cosh(𝑥− )
4 4 4
𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 = 𝑖𝜋 = 𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
cosh(𝑥+ ) 2cosh(𝑥+ )cosh(𝑥− )
4 4 4
𝑖𝜋
sinh(2𝑥)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ( )
2
𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 = 𝜋
cosh(2𝑥)+cos( )
2
sinh(2𝑥) + 𝑖
𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 =
cosh(2𝑥)
Equating real and imaginary parts
 sinh(2𝑥) 1
∴ 𝛼= , 𝛽=
cosh(2𝑥) cosh(2𝑥)

2
sinh2 (2𝑥)
2
1 1 + sinh2 (2𝑥) cosh2 (2𝑥)
∴ 𝛼 +𝛽 = + = = = 1
cosh2 (2𝑥) cosh2 (2𝑥) cosh2 (2𝑥) cosh2 (2𝑥)

∴ 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 = 1

Q. If sin(𝜃 + 𝑖𝜑) = tan(𝛼) + 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝛼), Prove that cos(2𝜃) cosh(2∅) = 3

Solution
We have sin(𝜃 + 𝑖𝜑) = tan(𝛼) + 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝛼)

∴ sin(𝜃) cos(𝑖∅) + cos(𝜃) sin(𝑖∅) = tan(𝛼) + 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝛼)

by sin(𝑖𝑥) = 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑥) , cos(𝑖𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑥)

∴ sin(𝜃) cos ℎ(∅) + 𝑖 cos(𝜃) sinh(∅) = tan(𝛼) + 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝛼)

Equating Real and Imaginary parts

sin(𝜃) cos ℎ(∅) = tan(𝛼) -------------------- (i)

cos(𝜃) sinh(∅) = sec(𝛼) -------------------- (ii)

But 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝛼) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝛼) = 1

cos 2 (𝜃) sinh2 (∅) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃) cos ℎ2 (∅) = 1

(1 + cos(2𝜃)) cosh(2∅) − 1 (1 − cos(2𝜃)) 1 + cosh(2∅)

( )( )−( )( )=1
2 2 2 2

∴ cosh(2∅) − 1 + cos(2𝜃) cosh(2∅) − cos(2𝜃) − 1 −cosh(2∅) + cos(2𝜃)

+ cos(2𝜃) cosh(2∅) = 4

∴ 2 cos(2𝜃) cosh(2∅) = 6

∴ cos(2𝜃) cosh(2∅) = 3
 𝜋
Q. If 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( + 𝑖𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 , Prove that (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )2 = 2(𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 )
4

Solution
1 1 1 𝑢−𝑖𝑣 𝑢−𝑖𝑣
We have 𝜋 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = = 𝑢+𝑖𝑣 = 𝑢2 +𝑣 2
sin( +𝑖𝑥) 𝑢+𝑖𝑣 𝑢−𝑖𝑣
4

𝜋 𝜋 𝑢−𝑖𝑣
∴ sin ( ) cos(𝑖𝑥 ) + cos ( ) sin(𝑖𝑥 ) =
4 4 𝑢2 +𝑣 2

1 1 𝑢−𝑖𝑣
∴ cos(ℎ𝑥 ) + 𝑖 sin ℎ(𝑥 ) =
√2 √2 𝑢2 +𝑣 2

Equating real and imaginary parts

𝑢 𝑣
cos(ℎ𝑥) = √2 , sin(ℎ𝑥) = −√2
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

But 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (𝑥) = 1

𝑢2 𝑣2
∴ 2( 2 )-2 =1
(𝑢2 +𝑣 2 ) (𝑢2 −𝑣 2 )2

∴ 2((𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 )2 ) = (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )2

Q. If sin(𝜃 + 𝑖∅) = (cos(𝛼) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼)),

Prove that 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ4 (∅)

Solution

sin(𝜃) cos(𝑖∅) + cos(𝜃) sin(𝑖∅) = (cos(𝛼) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼)),

by sin(𝑖𝑥) = 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑥) , cos(𝑖𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑥)

∴ sin(𝜃) cos ℎ(∅) + 𝑖 cos(𝜃) sinh(∅) = (cos(𝛼) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼))

 Equating Real and Imaginary parts

sin(𝜃) cos ℎ(∅) = cos(𝛼)----------------- (i)

cos(𝜃) sinh(∅) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼) -------------------- (ii)

But 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (∅) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (∅) = 1

From (𝑖) & (𝑖𝑖)

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝛼) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)

− =1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃)

∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃)

To prove 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)

∴ (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼))𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃) = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃))𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃)

∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃)) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃)−𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (𝜃)

∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (𝜃) ------ (A)

Again 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃) = 1

From (𝑖) & (𝑖𝑖)

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝛼) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)
+ =1
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (∅) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (∅)

∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝛼)𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (∅) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (∅) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (∅)𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (∅)

To prove 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ4 (∅)

(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼))𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (∅) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (∅)) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (∅)(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (∅))

∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (∅) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (∅) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (∅)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (∅) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ4 (∅)

∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ4 (∅) ---------- (B)

From (A) & (B)

∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ4 (∅)

Q. If cosh(𝜃 + 𝑖∅) = (cos(𝛼) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼)),

Prove that 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (∅) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ4 (𝜃)

Q. If tan(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 Prove that

2𝑥 2𝑦
tan(2𝛼) = 2 2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 tan ℎ(2𝛽) =
1−𝑥 −𝑦 1+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

Solution
Now tan(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ∴ tan(𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽) = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
∴ tan(2𝛼) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛[(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) + (𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽)]

tan(𝛼+𝑖𝛽)+tan(𝛼−𝑖𝛽)
∴ tan(2𝛼) =
1−tan(𝛼−𝑖𝛽) tan(𝛼+𝑖𝛽))

(𝑥+𝑖𝑦)+(𝑥−𝑖𝑦) 2𝑥
∴ tan(2𝛼) = =
1−(𝑥+𝑖𝑦)(𝑥−𝑖𝑦) 1−𝑥 2 −𝑦2
2𝑥
∴ tan(2𝛼) =
1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2

Also tan(2𝑖𝛽) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛[(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) − (𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽)]

tan(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) − tan(𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽)

∴ tan(2𝑖𝛽) =
1 + tan(𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽 tan(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽))

(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) − (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) 2𝑖𝑦

∴ tan(2𝑖𝛽) = =
1 + (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) 1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

2𝑖𝑦
∴ 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(2𝛽 ) =
1+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

2𝑦
∴ tan ℎ(2𝛽 ) =
1+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
 𝜋 2𝑥
Q. If 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = tan ( + 𝑖𝛼) Prove that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + =1
6 √3

𝑖𝜋
Q. If 2 sinh (𝛼 + ) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 Prove that 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 2
4
𝑖𝜋
Q If 2 cosh (𝛼 + ) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 Prove that 3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 3
3

𝑖𝜋
Q. If 2 cosh (𝛼 + ) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 Prove that 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 2
4

Solution
We have to separate real and imaginary parts

𝑖𝜋
∴ 2 cosh (𝛼 + ) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
4
𝑖𝜋
∴ 2 cos (i (𝛼 + )) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 by cosh(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑖𝑥)
4
𝜋
∴ 2 cos (𝑖𝛼 − ) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
4

𝜋 𝜋
∴ 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑖𝛼) cos ( ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝛼) sin ( )] = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
4 4

1 1
∴ 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (𝛼) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (𝛼) ] = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
√2 √2

Equating Real and Imaginary parts

𝑥 = √2 cosh(𝛼) , 𝑦 = √2 sinh(𝛼)

∴ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝛼) − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (𝛼)

∴ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 2(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝛼) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (𝛼))
∴ 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 2

Q If cos(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 Prove that

[cos(𝛼) + cosh(𝛽)]2 = (1 + 𝑥)2 + 𝑦 2 and
[cos(𝛼) − cosh(𝛽)]2 = (1 − 𝑥)2 + 𝑦 2
2.1 C) Inverse Circular and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

If 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑦 then x = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 (𝑦) is called inverse hyperbolic sine of y

Similarly
If 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑦 then x = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 (𝑦) is called inverse hyperbolic cosine of y
Similarly tanh(𝑥) , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ(𝑥), sech(𝑥)
Formules

If 𝑧 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 (𝑧) = log(𝑧 + √𝑧 2 + 1)
ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 (𝑧) = log(𝑧 + √𝑧 2 − 1)
1 1+𝑧
iii) 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ −1 (𝑧) = log( )
2 1−𝑧

Separation of Real and Imaginary parts

Q. If tan (𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) = (cos(𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)) (=𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜃
Prove that 𝛼 = + 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = log tan [( + )]
2 4 2 4 2

Solution
We have tan (𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) = (cos(𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)) ------ (i)

tan (𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽) = (cos(𝜃) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)) ------- (ii)

∴ tan(2𝛼) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛[(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) − (𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽)]

tan(𝛼+𝑖𝛽)+tan(𝛼−𝑖𝛽)
∴ tan(2𝛼) =
1−tan(𝛼−𝑖𝛽 tan(𝛼+𝑖𝛽))

(cos(𝜃)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)+(cos(𝜃)−𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 2 cos(𝜃)
∴ tan(2𝛼) = =
1−(cos(𝜃)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)(cos(𝜃) 1−(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃)+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃))
 2 cos(𝜃)
∴ tan(2𝛼 ) = =∞
0

𝜋 𝜋
∴ 2𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (∞) = ∴ 2𝛼 = 𝑛𝜋 + ,
2 2

𝑛𝜋 𝜋
∴ 𝛼= +
2 4
Also tan(2𝑖𝛽) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛[(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) − (𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽)]

tan(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) − tan(𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽)

∴ tan(2𝑖𝛽) =
1 + tan(𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽 tan(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽))

(cos(𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) − (cos(𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)

∴ tan(2𝑖𝛽) =
1 − (cos(𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)(cos(𝜃)

2𝑖 s 𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
∴ tan(2𝑖𝛽) =
1 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃))

2𝑖 s 𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(2𝛽 ) = = 𝑖 s 𝑖𝑛(𝜃 )
1+1

∴ tan ℎ(2𝛽) = s 𝑖𝑛(𝜃)

1 1 + s 𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 1 1+𝑧
∴ 2𝛽 = tanh−1 (s 𝑖𝑛(𝜃)) = log ( ) { 𝐵𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 (𝑧) = log( )}
2 1 − s 𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 2 1−𝑧

But 1 + s 𝑖𝑛(𝜃) = ( s 𝑖𝑛 2 (𝜃/2) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃/2)) + 2 s 𝑖𝑛(𝜃/2) cos(𝜃/2)

= (s 𝑖𝑛(𝜃/2) + cos(𝜃/2))2

𝜃
And 1 − s 𝑖𝑛(𝜃) = ( s 𝑖𝑛 2 (𝜃/2) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( )) − 2 s 𝑖𝑛(𝜃/2) cos(𝜃/2)
2
= (s 𝑖𝑛(𝜃/2) − cos(𝜃/2))2
𝜃 𝜃 2
1 (s 𝑖𝑛(𝜃/2) + cos(𝜃/2)) 1 2 (s 𝑖𝑛 ( ) + cos ( ))
∴ 2𝛽 = log ( ) = log [ 2 2 ]
2 (s 𝑖𝑛(𝜃/2) − cos(𝜃/2)) 2 2 𝜃 𝜃
(s 𝑖𝑛 ( ) − cos ( ))
2 2
 𝜃 𝜃
(s 𝑖𝑛( 2 )+ cos( 2 ))
∴ 2𝛽 = log [ 𝜃 𝜃 ]
(s 𝑖𝑛( )− cos( ))
2 2

𝜃
1 (1 + tan( 2 )) 1 𝜋 𝜃
∴𝛽= log [ 𝜃 ] = log tan [( + )]
2 (1 − tan( 2 )) 2 4 2

1 𝜋 𝜃
∴ 𝛽 = log tan [( + )]
2 4 2

Q. Separate into Real and Imaginary parts 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )

Q. Separate into Real and Imaginary parts 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)

Solution
Let 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)= 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 ∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)= 𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽

∴ 2𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)

𝑥+𝑖𝑦+𝑥−𝑖𝑦 2𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 { } = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 { }
1−(𝑥+𝑖𝑦)(𝑥+𝑖𝑦) 1−(𝑥 2 +𝑦2 )

1 2𝑥
∴ 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 { }
2 1−(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )

And 2𝑖𝛽 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)

𝑥+𝑖𝑦−𝑥+𝑖𝑦 2𝑖𝑦
∴ 2𝑖𝛽 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {1+(𝑥+𝑖𝑦)(𝑥+𝑖𝑦)} = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {1+(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )}

2𝑦
∴ 2𝑖𝛽 = 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ −1 { } by 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑖𝑥) = 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑥)
1+(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )

1 2𝑦
∴ 𝛽 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 {1+(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2)}
Q. Separate into Real and Imaginary parts 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)

Solution

Let 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)= 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽

1
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = tanh(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 ) = tan(𝑖𝛼 − 𝛽) ∴ 𝑖𝑥 − 𝑦 = tan(𝑖𝛼 − 𝛽)
𝑖

1
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = tanh(𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽 ) = tan(𝑖𝛼 + 𝛽) ∴ 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑦 = tan(𝑖𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝑖
tan(𝑖𝛼 + 𝛽) + tan(𝑖𝛼 − 𝛽)
∴ tan(2𝑖𝛼) = tan{(𝑖𝛼 + 𝛽) +(𝑖𝛼 − 𝛽)} =
1 − tan(𝑖𝛼 + 𝛽) tan(𝑖𝛼 − 𝛽)

𝑖𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑥 − 𝑦
=
1 − (𝑖𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑖𝑥 − 𝑦)

2𝑖𝑥
i tanh(2𝛼) =
1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

1 −1 2𝑥
∴ 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ { }
2 1 + (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 )

Also
tan(𝑖𝛼 + 𝛽) − tan(𝑖𝛼 − 𝛽)
tan(2𝛽) = tan{(𝑖𝛼 + 𝛽) −(𝑖𝛼 − 𝛽)} =
1 + tan(𝑖𝛼 + 𝛽) tan(𝑖𝛼 − 𝛽)

𝑖𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑦 2𝑦
tan(2𝛽) = =
1 − (𝑖𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑖𝑥 − 𝑦) 1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2

2𝑦
∴ 2𝛽 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 { }
1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2

1 2𝑦
∴ 𝛽 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 { }
2 1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
 3𝑖
Q. Separate into Real and Imaginary parts 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
4

Solution

3𝑖 3𝑖
Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ∴ = cos( 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
4 4
3𝑖
∴ = cos(𝑥 ) cosh(𝑦) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 )sinh(𝑦)
4

𝜋
∴ cos(𝑥 ) cosh(𝑦) = 0 ∴ cos(𝑥 ) = 0 ∴𝑥= (cosh(𝑦) = 0)
2

3
And −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) sinh(𝑦) = 4
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋/2)
3
∴ sinh(𝑦) = −
4

∴ 𝑦 = log{ −3/4 + √1 + 9/16} by 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 (𝑧) = log(𝑧 + √𝑧 2 + 1)

1
∴ 𝑦 = log{ −3/4 + 5/4} = log ( ) = − log(2)
2

𝜋
∴ Real Part 𝑥 = , Imaginary part 𝑦 = − log(2)
2

Q. Separate into Real and Imaginary parts

(𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 (𝑖𝜃) (𝑖𝑖)𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)

𝑥−𝑎 𝑖 𝑥
Q. Show that 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑖 [ ]= log( )
𝑥+𝑎 2 𝑎

Solution
𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
Let 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑖 [ ] = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 ∴ tan(𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) = 𝑖 ( )
𝑥+𝑎 𝑥+𝑎

𝑥−𝑎
And tan(𝑢 − 𝑖𝑣) = −𝑖 ( )
𝑥+𝑎
 tan(𝑢+𝑖𝑣)+tan(𝑢−𝑖𝑣)
∴ tan(2𝑢) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛[(𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) − (𝑢 − 𝑖𝑣)] =
1−tan(𝑢−𝑖𝑣) tan(𝑢+𝑖𝑣))

𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
But 𝑡𝑎𝑛[(𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) − (𝑢 − 𝑖𝑣)] = 𝑖 ( )−𝑖( )=0
𝑥+𝑎 𝑥+𝑎

∴ tan(2𝑢) = 0 ∴ 2𝑢 = 0 , ∴ 𝑢 = 0

Again
tan(𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) − tan(𝑢 − 𝑖𝑣)
tan(2𝑖𝑣) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛[(𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) − (𝑢 − 𝑖𝑣)] =
1 + tan(𝑢 − 𝑖𝑣) tan(𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣))
𝑥−𝑎
2𝑖( ) 2𝑖(𝑥 2 −𝑎2 )
𝑥+𝑎
∴ 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ (2𝑣) = (𝑥−𝑎)2
=
1+ 2(𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )
(𝑥+𝑎)2

(𝑥 2 −𝑎2 ) (𝑥 2 −𝑎2 )
∴ 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(2𝑣) = (𝑥 2 +𝑎2 ) ∴ 2𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 {(𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )}

𝑥2 −𝑎2
1 1+( 2 2 ) 1 𝑥2 1 𝑥
𝑥 +𝑎
∴ (2𝑣) = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ 𝑥2 −𝑎2
]= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑎2 )= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎
1−( 2 2 ) 2 2
𝑥 +𝑎

𝑥−𝑎 𝑖 𝑥
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑖 [ ] = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑥+𝑎 2 𝑎

𝜋
Q. If tan ( + 𝑖𝑣) = 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝜃 , Show that
4
𝜃
𝑖) 𝑟 = 1 𝑖𝑖) 𝑡𝑛𝑎(𝜃 ) = sinh(2𝑣) 𝑖𝑖𝑖) tanh(𝑣) = tan( )
2

Solution
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 2sin( +𝑖𝑣)cos( −𝑖𝑣)
4 4
We have tan ( 4 + 𝑖𝑣)= 𝜋 𝜋
2cos( +𝑖𝑣)cos( −𝑖𝑣)
4 4
 𝜋
𝜋 sin( )+𝑠in(2𝑖𝑣) 1+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(2𝑣)
2
tan ( 4 + 𝑖𝑣)= 𝜋 =
cos( )+𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑖𝑣) 𝑐𝑜ℎ(2𝑣)
2

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(2𝑣)
∴ By data 𝑟(cos(𝜃 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 ) = +𝑖
𝑐𝑜ℎ(2𝑣) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(2𝑣)

Equating Real and Imaginary parts

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(2𝑣)
𝑟 cos(𝜃 ) = − − − (𝑎) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 sin(𝜃 ) = − − − −(𝑏)
𝑐𝑜ℎ(2𝑣) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(2𝑣)

Squaring and adding (𝑎) & (𝑏)

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (2𝑣) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (2𝑣)

𝑖) 𝑟 2 = + = =1
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (2𝑣) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (2𝑣) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (2𝑣)

By division

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(2𝑣)
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(2𝑣)
𝑖𝑖) tan(𝜃) = 1 = sinh(2𝑣)
𝑐𝑜ℎ(2𝑣)

∴ sinh(2𝑣) =tan(𝜃)

𝑖𝑖𝑖)
Now 2𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (tan(𝜃)) = log(tan(𝜃) + √1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝜃))

𝜃 𝜃 2
1+𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜃) ((sin( 2 )+cos( 2 ))
= log(tan(𝜃 ) + sec(𝜃 )) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝜃 𝜃 )
cos(𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 ( 2 )−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( 2 )
𝜃 𝜃
sin( 2 )+cos( 2 ) 1+tan(𝜃/2)
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝜃 𝜃 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = ( )
sin( 2 )−cos( 2 ) 1−tan(𝜃/2)

1 1+𝑧
∴ 2𝑣 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 (tan(𝜃/2)) by 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 (𝑧) = log( )
2 1−𝑧
∴ 𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 (tan(𝜃/2))
 𝜋 𝜗
Q. Prove that 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝜃 ) = + 𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔(cot( )
2 2
Solution

Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃)) = 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽

∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃) = sin( 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 ) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝑖𝛽) + cos(𝛼) sin(𝑖𝛽)
= sin(𝛼) cos(ℎ𝛽) + icos(𝛼) sin h(𝛽)
Equating Real and Imaginary parts

sin(𝛼) cos(ℎ𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃)----------------- (i)

cos(𝛼) sin h(𝛽) = 0 -------------------- (ii)
𝜋
∴ cos(𝛼 ) = 0 ∴ 𝛼= and sin(𝛼 ) = 1
2
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃) = cos(ℎ𝛽)

∴ 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃))
∴ 𝛽 = log( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃) + √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃)2 − 1

1 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
∴ 𝛽 = log( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃) + cot(𝜃)) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
cos(𝜃)

2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝜃) 𝜃
∴ 𝛽 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝜃 𝜃 ) = log cot( )
2 sin( 2 ) cos( 2 )) 2
𝜋 𝜃
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃)) = + 𝑖 log cot( )
2 2

Q. Show that the principal value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) is 𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 − √1 + 𝑥 2 )

𝜋 𝑖𝜋
Q. If cos ( + 𝑖𝑎) cosh (𝑏 + ) = 1 where a, b are real ,Prove that
4 4
2𝑏 = log(2 + √3)
Solution
𝜋 𝑖𝜋
We have cos ( + 𝑖𝑎) cosh (𝑏 + ) = 1
4 4
 𝜋 𝑖𝜋
∴ cos ( + 𝑖𝑎) cos 𝑖 (𝑏 + ) = 1
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
∴ cos ( + 𝑖𝑎) cos (𝑖𝑏 − ) = 1
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
∴ 2cos ( + 𝑖𝑎) cos (𝑖𝑏 − ) = 2
4 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∴ cos [( + 𝑖𝑎) + (𝑖𝑏 − )] + cos [( + 𝑖𝑎) − (𝑖𝑏 − )] = 2
4 4 4 4
𝜋
∴ cos 𝑖(𝑎 + 𝑏) +cos (𝑖(𝑎 − 𝑏) + ) = 2
2

∴ cos ℎ(𝑎 + 𝑏) −sin(𝑖(𝑎 − 𝑏)) = 2

Equating Real and Imaginary parts

cos ℎ(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 2 and sinh(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 2

∴ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 (2) and 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0

∴ 𝑏=𝑎
∴ 2𝑏 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 (2) = log(2 + √3)

∴ 2𝑏 = log(2 + √3)

Q. If cosh(𝑥) = sec(𝜃) , Prove that

𝜋
𝑖) 𝑥 = log(𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝜃 ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃 )) 𝑖𝑖) 𝜃 = − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒 −𝑥 )
2
𝑥 𝜃
𝑖𝑖𝑖) tanh ( ) = tan( )
2 2
Solution
We have 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 (sec(𝜃))
= log(sec(𝜃) + √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝜃) − 1

∴ 𝑥 = log(sec(𝜃) + tan(𝜃))
∴ 𝑒 𝑥 = sec(𝜃) + tan(𝜃)
1 sec(𝜃)+tan(𝜃)
∴ 𝑒 −𝑥 = = 2 (𝜃)−𝑡𝑎𝑛2
sec(𝜃)+tan(𝜃) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝜃)
 1−sin(𝜃) 1−cos(α)
∴ 𝑒 −𝑥 = sec(𝜃 ) − tan(𝜃 ) = = Where 𝛼 = 𝜋/2 − 𝜃
cos(𝜃) sin(𝛼)

𝛼
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( ) 𝛼
∴ 𝑒 −𝑥 = 2 = tan( )
𝛼 𝛼 2
2 sin ( 2 ) cos( 2 )

𝛼
∴ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒 −𝑥 )
2
∴ 𝛼 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝜋
∴ 𝜋/2 − 𝜃 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒 −𝑥 ) ∴ 𝜃 = − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒 −𝑥 )
2

𝑥 𝑒 𝑥/2 −𝑒 −𝑥/2 𝑒 𝑥 −1
Further tanh ( ) = =
2 𝑒 𝑥/2 +𝑒 −𝑥/2 𝑒 𝑥 +1

𝑥 sec(𝜃)+tan(𝜃)−1 1+sin(𝜃)−cos(𝜃) 1−cos(𝜃)+sin(𝜃)

∴ tanh ( ) = = =
2 sec(𝜃)+tan(𝜃)+1 1+sin(𝜃)+cos(𝜃) 1+cos(𝜃)+sin(𝜃)
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( ) + 2 sin ( ) cos( )
2 2 2
= 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 ( ) + 2 sin ( ) cos( )
2 2 2
𝜃
sin ( ) 𝜃
2
= 𝜃
= tan ( )
cos ( ) 2
2

𝑥 𝜃
tanh ( ) = tan( )
2 2

Examples
𝜋
Q. If 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ (𝛼 + 𝑖 8 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 , Prove that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 1
2.2 Logarithm of Complex Number
𝑦
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 , 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 & 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑥

1 𝑦
a) log(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
2 𝑥

1 𝑦
𝑏) log(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
2 𝑥

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 log(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) & log(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 log(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) &

is given by

1 𝑦
𝑎) Log(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑖(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ))
2 𝑥

1 𝑦
𝑏) Log(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 𝑖(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ))
2 𝑥
 Examples

Q. Find the General Value of 𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑖) + 𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑖)

Solution:
1 𝜋 𝜋
log(1 + 𝑖) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 + 𝑖 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔√2 + 𝑖
2 4 4

𝜋
∴ 𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑖) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔√2 + 𝑖(2𝑛𝜋 + )
4

Changing the sign of i,

𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑖) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔√2 − 𝑖(2𝑛𝜋 + )
4

By addition we get,
1
𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑖) + 𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑖) = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔√2 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
2

Q. Find the value of log[sin(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)]

Solution:
We have
sin(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = sin(𝑥)cosh(𝑦) + 𝑖 cos(𝑥)sinh(𝑦)

log(𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦))
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦
= log(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑦) + 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦
Now,
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑦
= (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑦 − 1)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑦 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
=( )−( )
2 2
 1
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
2

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦

∴ log(𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) = log ( ) + 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦

𝑎−𝑖𝑏 2𝑎𝑏
Q. Show that tan {𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )} =
𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑎2 −𝑏2
Solution:
We have
1 𝑏
log(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏) = log(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2) − 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
2 𝑎
And
1 𝑏
log(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) = log(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2) + 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
2 𝑎

𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 𝑏
log ( ) = log(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏) − log(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) = −2𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑎

𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑖 log ( ) = −2𝑖 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑎 𝑎

𝑎−𝑖𝑏 𝑏
tan{𝑖 log (
𝑎+𝑖𝑏
)} = tan{ 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎)} ………………….(1)

𝑏 𝑏
Let 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝜃 ∴ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑎 𝑎

𝑏
𝑏 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 2( )
tan { 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )} = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = = 𝑎 = 2𝑎𝑏
𝑎 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝑏 2 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
1− 2
𝑎

………………….(2)
From (1) and (2) Result Follows
 𝑎−𝑖𝑏 𝑎2 −𝑏2
Q. Show that cos {𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )} =
𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑎2 +𝑏2

𝑎−𝑖𝑏 2𝑎𝑏
Q. Show that sin {𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )} =
𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑎2 +𝑏2

1 1 𝜃 𝜋 𝜃
Q. Prove that log (1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃) = log (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ) + 𝑖( 2 − 2 )
Solution:
1 1
log ( ) = log [ ]
1 − 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 1 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
1
= log [ ]
(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1
= log [(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)−𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃]

1
= log [ 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 ]
(2sin2 2 )−𝑖2sin2 𝑐os 2

1
= log [ 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 ]
2sin (sin − 𝑖 𝑐os )
2 2 2
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
= − log (2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) − log(𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) ………………(1)
2 2 2

𝜃 2 sin 𝜃 −1
− log (2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = − log ( )
2 2

1
= log ( )
𝜃
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2
1 𝜃
= log( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( )) ……………………………… (2)
2 2
𝜃
𝜃 𝜃 1 𝜃 𝜃 cos( )
log (𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) = log (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ) − 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( −1 2
𝜃 )
2 2 2 2 2 sin( )
2
 𝜃 𝜃
By putting 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 , 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
𝜃 𝜃 1 𝜃
∴ log (𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) = log 1 − 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 cot ( )
2 2 2 2
𝜋 𝜃
= − 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 tan ( − )
2 2
𝜋 𝜃
= −𝑖 ( − ) ………………………………… (3)
2 2
1 1 𝜃 𝜋 𝜃
From (1), (2) and (3) log ( ) = log (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ) + 𝑖( 2 − 2 )
1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃

1 1+𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃
Q. If 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) prove that 𝑢 = 𝜋/2 and
𝑖 1−𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃

𝑣 = log(sec(𝜃 ) + tan(𝜃 ))
Solution:
1+𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑖𝑢 − 𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑙 = log(1 + 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) − log(1 + 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )
1−𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃

∴ log(1 + 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = log(1 + 𝑖(cos(𝜃 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 ))

= log{(1 − sin(𝜃 ) + 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 )}
1 cos(𝜃)
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔{(1 − sin(𝜃 ))2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃)} + 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
2 1 − sin(θ)
1 cos(𝜃)
∴ log(1 + 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔{2(1 − sin(𝜃)} + 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) − − − −(𝑎)
2 1 − sin(θ)
Similarly
∴ log(1 − 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = log(1 − 𝑖(cos(𝜃 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 ))
= log{(1 + sin(𝜃 ) − 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 )}
1 cos(𝜃)
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔{(1 + sin(𝜃 ))2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃)} − 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
2 1+sin(θ)
1 cos(𝜃)
∴ log(1 − 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔{2(1 + sin(𝜃)} − 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) − −(𝑏)
2 1+sin(θ)

By subtraction we get
 1 2(1 − sin(𝜃))
∴ 𝑖𝑢 − 𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ]
2 2(1 + sin(𝜃))
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
+ 𝑖 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )]
1 − sin(𝜃) 1 + sin(𝜃)
1 (1 − sin(𝜃))
∴ −𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
2 (1 + sin(𝜃))
−1
1 (1 − sin(𝜃)) 1 (1 − sin(𝜃))
∴ 𝑣 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = log ( )
2 (1 + sin(𝜃)) 2 (1 + sin(𝜃))
1 (1 − sin(𝜃)) 1 (1 + sin(𝜃)) (1 + sin(𝜃))
∴ 𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
2 (1 + sin(𝜃)) 2 (1 − sin(𝜃)) (1 + sin(𝜃))
1 (1 + sin(𝜃))2 1 + sin(𝜃)
∴ 𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃) cos(𝜃)
∴ 𝑣 = log(sec(𝜃) + tan(𝜃))
Now
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
∴ 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
1 − sin(𝜃) 1 − sin(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
+
1−sin(𝜃) 1+sin(𝜃)
−1
∴ 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃) ]
1−(1−sin(𝜃) )(1−sin(𝜃))

(𝑥+𝑦)
by 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
1−𝑥𝑦

∴ 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (∞) = 𝜋/2

∴ 𝑢 = 𝜋/2
 Separation of Real and Imaginary Parts
Q. Separate into real and imaginary parts 𝐿𝑜𝑔(3 + 4𝑖)
Solution:
Let 3 + 4𝑖 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = 4 , 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
∴ 3 = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
3 4
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
5 5
4
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
3
4
∴ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
3
Now, 𝐿𝑜𝑔(3 + 4𝑖) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃)
4
= log 5 + 𝑖 (2𝑛𝜋 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
3
4
∴ Real Part = log 5 , Imaginary Part = 2𝑛𝜋 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
3

Q. Separate into real and imaginary parts 𝑖 𝑖

Solution:
Consider,
𝑖
𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖
1 1 𝑖𝜋
log 𝑖 = log(0 + 𝑖) = log(02 + 12 ) + 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) =
2 0 2
𝑖2 𝜋 −𝜋
𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖
∴𝑒 = 𝑒 2 = 𝑒 2 , a real number

Q. Find the principal value of 𝑖 log(1+𝑖) and show that its real part is
−𝜋2
𝜋
𝑒 8 cos( log 2)
4
 Solution:
𝑧 = 𝑖 log(1+𝑖)
∴ log 𝑧 = log(1 + 𝑖) log 𝑖
𝑖𝜋
But log(1 + 𝑖) = log √2 + 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1 = log √2 +
4

𝑖𝜋
And log 𝑖 =
2
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
∴ log 𝑧 = (log √2 + )( )
4 2
−𝜋2 𝜋
= + 𝑖 log 2
8 4
−𝜋2 𝜋 −𝜋2 −𝜋2
∴𝑧= 𝑒 8 +𝑖 4 log 2
= 𝑒 8 +𝑖𝜃 = 𝑒 8 . 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃
𝜋
= log 2
4
−𝜋2
∴𝑧= 𝑒 8 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )
−𝜋2 −𝜋2
∴𝑧= 𝑒 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑒 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
−𝜋2 −𝜋2
𝜋
Real Part = 𝑒 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑒 8 cos( log 2)
4
−𝜋2 −𝜋2
𝜋
Imaginary Part = 𝑒 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑒 8 sin( log 2)
4

Q. Separate into real and imaginary parts 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)

Solution:
We know that,
1 1+𝑧
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑧 = log( )
2 1−𝑧
1 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = log( )
2 1 − 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
1
= [log( 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) − log(1 − 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)]
2
 1 1 𝑦
= [{ log{(1 + 𝑥)2 + 𝑦 2 } + 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 }
2 2 1+𝑥
1 𝑦
− { log{(1 − 𝑥)2 + 𝑦 2 } − 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 }]
2 1+𝑥
1 1 (1+𝑥)2 + 𝑦 2 −1 𝑦 𝑦
= [ log {(1−𝑥)2 2 } + 𝑖 {𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 }]
2 2 +𝑦 1+𝑥 1+𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
1 1 (1 + 𝑥)2 + 𝑦 2 +
= [ log { 2 2
} + 𝑖 {𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 { 1 + 𝑥 𝑦 1 −𝑦𝑥 }}]
2 2 (1 − 𝑥) + 𝑦 1−
1+𝑥1−𝑥

1 1 (1 + 𝑥)2 + 𝑦 2 −1
2𝑦
= [ log { } + 𝑖 {𝑡𝑎𝑛 { }}]
2 2 (1 − 𝑥)2 + 𝑦 2 1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2

Q. If tan(log(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
2𝑎
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) =
1−𝑎2 −𝑏2

Solution:
We have tan(log(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
∴ log(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)
Let
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) = 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽----- (i)
∴ log(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) = 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽
𝑦
∴ log(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽
𝑥
Equating real parts , we have
∴ log(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝛼
1
∴ log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 2𝛼 − − − −(𝑖𝑖)
2
We now find the real part 𝛼 of (i)
tan(𝛼+𝑖𝛽)+tan(𝛼−𝑖𝛽)
tan(2𝛼) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛[(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 ) + (𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽)] = -------(iii)
1−tan(𝛼+𝑖𝛽)tan(𝛼−𝑖𝛽)
Since
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) = 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽
∴ tan(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 ) = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
And
∴ tan(𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽 ) = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏
Hence from (iii) we get

(𝑎+𝑖𝑏)+(𝑎−𝑖𝑏) 2𝑎
tan(2𝛼) = = --------(iv)
1−(𝑎+𝑖𝑏) (𝑎−𝑖𝑏) 1−𝑎2 −𝑏2
Hence by putting the values of 2𝛼 from (ii) in (iv)

2𝑎
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) =
1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2

Q. Show that for real values of a and b

−1 (𝑏) 𝑏𝑖−1
𝑒 2𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑡 [ ]=1
𝑏𝑖+1

Q. If 𝑖 𝛼+𝑖𝛽 = 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 Prove that 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 = 𝑒 −(4𝑛+1)𝜋𝛽

Solution:
Taking logarithms of both sides
𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑖) = 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 )
But 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑖(2𝑛𝜋+𝜋/2)
𝜋
∴ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (𝑖) = 𝑖(4𝑛 + 1)
2
𝜋
∴ (𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 )𝑖 (4𝑛 + 1) = 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 )
2
1 𝛽
= log(𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 ) + 𝑖(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ))
2 𝛼
Equating real parts
𝜋 1
− 4𝑛 + 1 = log(𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 )
( )
2 2
∴ 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝑒 −(4𝑛+1)𝜋𝛽
2 2
 𝜋 𝑥
Q. Prove that log(tan ( + 𝑖 ) = 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (sinh(𝑥 ))
4 2
Solution:
We have
𝑖𝑥 𝑥
𝜋 𝑥 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛( ) 1 + 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ( )
log(tan ( + 𝑖 ) = log { 2 } = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 { 2
4 2 𝑖𝑥 𝑥 }
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛( ) 1 − 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ( )
2 2
𝑥 𝑥
= log(1 + 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ ( ) − log(1 − 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ ( )
2 2
𝜋 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥
log(tan ( + 𝑖 ) = log{1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ℎ ( ) + 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (tan ( ))
4 2 2 2 2
1 𝑥 𝑥
− log{1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ℎ ( ) + 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (tan ( ))
2 2 2
𝜋 𝑥 𝑥
log(tan ( + 𝑖 ) = 2𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (tanh( )
4 2 2
𝑥 −1 ( 𝛼−𝛽
( putting 𝛼 = tanh( ) in 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ))
2 1−𝛼𝛽

𝑥
𝜋 𝑥 2tanh( )
log(tan ( + 𝑖 ) = 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 { 2 }
4 2 𝑥
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 ( )
2

𝜋 𝑥
log(tan ( + 𝑖 ) = 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (sinh(𝑥))
4 2

Q. Prove that the general value of (1 + 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛼 ))−1 is

𝑒 2𝑚𝜋+𝛼 (cos(log(cos(𝛼 )) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(log(cos(𝛼 )))