Male Genitalia:
External: Penis, scrotum
Internal: testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral gland
Scrotum:
Contain testes
Pouch of skin, muscle and fibrous connective tissues
Spermatid cords transmit blood vessels and nerves
Sebaceous glands, sparse hair, rich sensory innervation
Cremaster muscle: contract when cold; relax when warm
Dartos muscle: contract when cold reduce surface area of scrotum reduce heat loss to
surroundings
Pampiniform plexus: prevent warm arterial blood from overheating the testes that inhibit sperm
production
Testes:
Both exocrine and endocrine
Oval in shape, slightly flatten
Tunica vaginalis, Tunica albuginea (white fibrous capsule), Seminiferous tubules (sperm
production site)
Vasculature: Supply by testicular artery, drain by testicular vein
Cell types:
Sertoli cell (Sustentacular cell) secrete inhibit (suppress sperm production) and androgen
binding protein (make testis responsible to testosterone); form blood-testis barrier to
prevent antibodies and large molecule in the blood getting into the germ cell (prevent
immune attack)
Leydig cell (Interstitial cell) Produce testosterone (development of male masculine
physique)
Penis:
Copulatory organ
Erection: enlargement of stiffening of penis (blood entry)
Ejaculation: release of semen from urethra (caused by smooth muscle contraction and skeletal
muscle (pelvic diaphragm and perineum)
Epididymis: Store and activate sperm cell
Vas deferens: Part of spermatic cord in scrotum, cross inguinal canal to enter pelvic cavity and reach the
prostate
Ejaculatory tract: Link Vas deferens and duct of seminal vesicle open into prostatic urethra
Urethra: Continuous tubes present in prostate, perineum and penis
Female Genitalia:
External: Mons pubis, Labia majora, Labia minora, clitoris, vaginal orifice, vestibular bulbs,
vestibular gland, paraurethral glands
Internal: ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina
Ovaries:
Produce sex hormones and oocytes
Tunica albuginea (capsule)
Corpus luteum (maintain uterine environment for implantation and pregnancy)
Corpus albicans (remnant of ovulation)
Ligament: Ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament and round ligament
Artery: Uterine artery, Arcuate artery
Fallopian tube:
Ciliated canal
Flares into infundibulum with feathery projections (fimbriae)
Middle and longest part: Ampulla
Segment near the uterus: Isthmus
Uterus:
Thick muscular chamber that opens into the roof of vagina
Harbor fetus, provide nutrition and expel fetus at the end of pregnancy
Fundus, Body (mid-portion), Cervix (narrow inferior end)
Uterine wall: perimetrium (serous layer), myometrium (muscular layer), endometrium (mucous
membrane)
Vagina: Copulatory organ and allows menstruation and childbirth
Labia minor: Thin, longitudinal skin fold
Labia majora: Prominent rounded folds of skin (subcutaneous fat)
Mons pubis: Two labia majora unite anteriorly in an elevation over the symphysis pubis
Clitoris: Sensory function and serve as sexual stimulation. Formed by erectile tissue bodies
Clinical perineum: Space between vagina and anus
Mammary glands:
Organs of milk production, locate in the breast
Aerola
Lactiferous duct and sinus
Lobule
Mammary ligament (maintain shape and structure of breast; prevent it from excessive sagging)
Reproductive system (Physiology)
Leydig cell (interstitial cell): make testosterone that is sex hormone for sperm production in
seminiferous tubules
Epididymis: long and coiled tube: Transport and storage of sperm, bring sperm to maturity
Testis: Spermatogenesis:
Controlled by gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Azoospermia: absence of sperm
Oligozoospermia: very low sperm count
Asthenozoospermia: poor sperm motility
Teratozoospermia: sperm with morphological defects
Necrozoospermia: all sperm in the ejaculate are dead
Factors affecting male infertility
Pre-testicular Endocrine dysfunction, spinal cord damage (e.g., erection and ejaculation
ability, ejaculatory failure (e.g., retrograde ejaculation)
Testicular Generics (e.g., Klinefelter’s syndrome), congenital cryptorchidism, infection
(e.g., gonorrhea, HIV), torsion, varicocele, immunological, idiopathic
Post-testicular Obstructive (e.g., vas deferens, epididymis), vasectomy
Fallopian tube:
Ciliated
Sperm capacitation
Fertilization and transport of embryo
Folliculogenesis:
Primordial follicle Primary follicle Secondary follicle Mature (graafian) follicle
Ruptured follicle Corpus luteum Degenerating corpus luteum corpus albicans
GnRH LH + FSH
Uterine cycle: Menses Proliferative phase secretory phase
Ovarian cycle: Follicular phase luteal phase
Female infertility: Age, oocyte quality, hypothalamic dysfunction, pituitary cause, ovarian dysfunction,
factors (ovarian, tubal and uterine)
In vitro fertilization: Egg collection + conventional insemination OR Egg collection + Intracytoplasmic
sperm injection