Research Process – Exam Notes (with 2-3 Points Each)
1. Enunciating the Research Problem / Question
- Clearly define the problem or question to be investigated.
- Ensure it is specific, focused, and researchable.
- Helps determine the direction and design of the study.
2. Literature Review
- Review existing studies to understand what is already known.
- Identify gaps or contradictions in knowledge.
- Justify the need for your own research.
3. Answer Available or Not
- Determine if the question has already been answered by existing research.
- If already answered, refine the topic or explore a new angle.
- If not, proceed to plan a new study.
4. If Not, Plan for a Study
- Develop objectives and select a suitable research approach.
- Consider resources, participants, and methodology.
- Form a clear plan to fill the identified research gap.
5. Formulation of Hypothesis
- Make a testable prediction based on the research question.
- State both null and alternative hypotheses if applicable.
- Hypothesis should be clear and measurable.
6. Designing the Study
- Choose the research design (e.g., experimental, survey).
- Define variables and sampling methods.
- Plan tools and methods for data collection.
7. Preparation of Research Protocol
- Create a structured document outlining the study plan.
- Include background, aims, methodology, and ethics.
- Used for ethical and administrative approval.
8. Institutional Ethics Committee Approval
- Submit protocol to Ethics Committee or IRB.
- Address participant rights, consent, and data safety.
- Mandatory before starting data collection.
9. Clinical Trials Registry – India (CTRI)
- Register clinical studies on CTRI before recruitment.
- Promotes transparency and avoids duplication.
- Required for publication and ethical compliance.
10. Data Collection
- Gather data using pre-decided methods (surveys, interviews, etc.).
- Ensure consistency and ethical conduct.
- Monitor and record data carefully.
11. Data Extraction
- Organize and code raw data for analysis.
- Remove duplicates, handle missing values.
- Ensure quality and consistency of data.
12. Data Analysis
- Apply statistical or qualitative techniques.
- Use appropriate software like SPSS, R, etc.
- Identify patterns, relationships, and trends.
13. Interpretation of Data Analysis
- Make sense of results in context of hypothesis.
- Compare with previous research findings.
- Discuss implications, limitations, and significance.
14. Writing the Report
- Use standard format: Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion (IMRAD).
- Present data using tables, graphs, and citations.
- Write clearly and logically.
15. Presentation and Publishing
- Share findings through conferences, posters, or papers.
- Submit to peer-reviewed journals.
- Revise based on feedback and ensure clarity.
End of Notes