Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of ethics in

human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships.

Ethics is a set of standards that society places on itself and which helps guide behaviour,
choices and actions. Ethics is systematic study of human actions from the point of view of
their rightfulness or wrongfulness.
 Ethical norms are not constant, highly debated and contentious (ethical
relativism)
 Within a society, morality is more contentious than ethics (because morality
personal, ethics societal) (Disrobing of Draupadi seen silently by Pitamaha-
degradation of social morality)
 What isn’t ethics? What we feel, religion, law, science, socially acceptable
Moral Intuitionism- philosophical belief that there are objective moral truths in life and
that humans can understand these truths intuitively
Absolute/Relative Ethics, Moral Relativity, Moral Conventionalism, Moral
Subjectivism, Ethical Scepticism, Ethical Relativism (each situation judged on its own
merits, no universal standard)
Cultural Ethical Relativism- “When in Rome, do as Romans do”
Mohist Consequentialism- State consequentialism- an action is good if it leads to state
welfare in form of order, wealth, population growth
Ethical Egoism; Ethical Altruism- sacrifice of self-interest- actions are more favourable
than unfavourable to everyone except the agent
Pragmatic Ethics- mankind is responsible for determining the best ethical system possible
Social Ethics- need to balance individual rights with the interests of the community as a
whole- aka communitarianism tempers liberalism’s idea of autonomous self-interested
person to individual as a social being, shaped by values and culture of the society
Communitarian Ethics- lessen focus on individual rights, communal responsibilities
instead
Stewardship Ethics- Humans aren’t owners but caretakers of world (Gandhi’s
Trusteeship)
Discourse Ethics (offers a procedure for developing ethical norms through reasoned
communication- valuable for organisations)
Personal Ethics, Professional Ethics (avoid sensationalism, 1stexhaust internal
mechanisms)
Legal but unethical (tax avoidance, deporting refugees), ethical but illegal (Edward
Snowden)
Supererogation- actions that go ‘beyond call of duty’, morally good but not strictly
required
Law and ethics together act as watchdogs of individual human and societal conduct
Four Branches of Ethics- Descriptive, Normative/Prescriptive (what is the right thing to
do), Meta, Applied
Applied Ethics
 Bioethics
o Autonomy; Beneficence- obligation to contribute to person’s welfare; non-
maleficence- not to inflict harm on other persons; Justice- distribution of
health in a fair manner

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  Corporate Ethics
o CSR (Section 135), adhere human rights and labour standards
o Copy-paste from Organisational Ethics
 Organisational Ethics- Discourse Ethics, Kaizen
o Written code of conduct; Ethics training for executives and employees;
availability of ethical situational advice
o Confidential reporting systems + Internal Monitoring Mechanisms +
Independent Audit
o Ethics is an Ongoing assessment
o 5 keys- Leadership, Collaboration, Commitment, Implementation, Reflection
& Renewal
o Ethics hotlines- confidential, anonymous (compliance, employee,
wishtleblower hotline)
 Ethics in Public Administration
o Know rights and obligations during every task; decision making transparent
and open to scrutiny; clear guidelines regarding public-pvt sector
engagement; SoPs
o 2nd ARC- value-based administration, foundational ethical values, tough
decisions, etc.
 Political Ethics-
o Aristotle- all individuals must participate in polis, Hanna Arendt
o Mohist/State Consequentialism
o Gandhi: Politics w/o principles
 Environmental Ethics
o Sustainability, like justice, occurs along a continuum, and making progress
along it is necessarily incremental; Restraint is its price.
o Sustainable Development- apply Aquinas’ virtue of temperance such that
growth is controlled and directed (trusteeship, stewardship, and
environmental ethics)
 Forests, trees, rivers, etc ends in themselves
 Jadav Payeng- Forest man of India, Majuli Dist
 Inter-generational ethics (Maori Tribe- New Zealand, UK HC 2017)

Importance of Ethics- Satisfying basic human needs; summum bonum or highest good, acc
to which values and priorities are set in an ethical system
Determinants of Ethics- Religion (Karma, Ahimsa), Society and culture (Dowry), Time
(caste system, homosexuality), Knowledge and experience, Law, Individual, Others-
experience, upbringing, etc. Ex- Disinfectant bath in Bareilly

Ethics & Religion- involves ritual, symbol, community life, institutions, doctrines, etc.
 Biblical Tradition- a good society is one where no one falls through the cracks
 Mahabharata- we should not do anything that is deviation from our intrinsic
humanness or swabhav; Nishkam karma or principle of detached involvement,
Sakam karma, in former perfection is the aim in latter success is the aim

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  Akusala kamma- all actions that have their roots in greed are unmeritorious; Kusala
Kamma- meritorious action
 Ramayana- teaches one to value one’s word and honor it; Bharata ex that we
mustn’t accept what isn’t ours; Veerah Sambhaavitaatmano na daivam
paryupaaste- only the timid & weak leave things to destiny but the strong and self-
confident never bank on destiny. They work for it.
 Bhakti Movement- reject caste, class, color, or creed. Human equality, compassion,
love, justice, selfless service
 Sufi- Wahdat-al-wajud or oneness of being by Muhiyudin al Arabi
 Jainism- Anekantavada or theory of realativity aka syadawad- we shouldn’t impose
our thoughts on others but try to reconcile with the views of others ("It is the mark of
an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it."- Aristotle)

Dimensions of ethics- personal, organisational, societal, ethics for future world

(sustainability)
Philosophical Systems- Idealism, Realism, Pragmatism, Existentialism (humans being
define their own meaning, and try to make rational choices despite existing in irrational
universe)

Ethics by Philosophers
 Utilitarianism (Consequentialism)- greatest happiness principle. Ex- a company
releases gov approved drug that may have side effects but benefits many more
people
o Bentham; Mill- qualitative utilitarianism- higher pleasures (intellectual),
lower pleasures (sensual)
o GE Moore- Pluralist theory of value- action must be guided by that which
yields the greatest value
 Deontology
o Kant- deontology (motives matter)- Categorical imperatives- universalise,
men as end, principle of autonomy (not enough that the right conduct be
followed, but that one also demands that conduct of oneself, not heteronomy)
 Virtue Ethics (focus on agent, rather than act or consequences)
o Plato’s 4 cardinal virtues- wisdom (prudence), courage (fortitude),
temperance (restraint of desire or passions- Golden mean), justice; Criticism
of Virtue Theory- any virtue must be universal, doesn’t say what action is
moral or not
o Aristotle- justice is both procedural and substantive

Gandhi- If all insist on rights and no duties, there will be utter chaos. If instead of insisting
on rights everyone does his duty, there will be immediate rule of order established among
humankind.

Random Terms:
How to judge what is fair? Utilitarianism, rights approach, justice/fairness approach,
common good approach, virtue approach
Process Upgradation- Kaizen (continuous improvement, Japanese)

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Knower-doer Split by Dayanand Saraswati
Doctrine of Karma- psychological and moral thermostat
Doctrine of Double Effect- intended to do X, Y followed as a consequence- morality is
based on the initial intent of an action, regardless of whether -ve outcome seen or not,
justified if intended +ve outcome; Criticism- rule of law makes people responsible for
actions but initial intent is irrelevant
Distributive Justice- equitable balance of benefits and burdens with particular attention to
allocation of resources (Rawls)
Nolan’s 7 “Principles of Public Life” by Committee for Standards in Public Life
 LISHA OO- Leadership, Integrity, Selflessness, Honesty, Accountability, Openness,
Objectivity (merit, fairness, impartiality- CoC)
 Public-Pvt Ethics- Ethics in public life have to be grounded in ethics in private life
Power of public relations to form opinions in society is most convincing reason to consider
duties to society and to not abuse that trust, power. Enhances an organisation’s status & its
morality.
 “Family Man”- roles that a civil servant has to perform
Public Servant meaning- Person who is appointed or elected to a public office for
performance of a public duty or service
 Section 2(c) of PoCA defines as-
o Person in service or pay of govt. or remunerated by govt. for performance of
a public duty
o A person in the service or pay of a local authority, etc.
Weber’s role of public servant
 Strict adherence to procedure
 Commitment to purposes of the office
 Developing professional relations with colleagues
 Criticism- bureaucrats need to have sensibility to ethical issues as they are
responsible for public service and human touch is required for the same.
Code of Ethics, 1997
 Uphold rule of law; maintain transparency & objectivity; effective & efficient use of
funds ex- E Sreedharan
 Public Service Bill 2007; Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964

Morals- Morals are principles of right and wrong held by an individual at personal and
spiritual level. Morals arise from personal experience, character, conscience rather than
what the law says. Ex- homosexuality, defense lawyer

Values- individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. They serve as a
guide for human behaviour.
 Generally, people are predisposed to adopt the values they are raised with.
 Not static, change with experience
Ex- Constitutional values, Values of civil servants (political neutrality, dedication to public
service, empathy, tolerance and compassion, Nolan), Values of a good citizen
(responsibility, respectfulness, courtesy, self-discipline, moral courage, love of justice)
Einstein- “Try not to become a man of success but try to become a man of values”

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Seven Deadly Sins of Gandhi- Wealth work, commerce morality, knowledge character,
science humanity, politics principles, religion sacrifice, pleasure consciousness
 Integrity + Knowledge = Holistic Competence
 Co-evolution of humans and technology 


 Kant’s first CI says that values must be universal
 Shared values and obligations ensure that even the last man standing will access law,
governance, and fruits of economic development
 Values classification- Personal, Universal, Human, Religious, Civic, Moral,
Spiritual, National, Scientific, Social (Honesty, Courage, Respect, Trust, Caring,
Fairness)
 Interaction between values- reinforce, contrast, modify
 Gandhi’s Sarvodaya
 Value Education- Inculcates humanism. Positive effort for developing a synthesis of
physical, intellectual, emotional, aesthetic, moral and spiritual values in a human
being. (At present our education system is largely concerned with educating the
head, not the heart)
o “Try not to become a man of success but try to become a man of values”-
Einstn
o NEP stressed on value-oriented education in our country
 Vivekananda- Education is the process by which character is formed, strength of
mind is increased and intellect is sharpened, enabling one to stand on his own feet
o Karmayoga- Selfless service as basis of nationalism/freedom (political and
spiritual)/enlightenment
o Society is a sum of all its individuals
o Development of good personality is necessary for nation building
o Vedic idea ekam sat vipra bahudha vadanti- 1 god, worshipped in diff
names
 Role of School- physical values, psychological values, civic values, social values,
moral values, academic values
 Both emotions and intellect can be +ve or -ve. When emotion has virtuous basis
(compassion for the unhappy), inspires intellect to act usefully.

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  Confucius believed in education for all irrespective of social status and that a student
has to have a keenness to learn and attain good values
 Family- first agent of socialisation; mother is the 1 st teacher and home is the 1 st
school
 Pestalozzi and Sutherland talked about role of family and school in value education
 No law can tackle corruption as effectively as sound morals do by acting as guard
against unethical conduct. Good ethics make for good economics.
Gita “Anger and intolerance (-ve values) are the enemies of mankind”
Anger  Negativity  Law of Attraction  Anger

Attitude- Content, Structure and functions; its influence with thought and behavior; moral
and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion

Attitude is our enduring tendency or predisposition to evaluate, respond and behave with
respect to object in a certain way. Represents individuals’ like or dislike for an item.

Attitude- components: Cognitive (knowledge & beliefs), Affective (feelings & emotions),
Behavioural (intended behaviour). They have a synergistic relation.
 Cognitive component reflects in behavioural component of a person
Attitude Ambivalence- people may have both positive and negative value of the same thing
(ex- smoking)
 Ambivalent people are more likely to be influenced by features of their environment
that make salient the object’s positive or negative attitude
 When consistency is needed, attitude ambivalence must take a back seat. Ex- public
servant- public interest is top priority. A crystal-clear attitude towards would ensure
consistency and clarity.
Attitude Functions- Smith’s Functions
 Object appraisal, social adjustment, externalisation (defend the self against internal
conflict- bad golfers may develop dislike for gold to protect self-esteem), Value
Expressive function (might cycle to work because values health and eco-
sustainability)
o Object appraisal function most important- simplifies interaction with
environment. Attitudes spontaneously activated from memory.
o Snyder’s model of how easily people modify behaviour according to
situations. Determined by social-adjustive function of attitude.
Attitude Formation- changes as a function of experience (family, friends, teachers, peers,
region, culture, coaches, media, experiences)
Attitude change- by persuasion. By affecting any node of CAB.
 Affective change- change in emotions (pain, pleasure)
 Dillard’s fear theory- fear-based appeals (-ve emotions)
 Factors affecting ability to cause attitude change- self-efficacy (our perception of our
ability to change ourselves) attitude accessibility (activation of an attitude from
memory), issue involvement (relevance of an issue to an individual), message source,
features, non-verbal communication, receiver differences
 Aristotle- how to persuade? honesty, logic, purpose (ethos, logos, pathos)

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Processing Models of Attitude Change
 Elaboration likelihood method- true attitude change only happens through central
processing route that incorporates both cognitive and affective components as
opposed to the more heuristics-based peripheral route
 Heuristic-systematic Model- info is either processed in a high-involvement and high
effort systematic way, or info is processed through shortcuts known as heuristics.
Emotions, heuristics, feelings, and gut-feelings reactions are often used as shortcuts.
 Extended Parallel Process Model- both thinking and feeling in conjunction with threat
and fear appeals. Fear appeals are most useful when a person cares about an issue and
perceives that they possess an agency to deal with that issues.
Pointing out inconsistencies between attitudes and behaviour can redirect the behaviour:
cognitive therapy and cognitive-behaviour therapy are two of those. Former tries to change
the irrational way of thinking; latter corrects the resulting inappropriate behaviour.
 Social marketing combines cognitive-behavioural components with social science and
commercial marketing techniques.
Cognitive Dissonance- sense of internal anxiety experienced when a person holds two
inconsistent cognitions

Other words-
Material Skepticism
Reverence- feeling or attitude of deep respect tinged with awe or veneration
Pragmatic Détente- short term willingness to put up with a set of beliefs and practices for
sake of achieving some other goal; tolerance- long term willingness to not just put up with a
set of beliefs and practices but even respect them even if one disagrees with them (allows us
to make a fair, objective and permissive attitude towards those whose opinions, practices,
race religion, nationality differ from one’s own).
Social Influence- Social influence occurs when an individual’s thoughts or actions are
affected consciously or unconsciously by other people and groups.
 AttributeEffect: CredibilityInternalisation; Attractiveness Identification;
Power Compliance
 Psychological needs that cause people to conform to others’ expectations- 1) need to
be right (informational social influence) 2) need to be liked (normative social
influence)
 Transmission of Ideas by social influence, by Malcolm Gladwell- early adopters
followed by early majority by now, substantive people using the idea, normative
and informational influence encourages others  late majority  finally laggards,
who are highly conventional and resistant to change
Persuasion- symbolic process by which communicators try to convince other people to
change their attitudes or behaviour regarding an issue through transmission of a message in
an atmosphere of free choice
 Methods of persuasion- reciprocation, social proof, authority, liking, scarcity,
appeal to reason, appeal to emotion
 Ethical persuasion- STARE Test- social responsibility for common good,
truthfulness of message, authenticity of the persuader, respect for the persuadee,
equity of the appeal

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Prejudice- Unjust, often negative attitude towards an individual based on that individual’s
membership in a social group. It is an attitude. Caused by lack of knowledge, ignorance and
stereotyping. Can’t take legal action.
Discrimination- negative behaviour or actions against an individual or group of people on
the basis of their social identity. Involves action or behaviour. Result of prejudice. Legal
action can be taken.
Stereotype- Cognitive, Prejudice- Affective, Discrimination- Behavioral
Sources of Prejudice & discrimination- Socialisation, conforming behaviour, authoritarian
personality, ethnocentricism.
 Solutions- self-esteem (education & self-esteem), contact, co-operation, legal action
Stereotype- popular belief or generalisation about something

Others
 Individual is the foundation of a group, a society or a country as a whole.
Society = ⅀Individuals
 Leadership is the art of motivating a group of people towards achieving a common
goal (Nolan Committee)

Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world

Human Values- Lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and
administrators

Simone de Beauvoir- The Sovereign Woman of Tomorrow-

Highlighted that society’s definition of a woman is that ‘woman is a womb’. For everything
else, women are often defined relative to a man. She is Mr A’s daughter and Mr B’s wife.
She has no sovereign existence of herself. According to Simone, this reductionism is
challenged by the sovereign women of today.

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Indian Thinkers

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Kautilya Economy as the basis of empire.
King should ensure a fair, caring and clean administration.
Welfare state.
Supervision and vigilance as prerequisite to stop corruption
Gandhi • Be the change you wish to see in this world.
• Truth, non-violence, service to society, dignity of labour,
purity
of heart, means cannot be detached from the ends, Evil should be
tackled by means of non-violent non-cooperation, satyagraha, self-
sacrifice, universal benevolence, thought control, swadeshi, sarva
dharma samabhava, doctrine of trusteeship, religious tolerance and
moral abstinence.
Raja Ram Indian renaissance; One-ness of God; Social equality.
Mohan Roy Charity, Morality, Piety, Benevolence, Virtue.
Strengthening of the bonds of union between men of all religions and
creeds
Abolition of sati, widow remarriage, attacked child marriage,
illiteracy of women.
Dayanand "All actions should be performed with the prime objective of
Saraswati benefiting mankind",
He opposed idol worship, sacrifices and rituals, priest craft, offerings
made in temples, religious dogmas, child marriage, caste
discrimination and discrimination against women.
Tagore Maxim of oneness and equality.
Principle of unity.
Maxim of compassion.
Maxim of Humanity.
Value of peace.
Value of education.
Savitribai Phule Kindness, Compassion, Empathy, Benevolence, Selflessness,
Leading by example, Dignity for all, Humanism, Courage.
She fought for gender empowerment, female infanticide and girl
education.
Mother Teresa Selflessness, altruism, compassion, helpfulness, kindness and service,
care, charity, devotion to social service, humility and empathy.
Dr. APJ Abdul Leadership with vision, transforming vision to action, determination,
Kalam manage success and failures, courage to take decisions, humility,
simplicity, strength respects strength.
Administrators
TN Sheshan Leadership, honesty, integrity, dedication to public service,
discipline.
E Sreedharan Dedication to public service, Time management, Punctuality.
Prasanth Nair Openness, community participation, Emotional intelligence,
leadership, compassion.
SR Sankaran • Civil servant known for tribal development, setting up of
Integrated tribal development Agency.
• Associated with initiative to eradicate manual scavenging.
Saurabh Kumar CG cadre IAS officer known for his unique approach in citizen
connect, he used lunch dates to persuade youth towards community
and national service and reduce Maoist influence in Dantewada

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 values like Openness, Emotional intelligence, community
engagement, dedication shown.
P Narhari Made Gwalior a barrier free and disabled friendly city.
K Vijay Kumar Spearheaded operation to nab Veerappan, values of planning and
meticulous implementation.

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 Aptitude and foundational values of civil services, integrity, impartiality and non-
partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance, and compassion
towards weaker sections

Fundamental principle of democracy- public functionaries are trustees of people (ARC 2,

Report 4). Basic elements of governance architecture- impartial, honest, efficient, and
fearless civil service.

Aptitude is an innate inborn ability or capacity to learn or to do a certain kind of work. If

attitude is about orientation or disposition towards a subject, attitude is about the competence
to deal with the object.

Foundational values of civil services: -

Public values are those values that provide consensus about: (a) rights benefits and
prerogatives to which the citizens should be entitled, (b) Obligations of citizens to the society,
state and one another (c) principles on which the government should be based.

Principles of Nolan Committee: (1) Selflessness, (2) Integrity, (3) Objectivity, (4)
Accountability, (5) Openness, (6) Honesty, (7) Leadership

Integrity- Alignment of thought, words, and actions. Doing the right thing even when no one
is looking (CL Lewis). Integrity is the practice of being honest and showing a consistent and
uncompromising adherence to strong moral and ethical principles and values.
 Honesty without integrity is possible (Yudhishtir) but not vice versa.
Commitment- dedication and passion towards a particular task.
Courage of conviction-To have the confidence to act or behave in accordance with one's
beliefs or ideologies, especially in the face of resistance, criticism, or prosecution
Perseverance- persistence in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving
success
Conscience- an intuition or judgment that assists in distinguishing right from wrong. Inner
moral compass. Not reliable as there is subjectivity within our moral values due to individual
experiences and upbringing.
 Collective and individual conscience
 Conscience as a source of ethical guidance: As Gandhi had remarked- “There is a
higher court than courts of justice and that is the court of conscience. It supersedes
all other courts.” -MK Gandhi
 “The human voice can never reach the distance that is covered by the still small voice
of conscience.” -MK Gandhi
Objectivity- basing one’s judgment on rigorous analysis of evidence, on merits of the case.
One must not ignore inconvenient facts.
Impartiality- acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving equally well
governments of different political persuasions. Requires actions to be based on objective
criteria, rather than on bias, prejudice, etc.
 Rawls argued that sometimes we must dispense with impartiality and treat others
differently to achieve true justice- “the difference principle”

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Non-partisanship or Political Neutrality- 2nd ARC says that non-partisanship is political
neutrality or political impartiality and means that public servant would serve the Govt of the
day to the best of his or her ability
Accountability- process whereby decision makers answerable to ones for whom decision are
taken. External (elections) and internal (checks & balances); Upward, downward, and
horizontal in organisations; Legislative, Executive, Judicial, Societal

Dedication- devotion to or loyalty to a purpose, thought, duty or action. Ability to continue

acting when motivation is lacking. (as opposed to dereliction of duty)
Justice- quality of being righteousness and equitable
Loyalty- must be towards public rather than elected representatives
Collegiality- reciprocal relationship among colleagues with a commitment to sustaining a
positive and productive environment as critical for the progress and success of the university
community. (req during mob violence, rescue operations, etc)
Confidentiality- professional acting with discretion in keeping information secret
Fortitude- to overcome fear and to remain steady in our will in the face of obstacles and it is
always reasoned and reasonable
Willingness to sacrifice- Service before self motto of Indian Army motivates soldiers
Character- inner form that makes anyone or anything what it is.
 “Literary education is of no value, if it is not able to build a strong character”-
Gandhi
Constitutional Morality
Organisational Values- Standard Operating Procedure, Collegiality
Code of Ethics- uphold rule of law, respect human rights, objectivity and transparency,
impartiality, accountability, accessibility, effective & efficient use of funds, not exploit
position of power
Bureaucratic Attitude- believing in the infallibility of the rule of book and procedures. It is
a top-down approach and results in rigidity & secrecy. Democratic Attitude is bottom-up
approach which underscores that people are the source of power in democracy.

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Examples- Satyendra Dubey, IES Officer, Project Director in the NHAI at Koderma,
Jharkhand- working on Golden Quadrilateral Project. Exposed financial irregularities &
corrupt practices. Made many contractors rebuild the poor-quality roads.

S. R Sankaran, “people’s IAS officer”. Known for his dedication to service and innovative
actions, he was behind the abolition of bonded labour, the creation of the special component
plan for SCs & STs and assigning of resources for marginalized communities in the rural
development programs. He remained unmarried so that he could serve the society and even
used to donate a major chunk of his salary. He contributed to the education of over 500 poor
students.

Jonas Salk developed Polio Vaccine said that patent for his polio vaccine belonged to the
people, “Could you patent the sun?”. Shows dedication to service of mankind (science with
humanity). Similarly, AstraZeneca put a “no-profit” pledge on its Covid 19 vaccine.

Indian village teacher Ranjit Singh Disale transformed the life chances of young girls at the
Zilla Parishad Primary School, Solapur, Maharashtra, He was named the winner of the Global
Teacher Prize 2020, in partnership with UNESCO and shared the prize money with his co-
finalists. He revolutionised innovative learning by introducing QR Codes in textbooks.

Emotional intelligence - Concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and
governance.

“All learning has an emotional base.” - Plato

Emotional intelligence: a form of social intelligence that involves the ability to recognize,
understand, and manage one’s own emotions as well as those of others. As per Daniel
Goleman, EI has 5 components (3 intra-personal, 2 inter-personal). Marshmallow Experiment
on EI.

(1) Self-awareness- Having a clear picture of one’s strength and weakness.

(2) Self-regulation- ability to control impulse and mood and to think before acting.
(3) Self- Motivation- driven to goals by internal motivation rather than external reward-
Capable of enjoying delayed gratification.
(4) Empathy: understand the emotional state of other people and to treat them accordingly.
(5) Social Skills- Proficiency in managing relationships, building networks, ability to find a
common ground and build positive rapport (great communicators, hear good & bad new
alike, can move their team, resolve conflict diplomatically)

Social Intelligence- ability to get along well with others and to get them to co-operate with
you, aka People Skills.

Relationship between reason and emotion- integral and supportive to each other.
Rational Mind + Emotional Mind = Wise Mind (diagram of two merging circles)
“Emotions can get in the way or get you on the way”- Mavis Mazhura

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Some relevant Examples: -

1. Impulse control: Dharmaraj Yudhishthira lost his kingdom because he could not control his
impulse and passion for the game of dice.
2. Sardar Patel during State Consolidation said, “It is better for us to make laws sitting
together as friends than to make treaties as aliens”. This speech is one of the best examples of
application of Emotional Intelligence of an administrator.

How to Improve Emotional Intelligence: Observation, learning, and experience; Take

criticism well, Assertiveness training, practice positive attitude, try reassessing old habits and
building new, sensitivity training, goal-setting training, communication training, YOGA,
meditation, practice empathy, be approachable, smile.

Emotional Intelligence- Some relevant Quotes and Insights

 Between stimulus and response, there is a space, in that space lies our freedom and
power to choose our response. In our response lies our freedom and growth. -Victor
Frankel, Holocaust survivor.
 Anybody can become angry-that is easy; but to be angry with the right person, and to
the right degree, and at the right time, and for the right purpose, and in the right way-
that is not within everybody’s power and is not easy. -Aristotle’s challenge [The
Nicomachean Ethics]
 In a very real sense, we have two minds, the one that thinks and the one that feels. -
Daniel Goleman
 Your I Can is more important than your IQ

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 Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: - Status and problems;
ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules,
regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical
governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in
international relations and funding; corporate governance

Morality and administration cannot be separated- Paul H Appleby

Draft Public Service Bill, 2007- patriotism and upholding national pride, allegiance to the
Constitution, objectivity, impartiality, honesty, integrity, transparency, diligence, CG can
notify other values from time to time; promotion of healthy and congenial work environment
(ARC Report 4)

Public Service Code (within the bill)- competence-accountability, care, objectivity, without
discrimination and in acc with law; use public money with utmost care; foster socio-
economic development with due regard to diversity of nation; objective to act as instruments
of Govt to provide services for betterment of public at large; protect interests of poor,
underprivileged, and weaker sections.

Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964- Code of Conduct provides certain norms
like ‘maintaining integrity and absolute devotion to duty(S3)’ and a catalogues certain
activities deemed undersirable for govt servants e.g.- conduct unbecoming of a civil servant.
Code of conduct refers to the specific acts proscribed from time to time through notifications
under fundamental rules and civil services regulations e.g., accepting commercial
employment after retirement rules. Illegal gratification bribery, section 161 to 165 of IPC, or
criminal breach of trust by civil servant, section 409 of IPC. Civil services Conduct rules
1955
 Code of Conduct for Ministers, (Report 4)- disclosure of all kinds, while being
minister, separation of roles of MP and party member from role of Minister
 Evaluation- children can’t take employment in any company having official dealings
with govt, disclose all purchases above 15k, not binding-departmental discretion only,
disclose all immovable property purchase, manage affairs so as to avoid habitual
indebtedness or insolvency- all impractical provisions

2nd ARC stated a comprehensive civil services code, summed up at three levels: (1) Value &
Ethical Standards (2) Code of Ethics, (3) Code of Conduct. Noted absence of code of ethics
in India and hence, ARC recommended that in addition to upholding the constitutional spirit
the civil servants shall be guided by the following values- integrity, etc, etc.

Role of Code of Ethics/Public Services Code- Brings human values in administration, solve
issues of conflict of interest, ensures ethical governance, build on public interest by ensuring
collaboration with administration
 Code of Ethics- statement of values that must guide a civil servant in discharge of his
duties
 Why not formed? Lack of standardisation of public relations itself; approach-
universalism or cultural relativism; solution- codes of ethics enacted in the world that

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 interprets behaviour contextually e.g.- code of ethics of Canadian Public Relations
Society- highest professional standards, deal fairly and honestly in communications
with media and public, other ethical qualities bol bacchhan

Code of Conduct v Code of ethics- codified v uncodified, letter of law v spirit of law,
generic norms v ethical norms

Significance of accountability: discourages inefficient work as responsibility fixed,

encourages good work culture, builds social trust, inspires confidence, brings order,
establishes positive interpersonal relationships, makes one more careful in making decisions,
reduce corruption, promotes ownership of actions, ensure equitable delivery of services

How to improve accountability: Right to Service, citizen charter, grievance redressal

 Individual acc- proactive disclosure, performance-based promotions, postings,
transfers; supervision by seniors; make senior officers accountable, written orders
from seniors, departmental inquiry; inspections; RTI, independent audits, declaration
of income by civil servants, code of conduct and strict punishment for deviation,
Strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance
 Collective acc- code of conduct & code of ethics, citizen charter, social audit, public
hearing, role of media, NGOs, civil society,
 Legislative, Administrative
 Technological- mandatory and time bound service portals, digitisation of process, real
time monitoring, digital governance, e-gov

Principles to be followed by public servant in public interest- democratic accountability

of citizens, rule of law, principles of legality, personal integrity, PoNJ, Responsiveness to
civil society, Utilitarianism, Communitarianism, Conflict of Interest, Public Hearing

Top Management Leadership- Ethics Audit, Ethics Training, Ethical Decision-making

Process, Ethics Programs & Officers, Realistic Objectives, Effective Communication, Codes
of Conduct, Discipline of violators, Whistle-blowing Mechanisms (Hotlines).

Conflict of Interest- circumstance where professional judgment or actions regarding a

primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest. ARC defined CoI as
something that violates spirit of the law but does not violate its letter.

Governance- method through which power is exercised in the management of a country’s

political, economic, and social resources for development. (World Bank)
8 pillars- Consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, rule of law, participatory,
effective & efficient, equitable & inclusive, (Right to receipt, public hearing)
Akin to Kautilya’s Yogakshema (Leviathan of Hobbes)-or ultimate goal of the ruler- provide
the common good. (also applicable to shareholders’/stakeholders’ care)
As per 2nd ARC, good governance means-
 Responsive, accountable, sustainable, and efficient administration at all levels
 Transparency, accountability, rule of law, principle of subsidiarity, and citizen-first
form basics of good governance

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Antonio Gueterres- GG is the single-most important factor in eradicating poverty and
development

Transparency

Governance

Accountability Rule of Law

Values/Morals
Good Governance Ethical Governance
Governance + Transparency + Accountability + Rule of Law  Good Governance +
Values/Morals  Ethical Governance
Mahatma Gandhi good governance means Sarvodaya the concept of actions for the common
good beneficial to all.
Barriers to Good Governance- attitudinal problems of civil servants, red tapism, lack of
accountability, low level of compliance of rules by citizens, ineffective implementation of
laws

Ethical Governance- civil servants ought to keep their promises and be true to their world

Committees on Ethics
 NN Vohra Committee- Criminalisation of Politics
 Setting up of Ethics Committee of Parliament, 1995
 2nd ARC

NGOs
 A credibility alliance of civil society members can be formed for listing and auditing
of NGOs on national portals like DARPAN
 Vijay Kumar committee recommends seamless operation of FCRA & IT Guidelines
 Verification by faceless contact
 All funds of NGOs could be routed through the Public Financial Management System
 Right to receipt on all procedures

Civil Society engagement like: -

 Jan Sunwai by MKSS (participatory means of social audit)
 Parivartan NGO’s role in grievance redressal in PDS-Delhi by RTI

Integrity Pacts: An Integrity Pact is a collaborative mechanism through which public

entities, civil society and other relevant parties commit to enhance transparency and

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accountability in a public procurement process. Acting as an independent monitor, a civil
society organization ensures that applicable regulation is respected and corruption risks are
addressed.

2nd ARC SMART e-gov: Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive, Transparent

Integrity column in Annual Confidential Report

Ethical issues in international relations and funding:

International ethics is an area of international relations theory which concerns the extent and
scope of ethical obligations between states in an epoch of globalisation.

Stakeholders and approaches in international ethics:

 Realism: - Views that Power is the only currency in IR and other factors like morality,
ethics laws, culture are of no significance.
 Idealism: - Stresses on common interest, “the only alternative to coexistence is co-
destruction” - Pt. Nehru.
 Universalism: - Views that there are certain Ideas and values which have universal
applicability.
 Constructivism: - Views that our ethical values, identities and interests are socially
constructed and can be changed by attitudinal changes.
 Cosmopolitanism: - It is Ethics of respect that values human diversity. It rejects
division as a necessary outcome of diversity, seeking instead to identify the qualities
and experiences that unite rather than divide us as people, while still acknowledging
and respecting our differences. It also helps us to forge a shared stake in the public
good.

Indian Values in IR: Vasudhaiva kutumbakam, Buddhist ethics of conquering through values
and dhamma, Nonviolence, anti-colonialism, human rights at heart of foreign policy,
multilateralism, environmentalism, ethical and decisive leadership, global justice &
prosperity

Panchsheel principles: -
1. Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity & sovereignty; 2. Mutual non-
aggression; 3. Mutual non-interference; 4. Equality and mutual benefit, and 5. Peaceful co-
existence.”

DPSP- Article 51. The State shall endeavour to: (a) promote international peace and security;
(b) maintain just and honourable relations between nations; (c) foster respect for international
law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one another; and (d)
encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

Corporate Governance:
A set of systems, processes and principles which ensure that a company is governed such that
shareholder value is enhanced, keeping in view the interests of other stakeholders (customers,

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employees, suppliers, competitors, society). It promotes corporate fairness, transparency and
accountability.
Stakeholders include: - Individual or Organization which affects or is affected by the
operation of business, thus, creditor, lenders, suppliers, employees, shareholders, customers,
government, society at large are all stakeholders to an organization.
Need of Corporate governance- fiduciary nature of executive-investor relationship; rise of
tech, conducting business is complex; increased scandals (NSE, Yes Bank, PNB); passivity
of shareholders; risk mitigation; Goodwill of corporations

Initiatives of Corporate Governance- (1) Kumar Mangalam Birla Committee-

distinguishing the responsibilities of the board of directors and the management setting up an
audit committee and shareholders grievance committee, (2) JJ Irani committee: - MoCA-
Recommended a concept of one person committee, minority interest recognition, investor
education, (3) CII task force Naresh Chandra Committee: - Appointment of independent
directors, remuneration of board committees, audit committee board, separate of offices of
Chairman and CEO, auditor-company relationships, whistleblowing policy, liabilities of
director and employees. (4) Uday Kotak Committee

The Companies Act, 2013- Restriction on auditors to audit not more than 20 companies,
defines duties of director, and calls for diversification of the board with at least one woman
director, sets up NCLT and NCLAT for adjudication of disputes, fast and simplified
procedures for mergers and amalgamation, introduced class- action suit, restricts auditors in
non-audit services, time bound rehabilitation and liquidation of companies.

Other Terms
 Misfeasance- wrongful performance of otherwise lawful duty, Non-feasance
 2nd ARC
o Monopoly + Discretion – Accountability = Corruption
o Corruption is the manifestation of the failure of ethics & values in society
o RTI is the beacon of transparency as per ARC
 S. 12 (CCSCR, 1964)- No fund-raising except with prior permission of government

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Probity in Governance: - Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and
probity; Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information,
Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen's Charters, Work culture, Quality of service
delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption

Probity: Probity is defined as a risk management approach ensuring procedural integrity. It

requires strong moral principles such as honesty, integrity is probity.
So, imp is probity that its lack causes corruption.

Difficulties in practicing probity- Absence of code of ethics and archaic code of conduct; lack
of ethics in individuals and society; increased avenues of corruption; probity needs effective
laws and implementation; increased conflict of interest;

Philosophical basis of Governance:

Concerns of good governance have been focused in Indian scriptures and treatise like
Ramayana, Mahabharat, Bhagvad Gita, Buddha Charita, Arthashastra etc.

In western philosophy, there are three schools: -

 Aristotelian school: - Focus on virtues like justice, charity and generosity as the basis
of functioning of society and governance.
 Kantian school: - Duty boundedness, categorical imperative and perpetual peace as
the immediate functions of governance.
 Utilitarian school: - greatest happiness of greatest number, will not force be the basis
of government, right and not might is the basis of administrative order.

Indian Perspective, some insights: -

Mahabharat- In Brihadaranya Upanishad good governance stresses responsibility of the
king to protect Dharma, the public good, so that all citizens get equal opportunity and weak
are not exploited and harassed by strong. The king must be compassionate, looking after
welfare of all people (Mahabharata, Shanti Parva, Section-V).
“All Dharmas are merged in Rajadharma, and it is therefore the supreme Dharma”
(Mahabharata Shanti Parva 63, 24-25).

Virtues of the ideal king- Mahabharat advises that at first the king should control himself;
only then he would be capable of controlling others. Similarly, the king should first subdue
himself and then seek to subdue his foes. If a king fails to conquer his own self, he cannot
hope to conquer his foes.

Kautilya’s Arthshastra: -
“In the happiness of the people lies the ruler’s happiness. Their welfare his welfare.”
Dharma serves as a beacon for all who desire to exercise their power of office which they
come to occupy under the constitutional system honestly and sincerely and inspire them to
discharge their duties in a selfless manner so that good governance is translated into action

According to Kautilya, good governance consists of three basic elements: -

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  Provision of national security and public infrastructure, such as roads to facilitate and
promote commerce.
 Formulation of efficient (farsighted and well thought-out) policies and their effective
implementation, removal of all obstructions to economic growth and tax incentives to
encourage capital formation.
 Ensuring a fair, caring and clean administration.

In the jataka Buddha had given to rules for Good Government, known as ‘Dasa
Rājadhamma’- lead a simple life for subjects to emulate, be free from hatred of any kind,
exercise non-violence, practice patience, respect public opinion, show empathy, high moral
character, liberal and selfless, honest integrity, etc.

Basis of governance- social contract

Information sharing and transparency in government: -

Transparency implies openness of decision making, manner of working, freedom of
information & communication and accountability with the members of public, media, civil

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society and other stakeholders in governance. Since people are affected by the decisions
taken by the government, they have the right to know how the decisions are made on routine
as well as on policy matters. Information should be relevant, accessible, timely and accurate
in mature.

Means to achieve transparency in administration: -

 Parliamentary controls like question hour, zero hour, parliamentary sessions, debates.
 Legislative framework RTI; master key to good governance, Time bound delivery of
service framework, CPGRAMS/PG Portal.
 Ombudsman, lokpal and Lokayukta.
 E-governance initiatives like land record modernization initiatives.
 Free and independent press.

Right to Information-

RTI- master key to good governance- signals march from darkness of secrecy to dawn of
transparency.

RTI success stories: -

 Parivartan NGO PDS Scam
 Pune Municipal cooperation has designated one day in a week when all files are put
for public inspection.
 Villagers in Sadhuna Village in Bikaner district used RTI to bring transparency in
distribution of electricity connection.
 In Kendarapara district people used RTI to bring transparency in allocation of Indra
Awas Yojna.
 In Gandhi Nagar, Gujarat people used RTI to bring transparency in Ration allocation
at fair rice shop.
 In Maharashtra when Namdeo Sable an under-trail prisoner died due to head injury,
his wife used RTI to get Post Mortem Report and on its basis, she got compensation
as well as punishment for culprits.
 RTI Stories- Jankari Call Centre, Bihar (via phone- help draft); Train the trainers,
Assam (NGOs trained)
 Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan  led to formation of National Campaign for
People’s Right to Information

RTI Exceptions- Section 8 (ranging from sovereignty to trade secrets), 11 (confidential info
of 3rd parties), 24 (exempts security and intelligence organisations)
8(1)(j), 8(1)(d), 8(1)(e), are most exploited. (j) protects personal info of individuals in
absence of larger public interest. (d) trade secrets & IPR in absence of larger public interest;
(e) info available to person in fiduciary relationship in absence of larger public interest
Official Secrets Act, 1923- Section 5 intended to deal with potential breaches of national
security. Wording made it into a catch-all legal provision converting practically every issue
of governance into confidential matter.
Section 8(2) RTI Act- no exemption under S. 8(1) or OSA can stand if public interest in
disclosure overshadows the harm to protected interest.

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2nd ARC recommended that OSA should be substituted by a chapter in the National Security
Act. Reason- vague terms.
RTI v Confidentiality-Indian Evidence Act S. 123 (prohibits evidence of unpublished official
records relating to affairs of State except by permission of head of department), oath of
secrecy of Ministers, exempted organisations, central civil services conduct rules- prohibit
unauthorized communication of information.
Study by PRIA (Participatory research in Asia)- (1) Info regarding who PIO was in district
not available in 90% districts (2) Self-disclosure mandated under Section 4 not made in 90%
districts
Issues- Disclosure of info at national and state levels only, mostly in English language, and
largely through web-based tools have resulted in systematic exclusion of the citizenry

Citizen’s Charters: -
Citizens ’Charter is an instrument which seeks to make an organization transparent,
accountable and citizen friendly.
Definition- Citizens ’Charter is a public statement that defines the entitlements of citizens to a
specific service, the standards of the service, the conditions to be met by users, and the
remedies available to the latter in case of non-compliance of standards. The Charter concept
empowers the citizens in demanding committed standards of service.

Essential Components of CC:

(1) Vision and Mission Statement, (2) Details of business transacted, (3) details of client, (4)
details of services provided to each client group, (5) grievance redressal mechanism, (5)
expectations from clients

Principles of CC- choice, standards, openness, consultation, fairness, corrections,

innovation, efficiency, work with others

Charter Mark system of UK to evaluate and reward departments offering best service in
keeping with their Citizens’ Charter

India- DARPG coordinates efforts to formulate and operationalise citizens’ charters.

Primarily along UK, we have an additional component- ‘obligations of users’

Deficiencies in Citizen Charter-

 Drafting Stage- no consultative process; inadequate groundwork in processes and
services;
 After Drafting- - Poor design and content; lack of awareness; lack of publicity
funding; Rarely updated- one time exercise frozen in time; lack of precision in
standards of commitment; accountability & review mechanisms; resistance to change;
needs of weaker vulnerable sections not accounted

Work culture
A set of practices, values and shared belief within an organization and in its employees that
arise from what is regarded as appropriate ways to think and act.

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Characteristics of Healthy work culture:
Ethos- Well-crafted mission statement; Mutual respect; cordial environment; Conflicts
resolution; Equal treatment, performance based; clearly laid down goals and responsibilities;
employees aware of their role in big picture; high morale; workload expectations appropriate;
work-life balance; zero-tolerance to unethical conduct; participative management; two-way
communication and feedback; skill upgradation and employee development programme.

Potential- attracts and retains talent; Study by Deloitte Global Human Capital Trends-
culture and engagement highest priority; creates environment for healthy development;
creates satisfied employees, enhances productivity; drives financial performance.

Quality of service delivery

Public service delivery is the most important aspect of good governance as it touches there
lives of millions of people. It is considered as a vehicle of inclusive and sustainable socio-
economic development and a tool for achieving growth-oriented governance. Build trust.
Ex- Participatory budget analysis, Gujarat; UP Soil health card; Community score cards
(Maharashta, Andhra); Swavalamban of Dhanbad Jharkhand;

Public Services include: -

Sevottam model has been developed with the overarching objective of improving the quality
of public service delivery in the country. It has 3 components: Citizens’ Charter (citizen
empowerment), Grievance Redressal Mechanism (redress satisfaction), Excellence in Service
Delivery (capacity enhancement)

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Utilization of public funds: -

‘Public money ought to be touched with the most scrupulous conscientiousness of honour. It
is not the produce of riches only, but of the hard earnings of labour and poverty.’ - Thomas
Paine

Doctrine of Public Trust- spend judiciously to serve and achieve public goals
Doctrine of Appropriateness- spending manner should bring efficiency, equity and economy

CG & SG together spend only 8.6% of GDP on social sector.

General Financial Rules, Delegation of Financial Power Rules, Manual of Purchase of Goods
& Services, etc.

DPSPs- develop economic system that does not result in concentration of wealth

Centrally sponsored schemes- fall u/state subject, launched and supported by centre, States
consider it as an intrusion in federal structure; March Rush for lapsable funds; Parking of
Funds- 40% funds transferred through DRDA, NGOs, etc., gives false impression that funds
being utilised while it sits idle

Key issues in utilization of public funds: -

1. Governance: Overcoming bureaucratic rigid-ness, red-tapism, inefficiencies, overcome
past dogmas etc.

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2. Reluctance among people to change.
3. Use of public money for government advertisement.
4. Resource prioritization and distribution across sectors like health, defence, research etc.
5. Corruption in the utilization of public funds.

External Audit, Citizens’ Charter, SoPs,

Challenges of corruption: -

Harassment by 4Cs- CBI, CVC, CAG, Courts

Corruption is the abuse of public power for private ends - World Bank
Types- grand corruption, petty corruption, political corruption
Types of Bribery- 2nd ARC Report 4- coercive bribery, collusive bribery (in latter, bribe giver
guiltier than bribe taker)

Kautilya in Arthashastra- corruption is a termite which transforms administrative machinery

into hollow framework by promoting unethical practices and inefficiency into the system
Solutions- Role of family, society, media, whistleblower, institutional (CVC, Lokpal, UN
Convention against Corruption, Whistleblowers Protection Act)

Citizen Report Card and participative vigilance, promote efforts of honest officers to bring
transparency

Reasons for Corruption:-

Acts and provisions related to the challenge of corruption: -

• Section 169 of IPC- Public servant unlawfully buying or bidding for property.

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• Section 409 of IPC- Criminal breach of trust
• Prevention of corruption act, 1988.
• Benami property transaction act, 1988.
• Prevention of money laundering act, 2002.

Multi-pronged approach to bring Probity in Governance: -

• Accountability through Right to Information Act and transparency through digitization

process (e-governance).
• The Bill for time bound delivery of goods and services, if effectively implemented, will
increase credibility in government services.
• Strengthening Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) as platform for citizen participation in
governance as well as awareness of their rights and duties through various programs.
• More teeth to grievance redressal system.
• Bringing public participation in service delivery through PPP based system.
• Privatizing certain segments which are better done through private firms reducing cost and
faster delivery of service.
• Imparting values-based training to public officials. Reforms in education system with more
emphasis on equality and morality.
• Electoral reforms and stricter adherence to the guidelines, coalition defiance laws, anti-
defection laws etc.
• Strengthening of Ombudsman system for independent scrutiny in the high-level corruption
cases.
• Effective implementation of citizen charters.

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Rabindranath Tagore
 Centre of his philosophy was spiritual humanism, man of god
 God could be realised only through love of man
 “I slept and dreamt that life was joy. I awoke and saw that life was service. I acted
and behold, service was joy”
 Emphasised on importance of education
 Taught to be fearless and face all dangers and difficulties in life “Where the mind is
without fear”- Gitanajali
MK Gandhi
 Sarvodaya- “Progress of all”
 Gandhi four main goals- Swaraj, Ahimsa, Swadeshi, & Sarvodaya
 Rajniti must yield to lokniti
 When all volunteer for individual labour and follow non-materialism, from each
according to his work to each according to his needs
 Believed in Advaita- only way to see God is to see him in his creation and be one
with it
 On rights & duties: Rights accrue to him accordingly who duly performs his duties.
The right to perform one’s duty is the only right that is worth living for and dying
for.
 On politics- truth has drawn me into politics
Bernard Shaw
 A reasonable man looks at the world as it is and adjusts himself to the limitations
(Manjhi)
Deen Dayal Upadhyay
 Doctrine of integral humanism, which advocates the simultaneous and integrated
program of body, mind, intellect and soul
Dalai Lama
 Compassion, forgiveness, tolerance, contentment, & self-discipline are secular ethics
 Pain is certain, suffering is a choice
Amartya Sen
 Capability Approach- freedom centric approach which focuses on developing an
individual’s capability. It consists of two things-
o Functioning- refers to number of things and beings that a person manages to
achieve in life.
o Capabilities- extent of freedom that a person has in order to achieve different
functioning.
 Utlitarianism v Liberalism- tries to balance between justice and efficiency
APJ Abdul Kalam
 Nation has to have ethics in all its tasks for sustained economic prosperity and peace.
If nation is to have ethics, society has to have promote ethics and value system. If
society has to have ethics and value system, families should adhere to ethics and
value system. If family has to have ethics, parenthood must have inbuilt ethics.
Parental ethics come from great learning, value-based education and creation of
clean environment that leads to righteousness in the heart.
 Total commitment is not just hard work, it is total involvement.

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 Case Studies
Responsive, transparency and probity while implementing govt schemes,
What will you do long term
NGOs- [Link], Goonj (provision of sanitary pads), Akshaya Patra (food during covid),
Aakansha Foundation (provide legal aid, instead of NALSA), Help Age India (cheap old age
homes), Bezwada Wilson (Safai Karmachari Aandolan)

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