Campbell Biology, 11e (Urry)

Chapter 51 Animal Behavior

51.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) What type of signal is long-lasting and works at night?

A) olfactory
B) visual
C) auditory
D) electrical

2) What type of signal is brief and can work among obstructions at night?
A) olfactory
B) visual
C) auditory
D) magnetic

3) What type of signal is fast and requires daylight with no obstructions?

A) olfactory
B) visual
C) auditory
D) tactile

4) Circannual rhythms in birds are influenced by ________.

A) periods of food availability
B) periods of daylight and darkness
C) magnetic fields
D) lunar cycles

5) Upon returning to its hive, a European honeybee communicates to other worker

bees the presence of a nearby food source it has discovered by ________.
A) vibrating its wings at varying frequencies
B) performing a round dance
C) performing a waggle dance
D) visual cues

6) Displays of nocturnal mammals are usually ________.

A) visual and auditory
B) tactile and visual
C) olfactory and auditory
D) visual and olfactory

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7) A cage containing male mosquitoes has a small earphone placed on top, through
which the sound of a female mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the
earphone and go through all of the steps of copulation. What is the best explanation
for this behavior?
A) Copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus
that initiates it.
B) The sound from the earphone irritates the male mosquitoes, causing them to
attempt to sting it.
C) The reproductive drive is so strong that when males are deprived of females, they
will attempt to mate with anything that has even the slightest female characteristic.
D) Through classical conditioning, the male mosquitoes have associated the
inappropriate stimulus from the earphone with the normal response of copulation.

8) A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring.
What animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation?
A) sign stimulus
B) cognition
C) imprinting
D) classical conditioning

9) Which of the following experiments best addresses the hypothesis that moths stop
flying in response to high-intensity bat sounds?
A) Isolate and characterize the neurons that control flight muscle.
B) Play prerecorded high-intensity bat sounds to flying moths.
C) Observe responses of moths to bats in nature.
D) Put bats and moths in an enclosure and make detailed observations of predator-
prey
interactions.

10) A lizard's bobbing dewlap (a colorful flap of skin hanging from an Anolis lizard's
throat) is an example of a(n) ________.
A) stimulus
B) reflex
C) signal
D) innate releasing mechanism

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11) Use the following figures to answer the question.

From the figure, what can we determine about the location of the food source?
A) The waggle dance in the top figure indicates that the food is directly under the
hive.
B) The waggle dance in the bottom figure indicates that the food is to the west of the
hive.
C) The waggle dance in the top figure indicates that the food is close to the hive.
D) The waggle dance in the bottom figure indicates that the food is 90° to the right of
the sun.

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12) Use the following figures to answer the question.

What could you conclude if the honeybee in the figure switched from the "waggle
dance" to the "round dance"?
A) The food source is no longer available; all the nectar has been harvested.
B) The preferred food source was farther away.
C) The bee is trying to conserve energy by switching to the round dance.
D) The food source is close to the hive.

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13) Use the following figures to answer the question.

If the figure shows the dances of bees in a hive at noon on June 21 in the northern
hemisphere (the sun is directly north of the hive), which dance is communicating that
the food is to the south of the hive?
A) dance A
B) dance B
C) dance C
D) It is not possible to tell if any of the dances indicate the food is to the south of the
hive.

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14) Scientists believe that the direction birds go when migrating is guided in part by
________.

I) the stars in the night sky

II) the sun during the day
III) the magnetic field of the Earth

A) only I
B) only II
C) only III
D) I, II, and III

15) Which of the following examples describes a behavioral pattern that results from a
proximate cause?
A) A cat kills a mouse to obtain nutrition.
B) A male sheep fights with another male because it helps to improve its social
position.
C) A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly
each day.
D) A goose squats and freezes motionless to escape a predator.

16) The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but
behavior is ultimately shaped by ________.
A) hormones
B) evolution
C) pheromones
D) the nervous system

17) During a field trip, an instructor touched a moth resting on a tree trunk. The moth
raised its forewings to reveal large eyespots on its hind wings. The instructor asked
why the moth lifted its wings. One student answered that sensory receptors had fired
and triggered a neuronal reflex culminating in the contraction of certain muscles. A
second student responded that the behavior might frighten predators. Which statement
best describes these explanations?
A) The first explanation is correct, but the second is incorrect.
B) The first explanation refers to proximate causation, whereas the second refers to
ultimate causation.
C) The first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis, whereas the second is
not.
D) Both explanations are reasonable and simply represent a difference of opinion.

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18) Which of the following is required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural
selection?
A) The behavior is determined entirely by genes.
B) The behavior is the same in all individuals in the population.
C) An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is
performed.
D) The behavior is not genetically inherited.

19) In testing a hypothesis that "territorial defense in European robins is a fixed action
pattern that is released by the sight of orange feathers," researchers found that robins
defended their territory by attacking anything that was of similar size and had an
orange patch. What experiment would you perform next to determine that the color
initiated the defense response?
A) Repeat the experiment using a blue patch instead of an orange patch.
B) Repeat the experiment by removing the patch completely.
C) Repeat the experiment by using a model of a robin that was twice the size of a
normal robin but with a small orange patch.
D) Repeat the experiment by using a model of a robin that had an orange patch that
was twice the size of a normal patch.

20) Squirrels will make alarm sounds when a model of an owl is placed in their
territory. When a red block the same size of the owl is placed in the territory, the
squirrel does not alarm. What can you conclude from these observations?
A) The squirrel cannot see red objects, and so does not make alarm sounds.
B) The owl model, but not the red block, is a sign that triggers the fixed action pattern
of alarm vocalizations.
C) The owl model is the ultimate cause of alarm vocalization behavior.
D) The squirrel is trying to attract the owl into its territory.

Listed are several examples of types of animal behavior. Choose the letter of the
correct term (A-E) that matches each example in the following questions.

A. operant conditioning
B. classical conditioning
C. innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior

21) Through trial and error, a rat learns to run a maze without mistakes to receive a
food reward.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
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22) A human baby performs a sucking behavior perfectly when it is put in the
presence of the nipple of its mother's breast.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

23) A mother goat can recognize its own kid by smell.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

24) A cat runs to its food dish when it hears the sound of a can opener.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) E

25) Every morning at the same time, John went into the den to feed his new tropical
fish. After a few weeks, he noticed that the fish swam to the top of the tank when he
entered the room. This is an example of ________.
A) cognition
B) imprinting
C) classical conditioning
D) operant conditioning

26) Some dogs love attention, and Frodo the beagle learns that if he barks, he gets
attention. Which of the following might you use to describe this behavior?
A) The dog is displaying an instinctive fixed action pattern.
B) The dog is trying to protect its territory.
C) The dog has been classically conditioned.
D) The dog's behavior is a result of operant conditioning.

27) Scientists have tried raising endangered whooping cranes in captivity by using
sandhill cranes as foster parents. This strategy is no longer used because ________.
A) the fostered whooping cranes' critical period was variable such that different
chicks imprinted on different "mothers"
B) sandhill crane parents rejected their fostered whooping crane chicks soon after
incubation
C) none of the fostered whooping cranes formed a mating pair-bond with another
whooping crane
D) sandhill crane parents did not properly incubate whooping crane eggs

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28) White-crowned sparrows can only learn the "crystallized" song for their species
by
________.
A) listening to adult sparrow songs during a sensitive period as a fledgling, followed
by a practice period until the juvenile matches its melody to its memorized fledgling
song
B) listening to the song of its own species during a critical period so that it will
imprint to its own species song and not the songs of other songbird species
C) performing the crystallized song as adults when they become sexually mature, as
the song is programmed into the innate behavior for the species
D) observing and practicing after receiving social confirmation from other adults at a
critical period during their first episode of courtship behavior

29) One way to understand how early environment influences behaviors in similar
species is through the "cross-fostering" experimental technique. Suppose that the
curly-whiskered mud rat differs from the bald mud rat in several ways, including
being much more aggressive. How would you set up a cross-fostering experiment to
determine if environment plays a role in the curly-whiskered mud rat's aggression?
A) You would cross curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats and hand-rear the
offspring to see if any grew up to be aggressive.
B) You would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents and
place newborn bald mud rats with curly-whiskered mud rat parents. Finally, let some
mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. Then you would compare the
outcomes.
C) You would remove the offspring of curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats
from their parents, raise them in the same environment but without parents, and then
compare the outcomes.
D) You would replace normal newborn mud rats with deformed newborn mud rats to
see if it triggered an altruistic response.

30) Which of the following is true of innate behaviors? Innate behaviors ________.
A) are only weakly influenced by genes
B) occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals
C) are limited to invertebrate animals
D) are expressed in most individuals in a population

31) A region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the nonbreeding season and
enlarges when breeding season begins. This change is probably associated with the
annual ________.
A) addition of new syllables to a canary's song repertoire
B) crystallization of subsong into adult songs
C) renewal of mating and nest-building behaviors
D) elimination of the memorized template for songs sung the previous year

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32) Although many chimpanzees live in environments containing oil palm nuts,
members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The likely
explanation is that ________.
A) the behavioral difference is caused by genetic differences between populations
B) members of different populations have different nutritional requirements
C) the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some
populations
D) members of different populations differ in learning ability

33) You observe a species of bird that, upon hatching, has contact with its parents only
while being fed. You also never hear the parents sing during the feeding process.
What would you propose about song learning in this species of bird?
A) Song learning in this species is most likely learned.
B) The period of imprinting is likely later in the bird's life.
C) The males will learn song when they congregate with other males of their species
during the winter.
D) Song learning in this species is most likely innate.

34) Learning has the most influence on behavior when ________.

A) making mistakes does not result in death
B) animals reproduce asexually
C) animals have enormous cognitive ability
D) making mistakes results in death

35) You have captured a number of rats from a wild population and quickly surmise
with tests that they are very good at avoiding food with poisons. What would best
explain this observation?
A) Rats are probably just intelligent enough to avoid poison.
B) Rats may experience a large variety of toxins in their environment and learn to
avoid them.
C) Rats are taught by their parents to test small bits of food first and then return later
if the food seems safe.
D) Rats may be able to tolerate large amounts of poison.

36) You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only
pretends to hide food. What kind of experiment could you perform to test whether this
behavior was random or in response to another signal?
A) Observe more of these behaviors in the wild and try to determine if the behavior is
random.
B) Hypothesize a set of signals that could produce this behavior and try to match the
behaviors with the signals.
C) Attempt to reproduce the behavior in captivity by using bird models and a
computer
simulation.
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D) Isolate the individual birds in a laboratory and repeat the observations.

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37) You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only
pretends to hide food. Your experiments associate the presence of other individuals
with the frequency of pretending to cache food. A colleague shows you animals of the
same species that do not perform this pretend caching. How does this information
affect your conclusions about this behavior?
A) It suggests that this behavior might be learned.
B) It prevents you from making conclusions.
C) It suggests that your experimental design is flawed.
D) It does not change your initial conclusions.

38) You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe its mating
behavior. You see that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. On
this basis, you can probably conclude that the species is ________.
A) polygamous
B) monogamous
C) polyandrous
D) agonistic

39) Fred and Joe, two unrelated, mature male gorillas, encounter one another. Fred is
courting a female. Fred grunts as Joe comes near. As Joe continues to advance, Fred
begins drumming (pounding his chest) and bares his teeth. Joe then rolls on the
ground on his back, gets up, and quickly leaves. This behavioral pattern is repeated
several times during the mating season.
Choose the most specific behavior described by this example.
A) agonistic behavior
B) territorial behavior
C) learned behavior
D) fixed action pattern

40) Female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males and, after mating and egg
laying, leave the clutch of young for the male to incubate. This sequence may be
repeated several times with different males until no available males remain, forcing
the female to incubate her last clutch.
Which of the following terms best describes this behavior?
A) monogamy
B) polygyny
C) polyandry
D) promiscuity

41) Feeding behavior with a high-energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called

________.
A) autotrophy
B) heterotrophy
C) search scavenging
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D) optimal foraging

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42) Which of the following examples reflects the concept of optimal foraging?
A) During foraging, a mule deer will consume food as soon as it finds it, regardless of
the location.
B) A cheetah will continue a chase for prey, regardless of how long the chase lasts or
how much energy is consumed.
C) A moose spends more time looking for food when the food is high quality than
when the food is low quality.
D) If an animal is hungry it will consume food as soon as it is found, regardless of the
food quality or the risk.

43) The occurrence of sexual dimorphism in a species is a likely indicator of

________.
A) a monogamous mating system
B) monogamy
C) certainty of paternity
D) agonistic behavior

44) The head-butting behavior of male bighorn sheep to establish a mating hierarchy
is an example of ________.
A) mate-choice copying
B) sexual dimorphism
C) agonistic behavior
D) polygamy

45) Which of the following statements is true about certainty of paternity?

A) Certainty of paternity is high in most species with internal fertilization because the
acts of mating and birth are separated by time.
B) Certainty of paternity is low when males guard females they have mated.
C) Certainty of paternity is low when egg laying and mating occur together, as in
external fertilization.
D) Paternal behavior exists because it has been reinforced over generations by natural
selection.

46) Which of the following best describes "game theory" as it applies to animal
behavior?
A) The fitness of a particular behavior is influenced by other behavioral phenotypes in
a population.
B) The total of all of the behavioral displays, both male and female, is related to
courtship.
C) The play behavior performed by juveniles allows them to perfect adult behaviors
that are needed for survival, such as hunting, courtship, and so on.
D) The evolutionary "game" is played between predator and prey. A behavior evolves
in the prey in response to the nature of the predatory behavior.

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47) The color of throats of males in a population of side-blotched lizards is
determined by ________.
A) ambient temperature: blue = cold; orange = normal; yellow = hot
B) stage of development/maturity
C) their receptiveness to mate
D) the success of the mating behavior of each of the throat-color phenotypes

48) Use the following figure to answer the question.

Based only on the information in the figure, which of the following conclusions is
most logical?
A) Females produce more eggs more quickly when exposed to breeding males.
B) Females produce eggs more quickly when exposed to many males than females
paired with a male.
C) All non-isolated females do just as well as isolated females.
D) After four weeks together, females with males produce mature follicles to the same
extent as females without males.

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49) Use the following figure to answer the question.

Based on the information in the figure, which of the following would you expect to
observe in these animals?

I) sexual dimorphism
II) polygamy
III) agonistic behavior

A) only II
B) I and II
C) I and III
D) I, II, and III

Listed are several examples of types of animal behavior. Choose the letter of the
correct term (A-E) that matches each example in the following questions.

A. operant conditioning
B. classical conditioning
C. innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior

50) Upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead, a sentry prairie dog gives a
warning call to other foraging members of the prairie dog community.
A) B
B) C
C) D
D) E

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51) The fru gene in fruit flies ________.

I) is a master regulatory gene that directs expression of many other genes

II) can be genetically manipulated in females so that they will perform male sex
behaviors
III) programs males for appropriate courtship behaviors

A) only I and II
B) only I and III
C) only III
D) I, II, III

52) Pair-bonding in a population of prairie voles can be prevented by ________.

A) the ensuing confusion caused by introducing meadow voles
B) administering a drug that inhibits the brain receptor for vasopressin in the central
nervous system (CNS) of males
C) dying the coat color from brown to blond in either male or female prairie voles
D) allowing the population size to reach critically low levels

53) Which of the following statements about evolution of behavior is correct?

A) Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances survival and reproduction.
B) An animal may show behavior that minimizes reproductive fitness.
C) If a behavior is less than optimal, it will eventually become optimal through
natural selection.
D) Innate behaviors cannot be altered by natural selection.

54) How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?

A) By his/her actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will
be passed on to the next generation.
B) The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because its
survivability has been enhanced by virtue of its risky behavior.
C) Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more,
thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations.
D) Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability
of all the members of the population.

55) Which of the following has a coefficient of relatedness of 0.25?

A) a father to his daughter
B) an uncle to his nephew
C) a brother to his brother
D) a sister to her brother

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56) Animals that help other animals of the same species ________.
A) have excess energy reserves
B) are bigger and stronger than the other animals
C) are usually related to the other animals helped
D) are always male

57) The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory
maintaining that ________.
A) genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist
others who share those genes
B) companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each
other
C) critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals and they have arisen, like
other traits, through natural selection
D) natural selection has generally favored the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and
submissive behaviors to resolve conflict without grave harm to participants

58) If a prairie dog had the opportunity to perform an altruistic act (that is, give an
alarm call) to help its relatives, which combination of the following relatives would
the prairie dog be most likely to help (base your answer solely on the genetic
relationships)?
A) two nieces, two cousins, and one half-brother
B) two half-sisters and two nieces
C) one son, one niece, and one half-sister
D) equal altruism to all combinations described

59) How would you classify the genetic basis for most behavioral traits in the animal
kingdom?
A) One gene typically codes for one behavior.
B) One gene typically codes for many behaviors.
C) Many genes typically code for one behavior.
D) Behaviors are learned, not coded by genes.

60) What probably explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to
banana slug prey?
A) Ancestors of coastal snakes that could eat the abundant banana slugs had increased
fitness. No such selection occurred inland, where banana slugs were absent.
B) Banana slugs are camouflaged, and inland snakes, which have poorer vision than
coastal snakes, are less able to see them.
C) Garter snakes learn about prey from other garter snakes. Inland garter snakes have
fewer types of prey because they are less social.
D) Inland banana slugs are distasteful, so inland snakes learn to avoid them. Coastal
banana slugs are palatable to garter snakes.

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61) Behaviors are diverse and important for survival and reproduction. Some
behaviors are learned, such as the species-specific song of a yellow warbler that is
different from the song of a blue-winged warbler. Other behaviors are innate, such as
a female cat in heat urinating more often and in many places to attract a mate or the
honeybees' "dance" that indicates the distance and direction of a food source when
they return to their hive. Which of the following statements supports the idea that
behaviors are important in survival and therefore affect natural selection?
A) Learned behaviors always increase fitness.
B) Innate behaviors are the result of selection for individual survival and reproductive
success.
C) All behaviors are survival mechanisms that increase reproductive fitness by
increasing mutation rates.
D) Both innate and learned behaviors are entirely based on genes inherited from
parents.

62) A male stickleback fish will attack other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting
territory. It will only attack male fish, which display the red belly characteristic of the
species. Why has natural selection favored this behavior?
A) The behavior reduces competition between species, which gives the male
stickleback access to more food.
B) The behavior allows the male stickleback to attract females with its aggressive
display.
C) The behavior allows the male to establish a defined space for breeding with female
sticklebacks.
D) The behavior is a mechanism to reduce predation and resource competition.

63) A vampire bat sharing blood with another bat that is not its kin is an example of
________.
A) optimal foraging behavior
B) reciprocal altruism
C) learned behavior
D) agonistic behavior

51.2 Student Edition End-of-Chapter Questions

1) Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?

A) Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes.
B) They occur with or without environmental stimuli.
C) They are expressed in most individuals in a population.
D) They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals.

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2) According to Hamilton's rule,
A) natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the
altruist.
B) natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient,
corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist.
C) natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an
offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling.
D) the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on
individuals.

3) Female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males and, after mating, leave the
clutch of young for the male to incubate. This sequence may be repeated several times
with different males until no available males remain, forcing the female to incubate
her last clutch. Which of the following terms best describes this behavior?
A) polygyny
B) polyandry
C) promiscuity
D) certainty of paternity

4) A region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the nonbreeding season and
enlarges when breeding season begins. This change is probably associated with the
annual
A) addition of new syllables to a canary's song repertoire.
B) crystallization of subsong into adult songs.
C) sensitive period in which canary parents imprint on new offspring.
D) elimination of the memorized template for songs sung the previous year.

5) Although many chimpanzees live in environments with oil palm nuts, members of
only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The likely explanation is
that
A) the behavioral difference is caused by genetic differences between populations.
B) members of different populations have different nutritional requirements.
C) the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some
populations.
D) members of different populations differ in learning ability.

6) Which of the following is not required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural
selection?
A) In each individual, the form of the behavior is determined entirely by genes.
B) The behavior varies among individuals.
C) An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is
performed.
D) Some component of the behavior is genetically inherited.

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