Overview
object at infinity image at infinity
• Last time:
– thin lens
– object at infinity
– image at infinity
• Today:
– imaging at finite distances
– thick lens
– the human eye
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/18/09 wk3-b- 1
1
Image formation at finite distances
lens
from on-axis Back
object at ∞ Focal
Point
BFP image
object FFP
Front to on-axis
Focal image at ∞
Point
(Newton’s
form)
Lateral
Imaging condition
magnification
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/18/09 wk3-b- 2
2
Real and virtual images
object
+ image
+
object
image
FFP BFP FFP BFP
image: real & inverted; MT<0 image: virtual & erect; MT>1
image
image – object –
object
BFP FFP BFP FFP
image: virtual & erect; 0<MT<1 image: virtual & erect; 0<MT<1
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/18/09 wk3-b- 3
3
Example: composite lens \1
5 5
?
1
original image
object (guess)
L1, f=10 L2, f=10
We seek the image location and lateral magnification for the composite lens imaging system shown above.
We will solve the problem by repeated application of the imaging condition and lateral magnification
relationships that we derived in Slide #2.
Begin by considering the first lens in isolation:
–10
5
2
?
1
intermediate original intermediate
image formed object image formed
by L1 (actual: by L1 (guess)
virtual, erect)
MIT 2.71/2.710
L1, f=10
02/18/09 wk3-b- 4
4
Example: composite lens \2
5 5 30 final
? image formed
1 by L2 (actual:
real, inverted)
original image
object (guess)
L1, f=10 L2, f=10
–4
Next we consider L2 in isolation, with object identical to the image formed by L1 in isolation.
The overall (composite) magnification is
–10
15
2
?
intermediate final
image formed image formed
by L1 (actual) by L2 (guess)
acting as object
for L2
MIT 2.71/2.710
L2, f=10
02/18/09 wk3-b- 5
5
Imaging condition using ray transfer matrices
lens
Back
Focal
Point
BFP image
object FFP
Front
Focal
Point
Imaging
condition
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/18/09 wk3-b- 6
6
Thick lens
BFP
Back
Focal
Point
FFP
Front
Focal
Point
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/18/09 wk3-b- 7
7
Focal Lengths and Principal Planes
BFP FFP
Back Front
Focal Focal
Point Point
(or Plane) (or Plane)
2nd PP 1st PP
Back Front
Principal Principal
Plane EFL EFL Plane
(or Surface) (or Surface)
ray from
bends at
infinity
2nd PP
ray from then goes
FFP BFP the FFP through the BFP
FFL BFL FFP BFP
bends at then goes
EFL EFL 1st PP on to infinity
1st PP 2nd PP
1st PP 2nd PP
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/18/09 wk3-b- 8
8
Image formation with composite elements
composite element (e.g., thick lens)
1st PP 2nd PP
BFP image
object FFP
To find the imaging condition for the composite element we can use the principal planes as follows:
➡ trace an on-axis ray from infinity through O to the 2nd PP then bend so that it goes through the BFP;
➡ trace a ray from O through the FFP then bend at the 1st PP so that it goes to infinity on-axis;
➡ the intersection of the traced rays is the image point I;
➡ the ray from O through the intersection of the 1st PP with the optical axis should emerge at the
intersection C of the 2nd PP with the optical axis and also go through the image point I; moreover, if
the indices of refraction to the left and right of the composite are the same, then OC ||C’I.
➡ It is easy to see that the similar triangle arguments that we used in the case of the single thin lens
apply here as well; therefore, the imaging condition and magnification relations remain the same
with the notation as shown above.
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/18/09 wk3-b- 9
9
Imaging systems in nature: chambered eyes
Image removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see Fig. 1 a,c,d,g in Fernald, Russell D.
"Casting a Genetic Light on the Evolution of Eyes." Science
313 (2006): 1914-1918.
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/18/09 wk3-b-10
10
Imaging systems in nature: compound eyes
Image removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see Fig. 1 b, e, f, h in Fernald, Russell D.
"Casting a Genetic Light on the Evolution of Eyes." Science
313 (2006): 1914-1918.
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/18/09 wk3-b- 11
11
The human eye
Image courtesy of NIH National Eye Institute.
FFP BFP
Photo from Wikimedia Commons.
1.5cm
Remote objects:
unaccommodated eye
(lens muscles relaxed)
Nearby objects:
accommodated eye
(lens muscles contracted)
Fig. 10B in Jenkins, Francis A., and Harvey E. White. Fundamentals of Optics.
4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1976. ISBN: 9780070323308. (c) McGraw-Hill.
All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license.
For more information, see [Link]
fromFundamentals of Optics
MIT 2.71/2.710 by F. Jenkins & H. White
02/18/09 wk3-b-12
12
Eye defects and their correction
from Fundamentals of Optics
by F. Jenkins & H. White
Fig. 10K,L in Jenkins, Francis A., and Harvey E. White. Fundamentals of Optics. 4th ed.
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1976. ISBN: 9780070323308.
. (c) McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.
MIT 2.71/2.710 This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license.
02/18/09 wk3-b-13 For more information, see [Link]
13
The eye’s “digital camera”: retina
Macula Optic Nerve head
Retina
Image by Danny Hope at Wikimedia Commons.
Image by the NRC Committee on Undersea Warfare.
Retina: Digital camera:
➡ variable sampling rate ➡ fixed sampling rate
➡ “dead pixels” (fovea) ➡ “dead pixels” (fovea)
are compensated for are noticeable
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/18/09 wk3-b-14
14
Retina vs your digital camera
Retinal image CCD image
Courtesy of Laurent Itti. Used with permission.
[Link]
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/18/09 wk3-b-16
16
Spatial response of the retina –
lateral connections
Image removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see [Link]
Image from Ramón y Cajal, Santiago.
"Structure of the Mammalian Retina." Madrid, 1900.
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/18/09 wk3-b-17
17
What do you see?
[Link]
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/18/09 wk3-b-18
18
Temporal response: after-images
[Link]
Courtesy of David T. Landrigan. Used with permission.
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/18/09 wk3-b-19
19
Seeing 3D: binocular vision
Photo by mosso on Flickr.
[Link]
Courtesy of Colin Ware. Used with permission.
Photo from Wikimedia Commons.
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/18/09 wk3-b-20
20
MIT OpenCourseWare
[Link]
2.71 / 2.710 Optics
Spring 2009
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: [Link]