QUESTIONS TO PONDER (Valuing)

 WHAT IS PHYSICS?
 WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF
STUDYING PHYSICS

General Physics 1
What is Physics?
 is a natural science that involves the study of matter
and its motion through space and time, along with
related concepts such as energy and force.
 More broadly, it is the study of nature in an attempt to
understand how the universe behaves.

General Physics 1
General Physics 1
General Physics 1
 Module 1
Module 1.1: MEASUREMENTS
1. Differentiate the various systems and units of measurement
2. Explain the standards of measurement for length, mass, and
time.
3. Solve measurement problems involving conversion units
4. Express measurements in scientific notation
5. Differentiate Accuracy from Precision

General Physics 1
 Module 1
Module 1.1: MEASUREMENTS
6. Differentiate Random Errors from Systematic Errors.
7. Use the least count concept to estimate errors associated with
single measurements
8. Estimate errors from multiple measurements of a physical quantity
using variance.
9. Estimate the uncertainty of a derived quantity from the estimated
values and uncertainties of directly measured quantities.
10. Estimate intercepts and slopes in data with linear dependence.
General Physics 1
GRADING SYSTEM
 CLASS PERFORMANCE – 30%
Lab activities, lesson check/short quizzes,
homeworks
 H.O.T.S/CHAPTERTEST – 30%
 QUARTERLY EXAM – 30 %
 ATTITUDE/WORK ETHICS – 10%

General Physics 1
PORTFOLIO OF ASSESSMENTS
TO PRINT using LONG-SIZED BONDPAPER:

Front page: PORTFOLIO OF ASSESSMENTS

Name, Grade level/Section

Next Page: LESSON CHECK

Next Page: CHAPTER TEST

General Physics 1
Objectives:
1. Differentiate the various systems and units of
measurement
2. Explain the standards of measurement for length, mass,
and time, etc.
3. Solve measurement problems involving conversion units.

General Physics 1
Measurements
 a measurement is made up of a number and a unit

Ex. The length of a table is 2 meters long.

The mass of a rubrics cube is 0.3 kg.
The normal body’s temperature is 37 degree
Celsius.

General Physics 1
Measurements
 a measurement is made up of a number and a unit

Ex. The length of a table is 2 meters long.

The mass of a rubrics cube is 0.3 kg.
The normal body’s temperature is 37 degree
Celsius.

General Physics 1
 Measurements
 ENGLISH OR
BRITISH SYSTEM
- It comprises units
such as:
- pound (force)
- yard (length), and
- ounce (volume), etc. ​
​

General Physics 1
Measurements
METRIC SYSTEM​
 It constitutes units
based on powers of
10.​
 For example,
 1km = 10^3 meters (m)
 1 mg =10^-3 gram (g).​

General Physics 1
Measurements (cont.)
METRIC SYSTEM​
(cont.)
 In 1960, the units of the metric system were streamlined by
an international conference in France.​
 SI, which stands for Systeme international d’unites or
International System of Units are created.​
 This International System of Units is built upon a set of
seven metric units called the SI base units.

General Physics 1
Measurements (cont.)
METRIC SYSTEM​
(cont.)
 In 1960, the units of the metric system were
streamlined by an international conference in France.​
 SI, which stands for Systeme international d’unites or
International System of Units are created.​

General Physics 1
The SI Base Units

General Physics 1
Derived Unit
 A derived unit is a
unit of measurement
in the International
System of Units (SI)
that is derived from
one or more of the
seven base units

General Physics 1
Example of Derived Units

General Physics 1
Unit Prefixes
Prefix – is a letter or a group of
letters added at the beginning
of the base word to change its
meaning.
In measurement, a UNIT
PREFIX or metric prefix can be
used to make a new unit larger
or smaller than the base unit.

General Physics 1
Unit Prefixes

General Physics 1
CONVERSION OF UNITS
 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS – is a
technique/process of converting between units.
 UNIT EQUALITY (or conversion factor)
- It is an equation that shows the equivalent amounts
of different units
- Ex. 1km = 1000 m

General Physics 1
General Physics 1
How to Convert A Unit of Measurement to
Another Unit
1. Compare the two units.
2. Find the conversion factor that gives the appropriate ratio to
the given unit.
3. Write the conversion factor as a fraction, where the
denominator is in the same unit as the given unit.
4. Write a multiplication problem with the original number and
the fraction
5. Cancel out similar units that appears on the numerator and
denominator.
6. Solve.

General Physics 1
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

General Physics 1
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
dm mm

mm

General Physics 1
Sample Problem 3
 The Speed of a Car as measured by a speedometer is
85 Kilometers per hour (km/hr). How fast is the car
moving in centimeter per second (cm/s).
STEP 1

Unit Equalities/Conversion Factor:

1 km = 1000 m
1 m = 100 cm
1 h = 3600 s
(km/hr) (cm/s)

General Physics 1
 Sample Problem 3: (km/hr) (cm/s)
STEP 2 STEP 3

Write the Conversion as a Fraction Write a multiplication problem with the

original number and the fraction.
1000 m 100 cm 1 hr
1 km 1m 3600 s
km 1000 m 100 cm 1 hr
85
hr 1 km 1m 3600 s
STEP 4
STEP 5 Solve
Cancel out similar
2, 361.11 cm/s units that appears on
the numerator and
denominator. General Physics 1
 SEATWORK
A. Change the following numbers to the appropriate units of
measurement.
1) 78.36 liters = ___________ milliliters (ml)
2) 12.3 meters (m) = __________ centimeters (cm)
3) 76.3 millimeters (mm)= _______ centimeters (1cm = 10mm)

General Physics 1
SEATWORK
B. Convert the following via Dimensional
Analysis. Show your step by step solution
completely.
1) 21 km/h = __________ m/s
2) 56 m/s = ___________ km/h
3) 17 dm/s = __________ km/s

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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

General Physics 1
SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS
 Isa form of presenting very large numbers
or very small numbers into simpler form.

General Physics 1
 SOME RULES IN
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
1. The base should always be 10
2. The exponent must be a non-zero integer, positive
or negative
3. The absolute value of the coefficient is greater
than or equal to 1, but it should be less than 10.
4. The coefficient can be positive or negative
numbers, including whole numbers and decimal
numbers.

General Physics 1
General Physics 1
CASES IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Direction: move the

decimal point to the LEFT:
POSITIVE EXPONENT
• ( T.L.P.: To the Left,
POSITIVE)

General Physics 1
CASES IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Direction: move the decimal

point to the RIGHT: NEGATIVE
EXPONENT
• (T.R.N.: To the Right,
Negative)

General Physics 1
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1.) Convert 2,750 mL into cubic meters (m³). Express your
answer in scientific notation. Show your solutions completely.
(step-by-step) 1 pt.
Solution: 1 pt.
Conversion Factor: Problem: mL m³
Given: 2,750 mL
 1000 mL = 1 L 1𝐿
1 pt.
 1 L = 0.001 m³ 2,750 mL× = 2.75 L
1000 𝑚𝐿

1 pt.
0.001 m³ = 0.00275 m³
2.75 L×
1𝐿
Sn: 0.00275 m³ = General Physics2 1pts.
 LESSON CHECK: ½ CW of YELLOW PAD (NAME,
[Link]/S, SUBJECT, DATE TODAY) STRICTLY NO ERASURES
Solve the ff. and Show your complete solutions
1. Convert 0.355 L into cubic meters (𝑚3 ).Express your answers in
scientific notation. Conversion factor: (1 L = 0.001𝑚3 )

2. A water tank holds 3.75 × 10⁴ mL of water. Convert this volume

into cubic meters (m³) and express your answer in scientific
notation. (CF: 1000 mL = 1 L; 1 L = 0.001 m³)

3. A container holds 5.6 × 10⁻³ m³ of oil. Convert this volume into

milliliters (mL) and express your answer in scientific notation. (CF: 1
m³ = 1000 L; 1 L = 1000 mL)
General Physics 1
Imagine you obtained different masses from several
measuring devices and the table below are your data:

Any observation/s?

General Physics 1
ACCURACY VS. PRECISION
What is the difference?

General Physics 1
 ACCURACY PRECISION
How close repeated measurements are
How close a measurement is to to each other (consistency or
the true or accepted value. repeatability), regardless of whether
they are correct.
If you measure the table five times and
get:
If the true length of a table is 2.00
1.98 m, 1.99 m, 1.98 m, 1.99 m, 1.98 m.
meters and you measure it as 2.01
your measurements are precise
meters, your measurement is accurate
because they are very close to each
because it is close to the true value.
other, even though they might not be
close to the true value of 2.00 m.
General Physics 1
General Physics 1
How can we numerically describe
precision?
 You can numerically describe the consistency of
2
measurement using variance (σ ).
 This variance measures how far or close the
measurements are from the mean (x̄)/average.
 Variance (σ2 ) is defined as the average of the squared
difference of the measurements (x) from the mean (x̄)

General Physics 1
 The formula to find the variance:
Where:
N = no. of measurements done
The square root of variance is x̄
called the standard deviation
(σ)

INTERPRETATION:
 A standard deviation (sd)
close to zero(0) = close to σ =
x̄
the MEAN
 High sd = spread out
General Physics 1
Sample Prob. 1: Find the variance and standard
deviation of the measurements obtained from the
BALANCE 2

Solution:
Step 1: Compute the MEAN or AVERAGE of the measurements
𝑥
Solution: x̄ =
𝑁
General Physics 1
STEP 2: Make a Table for the calculation of deviations (x- x̄) and
2
square of deviations (x− x̄ ) for each measurement. Take
note of the consistency of each units.
x̄ = 1.117 g
BALANCE 2
X (x− x̅ ) (x− x̅ ) 2
(DATA)
A 1.125 g 0.008 g 0.000064 𝑔2

B 1.58 g 0.463 g 0.214369 𝑔2

C 1.067 g - 0.05 g 0.0025 𝑔2

∑ (x− x̅ )2 = 0.216933𝑔2

General Physics 1
STEP 3: Find the MEAN of (x− x̅ ) 2 to find the variance (σ2 )

σ2 = ∑ (x− x̅ ) 2 STEP 4: Find the standard

deviation
σ2 N σ2 = 0.072311 g 2
(0.0.000064 + 0.214369 + 0.0025) g 2 √σ2 = √ 0.072311 g 2
=
3
2 σ = 0.268907047 g
0.216933𝑔
2
σ = or 0.269 g
3
σ2 = 0.072311 g 2
General Physics 1
STEP 5: Interpretation?

BALANCE 2 DATA

1.117 g

0.269 g / 0.268907047 g

"The mean/average mass of the samples is 1.117 g.

1.117 g The standard deviation of 0.269 g/ 0.268907047 g
indicates that most of the measurements deviate
from the mean by approximately 0.269 g/
0.268907047 g”
General Physics 1
STEP 6: Estimate the Standard Error of the Mean (SEM)

SEM = σ_
𝑁
SEM = 0.269g = 0. 1155307222 or 0.120 g
3
STEP 7: Write the average measurement
Average measurement: Mean ± SEM
Average measurement: 1.117g ± 0.120 g
General Physics 1
SEATWORK: 1 whole (name, g/s, date)
Find the variance and standard deviation of the following
measured heights of the mung bean seedlings obtained after
being treated with allelochemicals in four days

MUNG BEAN HEIGHT

Day 1 2.54 cm
Day 2 2.80 cm
Day 3 2.88 cm
Day 4 2.95 cm

General Physics 1
Answer

General Physics 1
Find the variance and standard deviation of the following
measured heights of the Mung Bean seedlings obtained
after being treated with allelochemicals in four days
30/30
MUNG BEAN HEIGHT (x)
Day 1 2.54 cm
Day 2 2.80 cm
Day 3 2.88 cm
Day 4 2.95 cm
Solution:

𝑥 
1 pt. 
Step 1: Compute the MEAN or AVERAGE of the measurements
1 pt. 
2 pts.

Solution: x̄
2.54+2.80+2.88+2.95 𝑐𝑚
= = 4
2.7925 cm 4/4
𝑁
General Physics 1
STEP 2: Make a Table for the calculation of deviations (x- x̄) and
2
square of deviations (x− x̄ ) for each measurement. Take
note of the consistency of each units.
x̄ = 2.7925 cm 12/12

HEIGHT X (x− x̅ )
 (x− x̅ ) 2 
DAY 1 2.54 cm - 0.2525 cm
 0.06375625 𝑐𝑚2 
DAY 2 2.80 cm 0.0075 cm  0.00005625 𝑐𝑚2 
DAY 3 2.88 cm 0.0875 cm
 0.00765625 𝑐𝑚2 
DAY 4 2.95 cm 0.1575 cm
 0.02480625 𝑐𝑚2
∑ (x− x̅ ) 2 = 0.096275 𝑐𝑚2
 2 pts.

General Physics 1
 STEP 3: Find the MEAN of (x− x̅ ) 2 to find the variance (σ2 ) 5/5

σ2 = ∑ (x− x̅ ) 2 STEP 4: Find the standard

N
 deviation
σ2 = 0.02406875 𝑐𝑚2
2 (0.06375625 + 0.00005625 + 0.00765625 + 0.02480625)𝑐𝑚2
σ= 4
√σ2 = √0.02406875 c𝑚2
2
0.096275 cm σ = 0.155141064 cm
σ2 =
4
σ2 = 0.02406875 𝑐𝑚2
or 0.155 cm 2pts. 
2pts. 
General Physics 1
STEP 5: Interpretation? 3/3

BALANCE 2 DATA

2.7925 cm

1.55 cm/0.155141064 cm

"The mean/average height of the samples is 2.7925

cm. The standard deviation of 1.55 cm/0.155141064
1.117 g cm indicates that most of the measurements deviate
from the mean by approximately 1.55 cm/0.155141064
cm”

3 pts.  General Physics 1

STEP 6: Estimate the Standard Error of the Mean (SEM)
6/6

σ_
SEM =
𝑁

SEM = 1.55 cm = 0.775 cm 2 pts.
4
STEP 7: Write the average measurement
Average measurement: Mean ± SEM 
Average measurement: 2.7925 cm ± 0.775 cm 2 pts. 
General Physics 1
 RANDOM ERRORS VS. SYSTEMATIC ERRORS

Examples:
🔹 Random Error: Using a stopwatch and pressing the button a bit early or late each time.
🔹 Systematic Error: A scale that always reads 0.5 kg too heavy due to miscalibration.

General Physics 1
General Physics 1
GRAPHING DATA
GRAPH – is a pictorial representation of the relationship
between variables. It shows how a quantity changes with
other variables
 DEPENDENT VARIABLE – sometimes called
responding/experimental variable. It responds to changes in
the independent variable
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – is the one that you manipulate
in the experiment.

General Physics 1
 TREND – use to make
predictions using the data

Question: How are you going to Trend

describe the trend? Relationship of
the data? x
General Physics 1
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL LINEAR but NOT PROPORTIONAL

INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL NONLINEAR RELATIONSHIP

General Physics 1
 DESCRIBING DATA RELATIONSHIP
1) DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL
– A straight line through the
origin.
1) INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
– A curve that decreases as x
increases.
1) LINEAR BUT NOT PROPORTIONAL
-A straight line that does not
pass through the origin.
1) NONLINEAR
– A curve that gets steeper as x
increases.
General Physics 1
SAMPLE PROBLEM: Hours Studied vs. Test Score
STEP 1: Plot the X Y
ordered pairs and
Choose Two Points
Let’s pick:
Point A: (1,55)
Point B: (5,75)

General Physics 1
STEP 1: Plot the ordered
pairs/data and Choose Two
Points (X, Y))
Let’s pick: X Y
Point A: (1,55)
Point B: (5,75)

GRAPH

General Physics 1
SAMPLE PROBLEM: Hours Studied vs. Test Score
STEP 2: Use the Slope X Y
Formula and substitute
the values 𝑿𝟏 𝒚𝟏

𝑿𝟐 𝒚𝟐

Slope (m)
General Physics 1
 SAMPLE PROBLEM: Hours Studied vs. Test Score
STEP 3: Find the X Y
Y-Intercept (b)
𝑿𝟏 𝒚𝟏
y = mx+b
We already know:
 m = 5 (slope)
 Use point (x =1,y = 55)
Substitute: y = mx+b 𝑿𝟐 𝒚𝟐
55 = 5 (1) + b
b = 50 (y-intercept) • Y-intercept is the starting value (50
points with 0 study). General Physics 1
SAMPLE PROBLEM: Hours Studied vs. Test Score
STEP 4: Final Equation X Y
of the line
𝑿𝟏 𝒚𝟏
y = 5x+50
This equation models
the relationship between
hours studied and test
score. 𝑿𝟐 𝒚𝟐

General Physics 1
 SAMPLE PROBLEM: Hours Studied vs. Test Score
STEP 5: Predict the X Y
Value 0 50

Question: What is the 𝑿𝟏 𝒚𝟏

test score if a student
studies for 6 hours?

y = 5(6)+50 = 80
Therefore,
• Slope shows the rate of increase (5 𝑿𝟐 𝒚𝟐
points per hour).
• Y-intercept is the starting value (50
points with 0 study). General Physics 1
 YOUR TURN!: Imagine you're observing a small robot moving at a
constant speed. You record the distance it travels over time.
STEP 1: Plot the ordered pairs and Choose Two Points

STEP 2: Use the Slope Formula and

substitute the values
𝒀
STEP 3: Find the
Y-Intercept (b)
𝑿
STEP 4: Final Equation of the line
STEP 5: Predict the Value

STEP 6: Interpretation (slope, y-

intercept, predicted value (final
equation of the line))

General Physics 1
 SOL’N TOTAL: 15/15 Y
GRAPH

Step 1: STEP 1: Plot all the ordered pairs

and Choose Two Points

Distance (meters)
 Point A: (2,10)
 Point B: (10,50)  4/4 

Step 2: Calculate the Slope 2 pts.

The slope of a distance-time graph X

Time (s)
represents speed.

Slope = 5 m/s
 2 pts.
robot moves at a constant 3/3
speed of 5 meters per
second. General Physics 1
SOL’N
Step 3: Find the Y-Intercept
Use the formula:
y = mx+b 
Using point (2,10) and m = 5

Y intercept (b)= 0
 2/2
y = mx+b y = mx General Physics 1
 Original formula: d = st, where,

SOL’N d=distance, s=speed, t=time Answers from prediction

may vary, if 13 seconds,
the predicted distance is
 Step 4: Equation of the Line 65 meters

d = 5t 2/2
Where d = distance (m); t = time (s) or
y = 5x 
2pts
(y = mx) since our y-intercept = 0
 Step 5: Prediction

4/4
Question: How far will the robot travel in 12 seconds?
2pts
d = 5 m/s (12s) = 60 meters​
•The Slope shows the speed of 5 m/s and the y-intercept is zero (the robot started
at 0 when the time is 0) Therefore, using the equation of the line d = 5x ( or y=5x),
2pts
General Physics
At 12 seconds (x), it can be predicted that the robot travels around 60 meters. 1 
End of the Module 1

General Physics 1