Unit 5 Flashcards - Health, Disorders, and Treatments
Health Psychology
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PowerPoint 5.1
Health Psychology
AP Psychology - Unit 5
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5.1.A: Explain how health psychology addresses issues of physical health and wellness as they
apply to behavior and mental processes. 5.1.B: Explain how stress applies to behavior and mental
processes. 5.1.C: Explain how reactions to stress apply to behavior and mental processes. 5.1.D:
Explain how the ways that people cope with stress applies to behavior and mental processes.
College Board Learning Objectives
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Health psychology examines the relationship between
physical health, wellness, behavior, and mental processes
Example: Exploring how stress management techniques can improve overall health One of the
focuses of health psychology is management of stress Stress is a factor in heightened susceptibility
to disorders and disease Example: Chronic stress contributing to hypertension and immune
suppression
Physiological Issues Linked to Stress
Hypertension: Elevated blood pressure due to prolonged stress
Headaches: Stress-induced tension headaches or migraines
Immune Suppression: Reduced immune function leading to increased illness
Health Psychology
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Stressors are a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus, or an event
seen as causing stress to an organism They can be motivating or debilitating and vary in their
impact
Types of Stress Responses
Eustress: Positive, motivating stress
Example: Preparing for a big presentation
Distress: Negative, debilitating stress
Example: Chronic work pressure leading to burnout
Types of Stressors
Traumatic Events: Major life changes or disasters
Daily Hassles: Minor irritations that build up over time
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): Early life stressors with long-term effects
Types of Stressors
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The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) describes the process of experiencing stress
1. Alarm Reaction: Initial response to stress
Example: Adrenaline release during a sudden threat
2. Resistance Phase: Coping with the stressor through a fight-flight-freeze response
Example: Sustained effort to manage a prolonged stressor
3. Exhaustion Phase: Depletion of resources and increased susceptibility to illness Example:
Physical and mental breakdown after prolonged stress
GAS provides a framework for understanding the body's
response to prolonged stress and its health implications
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
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Some people, particularly women (on average),
respond to stress by seeking social connection
This is referred to as the tend-and-befriend theory: reacting to stress by tending to personal needs
and seeking social support Example: Women forming supportive social networks during stressful
times
Tending and Befriending
Tending: Taking care of oneself and others
Befriending: Seeking out social connections and support
Tend-and-Befriend Theory
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One approach to managing stress is to see it as a problem to be solved
This is referred to as problem-focused coping: viewing
stress as a problem and working towards a solution
Example: Creating a plan to manage work deadlines
Strategies
Identifying the Problem: Clearly defining the stressor
Developing Solutions: Brainstorming and implementing solutions
Problem-Focused Coping
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Transition: Another approach to managing
stress involves regulating emotional responses
This is referred to as emotion-focused coping: managing
emotional reactions to stress as a coping strategy
Example: Practicing deep breathing to calm anxiety
Strategies
Deep Breathing: Reduces physiological arousal
Meditation: Promotes relaxation and mindfulness
Medication: Using prescribed medication to manage stress-related symptoms
Emotion-Focused Coping
Positive Psychology
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PowerPoint 5.2
Positive Psychology
AP Psychology - Unit 5
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5.2.A: Explain how positive psychology approaches the study of behavior and mental processes.
5.2.B: Explain how positive subjective experiences apply to behavior and mental processes.
College Board Learning Objectives
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Positive psychology focuses on the factors
that contribute to a fulfilling and healthy life
It seeks to identify factors that lead to well-being,
resilience, positive emotions, and psychological health
Example: Studying how gratitude and optimism impact life satisfaction
This shifts focus from pathology to strengths and virtues
Understanding positive psychology helps in promoting mental health
and well-being through positive experiences and attributes
Positive Psychology
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One key practice in positive psychology is expressing gratitude
Gratitude is a positive subjective experience that involves
recognizing and appreciating the good things in life
Example: Keeping a gratitude journal to
note things you are thankful for each day
A wealth of research has shown expressing gratitude
increases subjective well-being and life satisfaction
Expressing Gratitude
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Exercising personal strengths and virtues is
linked to higher levels of happiness and well-being
Example: Using one's character strength of kindness to help others
Classification of Character Strengths
Wisdom: Cognitive strengths like creativity, curiosity, and judgment Courage: Emotional strengths
like bravery, perseverance, and honesty Humanity: Interpersonal strengths like love, kindness, and
social intelligence Justice: Civic strengths like fairness, leadership, and teamwork
Temperance: Strengths that protect against excess,
like forgiveness, humility, and self-regulation
Transcendence: Strengths that connect to the larger
universe, like gratitude, hope, and spirituality
Signature Strengths and Virtues
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Experiencing trauma or stress can lead to positive
psychological changes known as posttraumatic growth
Posttraumatic growth is a positive subjective experience
that may result after the experience of trauma or stress
Example: Developing a greater appreciation for
life after recovering from a serious illness
This shows that adversity can lead to personal growth and resilience
Aspects of Posttraumatic Growth
Improved Relationships: Greater closeness with others
New Possibilities: Recognition of new paths and opportunities Personal Strength: Increased
perception of personal strength Spiritual Change: Enhanced spiritual awareness (i.e., an increased
overall connection with the world)
Appreciation of Life: Deeper appreciation for everyday life
Posttraumatic Growth
Classifying Disorders
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PowerPoint 5.3
Classifying Psychological Disorders
AP Psychology - Unit 5
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5.3.A: Describe the approaches used to define behaviors and mental processes as psychological
disorders. 5.3.B: Explain how psychological perspectives define psychological disorders. 5.3.C:
Explain how interaction models define psychological disorders.
College Board Learning Objectives
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Understanding how psychological disorders are identified involves multiple factors Level of
Dysfunction: Degree to which behavior interferes with daily functioning Example: Inability to maintain
employment due to severe anxiety Perception of Distress: Individual's experience of emotional or
psychological pain
Example: Feeling persistent sadness or hopelessness
Deviation from Social Norm: Behavior that deviates significantly from societal expectations Example:
Extreme aggression or withdrawal from social interactions These factors help clinicians assess and
diagnose psychological disorders comprehensively
Identifying Psychological Disorders
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Diagnosing psychological disorders has both positive and negative consequences Positive
Consequences: Access to appropriate treatment and support
Example: Receiving medication and therapy for depression
Negative Consequences: Potential for stigma and discrimination
Example: Being labeled and treated differently by others
This can affect self-esteem and social interactions
Cultural/Societal Norms: Influence the perception and treatment of psychological disorders Example:
Different cultures have varying views on mental health This highlights the need for culturally
sensitive diagnosis and treatment
Consequences of Diagnosing
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Diagnosing psychological disorders requires specialized tools and training Example: Psychologists
and psychiatrists undergo years of study and supervised practice
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM): Developed by the
American Psychiatric Association to classify mental disorders DSM-5 is the latest edition; it provides
standardized criteria for diagnosis International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD): Developed
by the World Health Organization
Both the DSM and ICD are updated based on new research;
this helps ensure relevance and accuracy in diagnosis
Most psychologists use an eclectic approach to diagnose and treat clients The eclectic approach
combines multiple psychological perspectives Example: Integrating different forms of therapy and/or
psychopharmacology
Diagnostic Tools and Systems
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The behavioral perspective focuses on learned associations as causes of mental disorders Focus:
Maladaptive learned associations between stimuli and responses
Example: Phobias developed through classical conditioning
Understanding this perspective helps in developing behavioral interventions for treatment The
psychodynamic perspective emphasizes unconscious thoughts and childhood experiences Focus:
Unconscious thoughts and experiences, often from childhood
Example: Repressed memories influencing adult behavior
This perspective informs therapeutic techniques like
psychoanalysis to uncover and address unconscious issues
Treatment Perspectives
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The humanistic perspective focuses on social support and fulfilling one's potential Focus: Lack of
social support and inability to fulfill potential Example: Feeling isolated and unfulfilled leading to
depression Humanistic therapy aims to provide support and help individuals achieve
self-actualization The cognitive perspective focuses on maladaptive thoughts and beliefs Focus:
Maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions Example: Negative self-talk leading to anxiety
and depression Cognitive therapy helps individuals identify and change harmful thought patterns
Note: Research has shown that cognitive therapies have the highest treatment rates (although all
therapies can be enhanced through psychopharmacology)
Perspectives Continued
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The evolutionary perspective examines behaviors that impact survival Focus: Behaviors and mental
processes that reduce survival likelihood Example: Fear responses that may be excessive in
modern contexts This perspective helps understand why certain behaviors persist and how they can
be managed The sociocultural perspective focuses on social and cultural influences on mental
health Focus: Maladaptive social and cultural relationships and dynamics Example: Cultural stigma
around mental illness affecting treatment-seeking behavior Understanding sociocultural factors is
crucial for culturally sensitive diagnosis and treatment
Perspectives Continued
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The biological perspective examines physiological and genetic causes of mental disorders
Example: Neurotransmitter imbalances leading to depression
Biological treatments include medication and other medical interventions The biopsychosocial model
integrates multiple factors in understanding psychological problems
It assumes psychological problems involve a combination
of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Example: Depression influenced by genetic predisposition,
negative thinking patterns, and social isolation
This model highlights the need for multi-factorial approaches to mental health
Perspectives Continued
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The diathesis-stress model explains how genetic vulnerability
and stress contribute to psychological disorders
Psychological disorders develop due to a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) combined with stressful life
experiences (stress)
Example: A person with a genetic predisposition for
anxiety developing the disorder after a traumatic event
It emphasizes the interaction between genetics and environment This model helps in identifying risk
factors and potential interventions for mental disorders
Perspectives Continued
Categories of Disorders
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PowerPoint 5.4
Categories of
Psychological Disorders
AP Psychology - Unit 5
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5.4.A: Describe the symptoms and possible causes of selected neurodevelopmental disorders.
5.4.B: Describe the symptoms and possible causes of selected schizophrenic spectrum disorders.
5.4.C: Describe the symptoms and possible causes of selected depressive disorders. 5.4.D:
Describe the symptoms and possible causes of selected bipolar disorders. 5.4.E: Describe the
symptoms and possible causes of selected anxiety disorders. 5.4.F: Describe the symptoms and
possible causes of selected obsessive-compulsive disorders and related disorders. 5.4.G: Describe
the symptoms and possible causes of selected dissociative disorders. 5.4.H: Describe the
symptoms and possible causes of selected trauma and stressor-related disorders. 5.4.I: Describe
the symptoms and possible causes of selected feeding and eating disorders. 5.4.J: Describe the
symptoms and possible causes of selected personality disorders.
College Board Learning Objectives
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Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by early onset and behaviors that may not align
with typical age or maturity ranges
They are disorders with onset during the developmental
period, focusing on age-appropriate behavior
Example: ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Symptoms of ADHD and ASD
ADHD: Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity
ASD: Social communication challenges, repetitive behaviors
Understanding neurodevelopmental disorders helps in providing timely support and interventions
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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The origins of neurodevelopmental disorders can be diverse
Environmental Factors: Prenatal exposure to toxins, malnutrition
Example: Maternal smoking or alcohol use during pregnancy
Physiological Factors: Brain structure abnormalities, neurotransmitter imbalances Example:
Differences in brain regions associated with attention in ADHD
Genetic Factors: Family history, genetic mutations
Example: Genetic markers linked to autism
Identifying causes helps in developing targeted prevention and treatment strategies
Neurodevelopmental Causes
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Schizophrenic spectrum disorders involve a range of symptoms affecting perception and behavior
They include issues in delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, disorganized motor
behavior, and negative symptoms The disorders can be short-term (acute) or long-lasting (chronic)
Symptoms
Schizophrenia presents with both positive and negative symptoms Positive Symptoms (i.e., added,
atypical behaviors/symptoms) Delusions: False beliefs (e.g., persecution or grandeur).
Hallucinations: False perceptions (e.g., auditory or visual). Disorganized Thinking/Speech:
Incoherent or nonsensical speech (word salad) Disorganized Motor Behavior: Catatonia, either
excitement or stupor (insensibility) Negative Symptoms (i.e., a lack of typical behaviors): flat affect,
lack of movement
Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders
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Schizophrenia has complex causes involving genetic and biological factors
Genetic Links: Family history increases risk
Example: Higher concordance rates in identical twins
Biological Links: Prenatal virus exposure,
neurotransmitter imbalances (dopamine hypothesis)
Example: Excess dopamine activity linked to positive symptoms
Causes of Schizophrenia
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Depressive disorders impact mood, behavior, and physical functions
They are the presence of sad, empty, or irritable
mood with cognitive and physical changes
Example: Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder
Causes of Depressive Disorders
Biological Factors: Neurotransmitter imbalances, genetic predisposition
Example: Low serotonin levels
Social Factors: Life stressors, lack of social support
Example: Isolation leading to increased depressive symptoms
Cognitive Factors: Maladaptive thinking patterns
Example: Persistent negative thoughts about oneself
Depressive Disorders
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Bipolar disorders involve alternating periods of mania and depression Definition: Characterized by
cycles of manic (a period of abnormally elevated, extreme changes in your mood or emotions,
energy level or activity level) and depressive episodes
Example: Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II Disorder
Bipolar Cycling: Periods of depression and mania vary in duration and intensity
Causes of Bipolar Disorders
Biological Factors: Neurotransmitter imbalances, genetic predisposition
Example: Altered serotonin and dopamine levels
Social and Cognitive Factors: Life stressors, maladaptive thoughts
Example: Stressful life events triggering episodes
Bipolar Disorders
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Anxiety disorders involve excessive fear and anxiety affecting behavior They are characterized by
excessive fear and related disturbances
Example: Specific Phobia, Agoraphobia, Panic Disorder,
Social Anxiety Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Types of Anxiety Disorders
Specific Phobia: Fear of a specific object or situation
Example: Acrophobia (heights), Arachnophobia (spiders)
Agoraphobia: Fear of specific social situations
Example: Fear of crowded places or being outside alone
Panic Disorder: Experiencing panic attacks
Example: Sudden intense fear with physical symptoms
Social Anxiety Disorder: Fear of being judged or watched by others
Example: Avoiding public speaking
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Prolonged nonspecific anxiety
Example: Chronic worry about various aspects of life
Anxiety Disorders
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Anxiety disorders arise from a combination of factors
Learned Associations: Maladaptive learning between stimuli
Example: Developing a phobia after a traumatic event
Cognitive Factors: Maladaptive thinking patterns
Example: Catastrophizing thoughts leading to anxiety
Biological Factors: Genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter imbalances
Example: Family history of anxiety disorders
Identifying causes helps in developing comprehensive treatment plans
Causes of Anxiety Disorders
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Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders involve obsessions and compulsions Characterized by
intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) Example:
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Hoarding Disorder
Causes of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Learned Associations: Maladaptive learning between stimuli
Example: Compulsions reducing anxiety temporarily
Cognitive Factors: Maladaptive thoughts
Example: Belief that certain actions prevent harm
Biological Factors: Genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter imbalances
Example: Serotonin imbalance
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
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Dissociative disorders involve dissociations from consciousness and identity They are characterized
by disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor
control, and behavior Example: Dissociative Amnesia, Dissociative Identity Disorder
Importance: Affects self-identity and daily functioning
Causes of Dissociative Disorders
Trauma: Childhood abuse, severe stress
Example: Dissociative Identity Disorder linked to early trauma
Stress: Severe or prolonged stress
Example: Dissociative Amnesia triggered by extreme stress
Dissociative Disorders
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Stressor-related disorders result from exposure to traumatic or stressful events They are
characterized by psychological distress following trauma or stress
Example: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Symptoms: Hypervigilance, severe anxiety, flashbacks, insomnia, emotional detachment, hostility
Recognizing these disorders aids in providing appropriate support and treatment
Causes of Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders
Trauma: Exposure to life-threatening events or severe stress
Example: PTSD following combat or natural disasters
Stress: Prolonged or intense stressors
Example: Chronic abuse or neglect
Stressor-Related Disorders
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These disorders involve altered consumption or absorption of food They are characterized by eating
behaviors that impair health or psychological functioning
Example: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa
Causes of Feeding and Eating Disorders
Biological Factors: Genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter imbalances
Example: Family history of eating disorders
Social Factors: Societal pressures, cultural norms
Example: Media portrayal of ideal body image
Cognitive Factors: Maladaptive thoughts and beliefs about body image
Example: Obsessive focus on weight and shape
Feeding and Eating Disorders
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These disorders involve enduring patterns of behavior and internal experience They are enduring
patterns of behavior and internal experience deviating from one's culture; they are pervasive,
inflexible, beginning in adolescence or early adulthood, stable over time, and lead to distress or
impairment
Clusters of Personality Disorders
Cluster A: Odd or eccentric behaviors
Paranoid Personality Disorder: Characterized by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others,
interpreting their motives as malevolent Schizoid Personality Disorder: Marked by a consistent
pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression
Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Exhibits acute discomfort in close relationships, along with
cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentric behaviors
Personality Disorders
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Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors
Antisocial Personality Disorder: Involves a disregard for the rights of others, with a tendency towards
deceit, manipulation, and a lack of remorse Histrionic Personality Disorder: Characterized by
excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behaviors, including an overwhelming desire to be
noticed and dramatic behavior Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Defined by grandiosity, a need for
admiration, and a lack of empathy for others Borderline Personality Disorder: Features instability in
interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, along with marked impulsivity
Cluster C: Anxious or fearful behaviors
Avoidant Personality Disorder: Demonstrates social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and
hypersensitivity to negative evaluation Dependent Personality Disorder: Characterized by a
pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior and
fears of separation Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: Involves a preoccupation with
orderliness, perfectionism, and control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency
Continued
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Biological Factors: Genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter imbalances
Example: Family history of personality disorders
Social Factors: Childhood experiences, social environment
Example: Early trauma or neglect
Cognitive Factors: Maladaptive thoughts and beliefs
Example: Negative self-perceptions and interpersonal beliefs Understanding causes helps in
developing comprehensive treatment strategies
Causes of Personality Disorders
Disorder Treatments
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PowerPoint 5.5
Treatment of
Psychological Disorders
AP Psychology - Unit 5
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5.5.A: Describe research and trends in the treatment of psychological disorders. 5.5.B: Describe
research and trends in the treatment of psychological disorders. 5.5.C: Describe ethical principles in
the treatment of psychological disorders. 5.5.D: Describe techniques used with psychological
therapies. 5.5.E: Explain how group therapy is different from individual therapy. 5.5.F: Describe
effective uses of hypnosis. 5.5.G: Describe interventions derived from the biological perspective.
College Board Learning Objectives
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Research shows that psychotherapy is generally effective
Meta-Analytic Studies: Conclude that psychotherapies are effective Example: Various studies show
positive outcomes across different types of therapy Evidence-Based Interventions: Used to develop
treatment plans
Example: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders
Therapeutic Alliance: Building a strong,
collaborative relationship with the client
Example: Active listening and empathy
Cultural Humility: Understanding and
respecting the client's cultural background
Example: Being aware of cultural
differences in expressing emotions
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
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The use of psychotropic medications led to significant changes in mental health care
Changes in Treatment in the Last 50 Years
Deinstitutionalization: Shift from hospitals and asylums to community-based care Example:
Reducing the number of people in long-term psychiatric facilities Combination Therapy: Use of both
medication and psychological therapies
Example: Treating depression with anti-
depressants and cognitive-behavioral therapy
Understanding these changes helps in appreciating
the evolution of mental health care practices
Medication and Deinstitutionalization
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Psychologists must adhere to ethical principles in clinical practice
Nonmaleficence: Do no harm
Example: Avoiding interventions that could worsen a client's condition
Fidelity: Maintaining trust and confidentiality
Example: Keeping client information private
Integrity: Being honest and transparent
Example: Providing accurate information about treatment options Respect for People's Rights and
Dignity: Valuing the client's autonomy and rights
Example: Respecting a client's decision to refuse treatment
Ethical Principles in Therapy
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Psychodynamic therapies aim to uncover the unconscious mind
Free Association: Clients express thoughts freely to reveal unconscious content Example: Talking
about whatever comes to mind without censorship Dream Interpretation: Analyzing dreams to
understand unconscious desires Example: Interpreting recurring dreams to uncover unresolved
conflicts These techniques help explore deep-seated issues influencing behavior
Psychodynamic Therapies
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Cognitive therapies focus on changing maladaptive thinking patterns Cognitive Restructuring:
Identifying and changing negative thoughts Example: Replacing "I can't do this" with "I can try my
best" Fear Hierarchies: Gradually exposing clients to feared situations
Example: Step-by-step exposure to public speaking
Cognitive Triad: Addressing negative thoughts
about oneself, the world, and the future
Example: Challenging the belief that "nothing ever goes right for me"
Cognitive Therapies
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Applied behavior analysis uses conditioning principles to address disorders Exposure Therapies:
Systematic desensitization to reduce anxiety
Example: Gradual exposure to spiders for arachnophobia
Aversion Therapies: Creating negative associations to reduce undesirable behaviors
Example: Associating smoking with unpleasant tastes
Token Economies: Reinforcing desired behaviors with tokens
Example: Earning tokens for good behavior in a classroom
Biofeedback: Using conditioning to regulate body systems
Example: Monitoring heart rate to reduce anxiety
These techniques apply behavioral principles to improve mental health outcomes
Applied Behavior Analysis
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Cognitive-behavioral therapies combine cognitive and behavioral techniques
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): Combines cognitive
and behavioral strategies to treat borderline personality disorder
Example: Teaching mindfulness and emotional regulation
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): Challenges
irrational beliefs to change emotional responses
Example: Addressing the belief that "I must be perfect" to reduce anxiety These therapies integrate
multiple approaches to treat complex mental health issues
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
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Humanistic therapies focus on personal growth and self-actualization
Major contributors to these approaches
include Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Person-Centered Therapy: Employs active
listening and unconditional positive regard
Example: Providing a supportive environment
for clients to explore their feelings
Self Actualization: A person who is living
creatively and fully using his or her potentials
Humanistic therapy fosters a nurturing
environment for clients to achieve their potential
Humanistic Therapies
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Group therapy differs from individual therapy in its dynamics and benefits
Definition: Therapy conducted with a group of clients
Example: Group sessions for individuals with social anxiety
Benefits
Peer Support: Clients support and learn from each other
Example: Sharing coping strategies
Cost-Effective: More affordable than individual therapy
Social Skills: Opportunity to practice social interactions in a safe environment
Group Therapy
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Hypnosis is used for specific therapeutic purposes
Effective Uses: Treating pain and anxiety
Example: Hypnosis for pain management in chronic conditions
Unsupported Uses: Memory retrieval and age regression
Example: Using hypnosis to recall past life events
Hypnosis can be a useful tool for certain conditions but has limitations
Hypnosis in Therapy
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Psychoactive medications address biochemical causes of mental disorders
Types of Medications
Antidepressants: Treat depression by affecting neurotransmitters like serotonin
Antianxiety Drugs: Reduce anxiety by affecting GABA
Lithium: Stabilizes mood in bipolar disorder
Antipsychotic Medications: Treat schizophrenia by affecting dopamine Side Effects: Potential for
adverse effects like tardive dyskinesia Example: Involuntary movements related to dopamine
regulation
Psychoactive Medications
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Some severe mental health conditions may require surgical or invasive treatments
Psychosurgery: Involves lesioning or removing brain tissue
Example: Lobotomy (rarely performed today)
TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation): Non-invasive stimulation of brain regions Example:
Treating depression by stimulating the prefrontal cortex Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): Electrical
stimulation to treat severe depression
Example: ECT for treatment-resistant depression
These interventions provide additional options for treatment-resistant conditions
Surgical and Invasive Interventions