Chapter 1
Introduction to Biology
1.1 The Importance of Biology
1. Unknowingly humans are disturbing the _____ of nature.
2. The whole world is now suffering under the impact of _____ outbreak and weather
changes.
3. Over fishing, over hunting and deforestation may lead to problems in feeding _____ .
4. People should realize _____ , for the knowledge of it will help mankind to protect
nature, and feed starving nation.
1.1.1 Links between Biology and Other Branches of Science
1. Biological branches, which study the basic facts or principles, are regarded as _____ .
2. _____ is the study of structure and form of organisms.
3. _____ is the study of cell structure and function.
4. Biological branches, in which apply the basic knowledge to practical application or
particular
technologies, are known as _____ .
5. Biophysics applies _____ to study the biological processes.
6. Biochemistry is the study of chemical substances and the chemical processes which
occur in the _____ .
1.2 Identification and Classification of Living Things
1. _____ in biology is the process in which an organism or a specimen is classified and
assigned a scientific name.
2. The study and process of classification is known as _____ .
3. At the top of hierarchical are three domains, _____ , Bacteria and Eukarya.
4. Biologists usually use easily _____ like morphology and anatomy as keys.
1.2.1 Construction of Dichotomous Keys for Identification
1. Dichotomous keys provide a simple way to put unknown organisms in their _____ .
2. The method of dichotomous keys is to divide the groups of organisms into _____
repeatedly.
3. By following the sequences of the given dichotomous keys and making _____ , the
unknown organisms can be identified.
1.3 Microscopy
1. Biologists use microscopes to study cells, cell parts and also organisms that are small
to be seen with _____ .
2. The light microscope uses light as _____ to form the image of specimen being studied
while electron microscope use electron.
3. In _____ , electron is passed through the specimen and allow us to see thin sections
of the specimen.
4. In _____, the electron beam is passed back and forth over the surface of the specimen.
5. In light microscope, light must come only from _____.
6. By adjusting the _____, the amount of light reaching the specimen is controlled.
7. In light microscope, _____ focuses the light onto the specimen on the slide.
8. In electron microscope, electron gun and anode emit high velocity _____.
9. In electron microscope, _____ focus the magnified image onto the screen.
10. In light microscope, the image is projected _____ or on the photographic film.
11. In electron microscope, the image is projected _____ or on photographic film.
12. Light microscope can magnify up to _____.
13. Electron microscope can magnify up to _____.
Magnification and Resolution
1. _____ is the ability to increase the size of the image of the object being studied.
2. Magnification can be defined as the number of times larger an image is, compared
with _____ of the object.
3. _____ is the ability to distinguish between two objects that are close together.
4. If the two objects cannot be resolved, they will be seen as _____.
5. An increase in magnification does not always produce _____.
6. With resolution, the greater the resolution, the greater _____.
1.4 Biotechnology
1.4.1 What is Biotechnology?
1. Biotechnology is a branch of biology which combines _____ with engineering
technologies.
2. Our ancestors had been practicing biotechnology for hundreds of years making food
without any _____
1.4.2 Traditional Biotechnology
1. Seven thousand years ago, people in Mesopotamia use bacteria to convert wine into
_____.
2. For centuries, mankind had been practicing the methods handed by _____ to prepare
their meals.
1.4.3 Modern Biotechnology
1. Many materials produced by modern biotechnology ranges from medicines like _____
to chemicals like enzymes and fuel.
2. By using modern biotechnology, genes for _____ resistance are put into crop plants.
3. Some plants and animals which are carried out by genetic engineering are known as
_____.
4. Transgenic goats produce antibodies and ____ in their milk.
5. Transgenic plants are engineered to produce ____.
1.4.4 Microorganisms and Biotechnology
1. Microorganisms or _____ are small organisms that can only be seen with the
microscope.
2. _____ are prokaryotes whereas protists and fungi are eukaryotes.
3. Microorganisms can reproduce inside the living cell of other organisms by using
_____ of the host.
4. Protists are _____ organisms usually found in the wet surrounding.
5. Fungi have _____ or filamentous cells.
6. Microorganisms can be cultured easily by using _____ where they can reproduce
profusely as they can keep in optimum conditions.
1.4.5 Making of Biofuels, Bread, Yoghurt, Cheese, Wine and Beer
1. Raw or unrefined sugar obtained from _____ are used as nutrient for the anaerobically
respiring yeasts.
2. Ethanol is mixed with petrol to get _____ which is used for driving cars.
3. In Brazil, Zimbabwe and in USA some cars are already using ethanol and gasohol as
_____.
4. The single-celled fungi _____ is used in the making of bread.
5. In bread making, water activates _____ to act on the starch in the flour breaking it
down to sugar.
6. The dough is left to ferment at _____ for a few hours.
7. A sticky protein _____ holds the carbon dioxide gas bubbles in the dough.
8. Milk is pasteurized at _____ to kill the bacteria in it.
9. Lactic acid coagulates _____ and thick creamy yoghurt is produced.
10. In making cheese, _____ is drained off and the solid curds are partially dried and
compressed.
11. At the last step, the cheese obtained are allowed to _____ and mature.
12. The extracted grapes juice is treated with _____ to kill the natural occurring yeast.
13. When the alcohol content reach 15%, _____ die and the juice becomes wine.
14. Barley grains are wetted and allowed to germinate thus activating the _____ enzymes.
15. The barley enzymes digest starch to _____ so that ‘wort’, a sugary solution is
obtained.
16. Wort is filtered and boiled with hops which give beer _____.
1.4.6 Fermentation and Fermenters
1. Most microorganisms do not need _____ as they can respire anaerobically.
2. The anaerobic respiration, which breaks down glucose to alcohol and carbon dioxide,
is also known as _____.
3. Fermenters are large containers that maintain _____ for culturing microorganisms,
usually bacteria and fungi.
4. As the waste products produced by microorganisms are _____, the fermenter tanks
are usually made of stainless steel or special alloy.
5. In commercial fermentation, there are two types of culture: _____ and continuous
culture.
1.5 Enzymes Use in Industry
1. Enzymes are _____ formed in the living cells.
2. Enzymes are _____ and all the metabolic processes of the living things are catalyzed
by them.
3. Many enzymes used in industries are obtained from _____ mostly from fungi or
bacteria.
4. _____ is used to treat blood clotting.
5. _____ is used for treatment of inflammation.
1.5.1 Biological Washing Powders
1. _____ are the protein-digesting enzymes.
2. _____ are the fat-digesting enzymes.
3. Proteases and lipases are used to make _____ powder.
1.5.2 Extracting Fruit Juice
1. The pectinases enzymes break down _____, a jelly like substances between the cell
walls.
2. During the break down process many kinds of _____ are also released causing the
juice to become cloudy.