CHAPTER 1

NUMBER SYSTEM
Nazren Nazrinaz bin Nazri
Subtopics

■ 1.1 Real Numbers

■ 1.2 Complex Numbers
1.1 Real Numbers
Learning Outcomes

■ Define natural numbers (ℕ), whole numbers (𝕎), integers (ℤ), prime numbers, rational
ഥ
numbers (ℚ) and irrational numbers (ℚ).
■ Represent rational numbers and irrational numbers in decimal form.
■ Represent the relationship of number sets in a real number system diagrammatically
showing ℕ ⊂ 𝕎 ⊂ ℤ ⊂ ℚ and ℚ ∪ ℚ ഥ = ℝ.
■ Represent open, closed and half-open intervals and their representation on the number
line.
■ Find union, ∪, and intersection, ∩, of two or more intervals with the aid of a number
line.
1.1 Real Numbers
▪ Natural numbers (ℕ)
The set of all positive counting numbers starting from 1:
ℕ = {1, 2, 3, …}

▪ Whole numbers (𝕎)

The set of all non-negative integers, including 0:
𝕎 = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}

▪ Integers (ℤ)
The set of all whole numbers and their negative counterparts:
ℤ = {…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
1.1 Real Numbers
▪ Prime numbers
Natural numbers greater than 1 that have exactly two distinct positive divisors: 1 and
itself.
Example: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, etc.
▪ Rational numbers (ℚ)
p
Numbers that can be expressed as a fraction , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
q
1 3 2
Example: , , − , 0, 4
2 4 5
ഥ
▪ Irrational numbers (ℚ)
p
Numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
q
Their decimal expansions are non-terminating and non-repeating.
Example: , e, 2, 2.1921402915…
Discussion

■ In a group of 4 to 5 peoples, discuss the following. You have 10 minutes to discuss. You
may use internet or AI to help you.
– Based on the examples of integers previously, why does 0 and 4 considered as
integers?
Note: ℕ ⊂ 𝕎 ⊂ ℤ ⊂ ℚ
– Which of the following, 4.1031941849… or 0.33333…, is an irrational number?
– Give more example of irrational numbers.
Present your finding with your friends.
1.1 Real Numbers
▪ Rational and irrational numbers can be represented in decimal form, but they exhibit
distinct patterns:
▪ Rational numbers in decimal form
▪ Rational numbers have decimal representations that are either:
1. Terminating: The decimal ends after a finite number of digits.
Example:
1 3 5
= 0.5 = 0.6 = 1.25
2 5 4
2. Repeating: The decimal has a repeating block of digits that continues indefinitely.
Example:
2 5
= 0.666666… = 0.6 ത = 0.714285714285… = 0.714285
3 7
Note: The repeating block is often denoted with a bar (eg. 0.7ത ), dot (eg. 0.7)
ሶ or
repeating full stop, at least three (eg. 0.77777…).
1.1 Real Numbers
▪ Irrational Numbers in Decimal Form
▪ Irrational numbers have non-terminating and non-repeating decimal
representations.
Example:
π = 3.1415926535…
2 = 1.414213562…
e = 2.718281828…
No matter how far you go in their decimal expansions, no repeating block or
terminating pattern will emerge.
Discussion

■ In a group of 4 to 5, based on what you have learn in the previous lesson,

draw a Venn diagram to shows the relationship of the number system.
Present your finding to your friends.
Answer

ഥ ℝ
ℚ

ℕ 𝕎 ℤ ℚ
1.1 Real Numbers
▪ Open interval (a, b)
An open interval includes all the points between a and b, but not the endpoints a and b.
Set notation: (a, b) = {x : a < x < b}
Number line representation:

Open circles at a and b to indicate the endpoints are not

included.
a b

Example:
(2, 5) includes all the numbers between 2
and 5 but does not include 2 and 5. 2 5
1.1 Real Numbers
▪ Closed interval [a, b]
A closed interval includes all the points between a and b, as well as the endpoints a and b.
Set notation: [a, b] = {x : a ≤ x ≤ b}
Number line representation:

Solid dots at 𝑎 and 𝑏 to indicate the endpoints are included.

a b

Example:
[2, 5] includes all the numbers between 2
and 5 as well as 2 and 5. 2 5
1.1 Real Numbers
▪ Half-Open or Half-Closed Interval [a, b) or (a, b]
A half-open interval includes all the points between 𝑎 and 𝑏, but includes only one
endpoint.
Left close, right open
Set notation: [a, b) = {x : a ≤ x < b}
Number line representation:
Solid dot at a (included) and an open circle at b (excluded).
a b

Example:
[2, 5) includes all the numbers between 2
2 5
and 5, include 2 but exclude 5.
1.1 Real Numbers
Left open, right closed
Set notation: (a, b] = {x : a < x ≤ b}
Number line representation:

Open circle at a (excluded) and a closed dot at b (included).

a b

Example:
(2, 5] includes all the numbers between 2
and 5, exclude 2 but include 5. 2 5
1.1 Real Numbers
Summary:
1.1 Real Numbers
The union (∪) and intersection (∩) of intervals refer to combining or finding common
elements between two or more intervals.
Union
Given A = (−1, 3] and B = [0, 3). Find A ∪ B.

B For union, shade all of the region for which

A line A or B cover.
−1 0 3
Answer: A ∪ B = (−1, 3)
1.1 Real Numbers
Intersection
Given A = (−1, 3] and B = [0, 3). Find A ∩ B.

B For intersection, shade only both line A and

A B covered.
−1 0 3

Answer: A ∩ B = [0, 3)
1.1 Real Numbers
Multiple Interval
Given A = (−2, 4), B = [−1, 2) and C = [1, 3). Find
(a) A∩B∪C
(b) A∪B∩C
(c) A∩B∩C
(d) A∪B∪C

Order of Operation

Bracket Intersection Union

1.1 Real Numbers
Multiple Interval
Given A = (−2, 4), B = [−1, 2) and C = [1, 3). Find
(a) A∩B∪C
A
1 Solve from left to right, A ∩ B first, then (A ∩ B) ∪ C
B
2
C A ∩ B ∪ C = [−1, 3)
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
(b) A∪B∩C Order of Precedence, ∩ first then ∪.
A
2
B
1
C A ∪ B ∩ C = (−2, 4)
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 Order of Operation

Bracket Intersection Union

1.1 Real Numbers
Multiple Interval
Given A = (−2, 4), B = [−1, 2) and C = [1, 3). Find
(c) A∩B∩C
A
1
B
2
C A ∩ B ∩ C = [1, 2)
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
(d) A∪B∪C
A
1
B
2
C A ∪ B ∪ C = (−2, 4)
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 Order of Operation

Bracket Intersection Union

Reflection

■ Please rate your understanding from 1 – 5 for each learning outcomes on

the Google Form below, for 1 being did not understand a single thing, for
5 being understand everything.
Tutorial

■ Answer Tutorial 1 from Google Classroom for the next 1 hour. Make sure
to turn it in.
1.2 Complex Numbers
Learning Outcomes

■ Represent a complex number in Cartesian form.

■ Define the equality of two complex number.
■ Show the conjugate of a complex number (z).
ҧ
■ Determine a complex number in polar form, z = r(cos θ + i sin θ), where r > 0 and – < θ < .
1.2 Complex Numbers
A complex number can be represented in Cartesian form as:
z = a + bi
where,
a is the real part of the complex number
b is the imaginary part of the complex number.
i is the imaginary unit, defined by i2 = −1. Hence, i = −1

The real part, a, is a real number, and it represents the horizontal axis (x-axis) in the complex
plane.
The imaginary part, b, is also a real number, and it represents the vertical axis (y-axis) in the
complex plane.
Discussion

■ Determine the real part and the imaginary part of the following complex number.
(a) z = 2 – 3i
(b) z=i 5+3
(c) z = i(2i – 9i2)
3
(d) z= i+6
2
1.2 Complex Numbers
The equality of two complex numbers states that two complex numbers are equal if and only if
their real parts and imaginary parts are individually equal.

Let, z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di be two complex number where

– a and c are the real part of the respective complex number, and
– b and d are the imaginary part of the respective complex number

The complex numbers z1 and z2 can be equal if and only if

a = c and b = d
1.2 Complex Numbers
The conjugate of a complex number, z = a + bi, is denoted as z.ҧ The conjugate can be obtained
by changing the sign of either the real part or the imaginary part. So, if z = a + bi, then the
conjugates are zҧ = a – bi or zҧ = bi – a.
Example:
Find zҧ of the following complex number.
(a) z = –3i (c) z = 5 – 7i (e) z = 5 + i 8
zҧ = 3i zҧ = 5 + 7i zҧ = 5 – i 8
zҧ =– 5 – 7i zҧ = –5 + i 8
2
(b) z = i – 4 (d) z = i(3 – 7i) (f) z = 3
3
2
zҧ = i + 4 zҧ = 3i – 7i2 zҧ = 3
3
2
zҧ = – i – 4 zҧ = 3i + 7
3
zҧ = 3i – 7 or zҧ = –3i + 7
1.2 Complex Numbers
Basic algebraic operation on complex numbers:
Let z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di.

Addition: Substraction:
z1 + z2 = (a + bi) + (c + di) z1 – z2 = (a + bi) – (c + di)
= a + c + i(b + d) = a – c + i(b – d)
Example: Example:
z3 = 2 + 3i, z4 = 1 – 5i z3 = 2 + 3i, z4 = 1 – 5i
z3 + z4 = (2 + 3i) + (1 – 5i) z3 – z4 = (2 + 3i) – (1 – 5i)
= 2 + 1 + i(3 – 5) = 2 – 1 + i(3 – (– 5))
= 3 + i(–2) = 1 + i(8)
= 3 – 2i = 1 + 8i
1.2 Complex Numbers
Basic algebraic operation on complex numbers:
Let z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di.

Multiplication:
z1 × z2 = (a + bi)(c + di)
= ac + adi + bci – bd
Example:
z3 = 2 + 3i, z4 = 1 – 5i
z3 × z4 = (2 + 3i)(1 – 5i)
= 2(1) – 2(5i) + 3i(1) + ((3)(–5)i2)
= 2 – 10i + 3i + (–15(–1))
= 2 – 7i + 15
= 17 – 7i
1.2 Complex Numbers
Basic algebraic operation on complex numbers:
Let z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di.
Division: Example:
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 z3 = 2 + 3i, z4 = 1 – 5i
z1 ÷ z2 =
𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 2 +3𝑖
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)(𝑐−𝑑𝑖) Multiply both the numerator z3 ÷ z4 =
1 −5𝑖
= and the denominator by the
(𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖)(𝑐−𝑑𝑖) complex conjugate 2+3𝑖 1+5𝑖
=
𝑎𝑐−𝑎𝑑𝑖+𝑏𝑐𝑖−𝑏𝑑𝑖 2 1−5𝑖 1+5𝑖
= 2
𝑐 −𝑐𝑑𝑖+𝑐𝑑𝑖−𝑑 2 𝑖 2 2+10𝑖+3𝑖+15𝑖 2
𝑎𝑐−𝑎𝑑𝑖+𝑏𝑐𝑖+𝑏𝑑 =
1+5𝑖−5𝑖−25𝑖 2
=
𝑐 2 +𝑑 2 2−15+13𝑖
𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑−(𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐)𝑖 =
1+25
=
𝑐 2 +𝑑 2 −13+13𝑖
𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑 𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐
=
26
= 2 2− 2 2 𝑖
𝑐 +𝑑 𝑐 +𝑑 13(−1+𝑖)
=
13(2)
1 1
= 𝑖−
2 2
1.2 Complex Numbers
The Argand diagram is a graphical representation of complex numbers on a two-dimensional
Cartesian coordinate system. It is named after Jean-Robert Argand, a French mathematician
who popularized this method of visualizing complex numbers.

Example:
Visualize z = 4 – 5i into an Argand diagram.

Im(z)
The vertical axis (imaginary axis) represents the
imaginary part Im(z) of the complex number.
4
θ Re(z)
O
The horizontal axis (real axis) represents the
real part Re(z) of the complex number.
–5 (4, –5)
Discussion

■ In a group of 4 to 5 people, find out more about the Argand diagram using internet or AI.
Share your finding with your friend.
1.2 Complex Numbers
To express a complex number into a polar form, we use the representation:
z = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
Where,
r is the magnitude (or modulus) of the complex number
θ is the argument (angle) of the complex number, measured in radians, such that – < θ < .
Steps to Determine the Polar Form

Sketch an Argand Find r. Find argument using Substitute r and θ into

diagram r = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 SOH CAH TOA. z = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
1.2 Complex Numbers
Quadrant Value of a Value of b Adjusting Arg
I a>0 b>0 Arg = θ
II a<0 b>0 Arg = θ + π
III a<0 b<0 Arg = θ – π
IV a>0 b<0 Arg = θ

Im(z)

QII QI

Re(z)

QIII QIV
1.2 Complex Numbers
Express the following into polar form.
(a) z = 3 + 4i
(b) z = 2i − 3
(c) z = −6 − 7i
(d) z = 12 – 5i
1.2 Complex Numbers
Express the following into polar form.
(a) z = 3 + 4i
Im(z)
𝑟 = 32 + 42
4 𝑟=5
4
𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 = tan−1
3
θ
Re(z) 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 = 0.927 rad
O 3
θ = 0.927 rad
z = 5(cos (0.927) + i sin (0.927))
1.2 Complex Numbers
Express the following into polar form.
(b) z = 2i − 3
Im(z)
2
𝑟= − 3 + 22
2 𝑟= 7
−1
2
θ 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 = tan +𝜋
Re(z) − 3
− 3 O
𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 = 2.485 rad
θ = 2.485 rad
z = 7(cos (2.485) + i sin (2.485))
1.2 Complex Numbers
Express the following into polar form.
(c) z = −6 − 7i
Im(z)
𝑟 = −6 2 + (−7)2
−6
θ Re(z) 𝑟 = 85
O
−7
𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 = tan−1 −𝜋
−6
−7 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 = −2.279 rad
θ = −2.279 rad
z = 85(cos (−2.279) + i sin (−2.279))
1.2 Complex Numbers
Express the following into polar form.
(d) z = 12 – 5i
Im(z)
𝑟 = 122 + (−5)2
12
Re(z) 𝑟 = 13
O θ
−1
−5
𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 = tan
12
−5 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 = −0.395 rad
θ = −0.395 rad
z = 13(cos (−0.395) + i sin (−0.395))
Tutorial

■ Answer Tutorial 2 from Google Classroom for the next 1 hour. Make sure to turn it in.
Quiz

■ Quiz will be held on the following day:

Chapter 1 Ended