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Os Notes

The document discusses various concepts related to process communication, concurrency, and synchronization in computing. It covers topics such as bounded and unbounded buffers, thread management, deadlock avoidance, and resource allocation algorithms. Additionally, it highlights the advantages and disadvantages of concurrency and provides examples of algorithms for managing resources effectively.

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3 views38 pages

Os Notes

The document discusses various concepts related to process communication, concurrency, and synchronization in computing. It covers topics such as bounded and unbounded buffers, thread management, deadlock avoidance, and resource allocation algorithms. Additionally, it highlights the advantages and disadvantages of concurrency and provides examples of algorithms for managing resources effectively.

Uploaded by

rahulchallagulla3
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Concurrency - Vico Cxecuite ab Same Aime | bu Avnudoneduly one afta Another viing Aingle FY Povaulel: — Yee rnolhple fa. fe. | Aingle threes 2 Mvth thyeads Hnveols— psa Level Osh) Aevd task) yf & » Level Hnveads C xecuite operating Aystern 1, vse el Aevel Phveods ( Execuité | 4 kev Matecteveodl Model me USA Havens, vast oe mopped do \evnal thyeco4s. | ver." one 3, one fo oiaitel 3, oe 4o One moclel re am 3, Mary yony rnodel 2 3. oe unser thecal y, ony one roodlel | I etaceael Heccol ekemel Anveoal ek emel D thvtad « usa sive ot Kpoual to No of hose ios i aoe ile Advantogey of rovtiliveading Glos(ovaming Y Resfonsivenens 4 9, Resource having 13, fconom ny " 4, vliixaton af molhpoceooy avehitedvres . OQ pices 7 : TNnreadly » roayam wn Exeevtion * J oe oProces x Consome | Les Yeroore x bow time. for Creakon. x bus waght Hnveads « tokea Lev time to eon «dak Aes me 7 conte Avottching . : x Covaroricaton blo foces need ®& Commonicedon vol Hreoc wipe me on Composed to Yveacl needs. Len-ime 04: Com pou *% Consomd move Yeovil. * vequivs mote time thy Creation. x Tina hheavycoceght Recup ® ales mave time +0 Jeminede. % ya tme to. Context Avtiehing 40 Froees B. Thread API- 1 Gifead Cxeoder) o pHnvead— yor) i 2 era Flogiam) (Note: 4 Melude ptivead-h> maincnte age, chai *ougvcd f prnvecd-t P 1 P25 ent ve; ee. .. a, “mai Qin Cmain + begin ws (7 Aveod- aeak CAP. , UL; mythyead "yi . ye privead- cyealel#h , Null, Mythreod wary pthveod - jon LP, »NULLI gyimead - join Py, , NOW, ganreren can | endo") yerurm O54 CU" yer! 4, Concowersy anol Vrocess Synchronization Concuweney:— peo the. Gxecotion of a. Ack OF moottipte this, occu toren * a oyenes ences Ok the Aan en fava. thot Fnstio uo” Sequ Fay Hrvoogh |= Ahece 8% overal ywveods Commmonieods wth, the othe the Conept of Anaed amemo¥y Rivap! a OF Coneii¥ency'n ty Dover Leaving Algonthn gp" 3, syncronization _ 3, Deadlock Avoidance. aaniels RAG, Leer’ a &, rMoWwab Exelusion : Oo’ Ahrea © thm grep. ox linakon. Sr Fyoem poe Auocakon - b, Res Advantege of Comenverey * - 1, Dmnprioved , Prove’ Pakorniomee. Fs Cao “ole vance. Q, Resovre® Dtlzation . 3, Responsive nes A Acobbiiy dis Odvantages Yn Conconenty *— % optimal allocetion pf yaooxd - ii 3, Locating Frogyomnming Evo. © &, hocking the Chemrel- | | | », Shay qiobal vesource® 25\04)04. Rocess Synehnorszation: < Gry generally sued ir roulllt Rocers | | mut veo Aygeins wren ore nan oo PEN have aces ane Aame data oY vaputes at the Aame time t& can Coue dato enconmssteney, Ao tb vemove ts dala. Pnconsisterny Pouess Anovie & Gyrebonizer woth cae othev: aF Rae Condition: is) er amay be Senplementd ta mathe onguage- ae Conte D vega, eeoumel f eyes, z vogsta.+) Coundts = Negistey | “Counta --” may be smptementeol nr machine Aonuoge 2s i vege 9» Countet vegistly = vegisty—) Count > Segister. % — Pode! Exewtle. vets = towne a ‘a - x "4 ” = vegas +) = ty —Conuma vege > coyrk = & 13 -_ # n yeqista, = veyistr—1 ~4 vegisl, = covets & ey — Prodan 4 lootA — - fd ynivma n Poprntt = Yegisa, 2 Count -4 w.-- Rat Condition — i Where motuple Roces Ques She Same haved data at ~ a ja Ak “he Lame time she outcome ey Jako Place Roce Condition - cynical - Section a Gecton , 90 O4Fe Feces » tv be allowed “to Caricak eckon- byter- oo { entry Secor Critical Seckon out Sechon- yemainder 3 poritecaRve) 7 Seckon- » Geocucet pad Consome!. 2 Peresor’s Solution - sone « % & xe and & conile Cwe) L ughile (coor = 2 new Producecl 5 Bu ffasixes = bubfas xe)5 ult cod Mn = Lin ay Court, #49 Jj Whe : mone Groce w Execot ng the Critical execde %n 18 +2 puffecCa}-lo on canny Butte Gxe 40201 ine) cova =) tt, jouffeOd: a2 ri, pub F(3) = 30 ancOhs one BS fnz 2 in>3 couma- 9. tounter< 2 Consymes- tolnle Che) L eohate (courte? nentlonsvmedl > lov (Pet cov) 5 per [pvt ti) "Ie Bofte N72) Covrte “7 we 4 7 ~ Witter fh? Reo de. = a ‘Felolems Using Semaphores: Readev Rocess'- at eS 0 | goat ecroudesds yeodent a4) seqveadont =* ) 908i lo 95 & nal Cmnuctexdi \ \ oO eoot tomutex; yeodent -~3 rPevcodent =" 0) Sgnal Cart Signal muted) Jubitec true ds Sga.8 SSS Ors, S prvitey Trocess oes enn co & wootlows Signal wort); qyorite (be)? Bleeping Peis using Aemeries oS Stork y pe po S v|. Closin cosewa culate Gale ‘ame ive Stop ] Going Home si0a4. | CuReody os i | Cr ecessieseals > + loorbeReady = 0 No pt Scale > 4 | “Basbev Casigmne! 1 ee . fii | emecime eoalt (00? weseads) 5 | sepnumnbeiol Seaber >o) cootk (cual Ready) > { woik Cones Rsears)) numbeot Sea! pes noo Aeobvle +47 Agr snot ed Aya Coosba Reod) Ag ra (ocrestsRseat)5 Oat loovbe Read)» Argral Coccartir Sead | Ae : &gnal Caciasmn Seats) 5 | Dead houks: — a 4 boo - A deodfock %a Ltuation % Whidh moe | Hon one Focer 4 folecked - Ki | MResoored Gro Proven v | | reed odds Resoorce >. oe necesso¥ & Ch Gad i pes chawdersalion of Deodlocks— Vv Mutual E2eclusion- 3 ae tl _ Only ore Plocea Con CO yesovwe oF ony given Hme. onion Apavolse resovice). da poid 2 coi 3, No Peemphion. tal coaik: — a Ca Er- The Proce is cooiking tr Quelle manne lout £219 ia no Vocus Uv Loceutleel , fwhelgirys in] yy cooling for > eed A o\d_E coait- Freer e Corr wait new —_7 Reody— Running ——> tom preted _ pooakn gion - Reem pron - Se ee . Resovvee, Allocation Gvagh'— : Regus €d Edge 4 e- quer 05 ge 2, Assignonent™ edge © Qequer mentee 3, clasts Edge: edge : edge Qom ° ie] me Re | G CRerovvee Allocation Greysh) Arable. cleacl Louk. ~ vnfote Il. @) () waC Z, 5 Alto cao! Requet- | fh, R a sR 1 0 0d i) 0 | oo f B 0 D ' 1 _deodLook no no - cyde - - Ainglt enaronce . Pvattable Ry Me 00 "0 _deod loo _ foe rable Avedlatb te. yA Pa ynevrods of handling Deadlocks ~ Otadtok Revention a ~ peadLock —Qvoidlane _ peod Look Detection _ Recovel Lom Otad Locke | Oeocdbov Recovase freulol _coait— aR \ ™Mox yal ix > Mocation molvix > Need moatin = Mar Aliocation - Aoohery algorinm 11s toprk > Available Sinishodee fov P20)-~ 9 Finish CI 2= False needs 4 Work n-) 3. wok = works Allocation finish 1? THe Wl a. ef Bnish OO= = 7 i dov i20)1,---) | base: SAate- t ‘ h i | Faample of Cockers algertion by Avordame (mora i] plication. — max Prailoble need i PBC pBe — fiBe; pe. i f, 0.10 453%, Bere 4.43 i ’, 200 BaD 122 i} 1 ui i ? 302 402 600 fs a1) a2a2 Ops 1 fi 00 433 “oval u 3) aa < ® 3 © atocoton? 10 Se nvanlble | 0 52 T67 TU 5 23." & a poor > Axvtarlalote. ‘wow > 33 2 tabilirs rte iro necd, £0w' 2cF yar at cae 40 peed © ovis . work '23u3+ 00% gua Ae pak nit f wor * B32 & Q bei wore > *Y & te) ES obke needy £ Works 4 ua 22k a 122 2.33008 pooe, oe Sa 8.10 pore poork ~ Allocation. Pe ft, 0% = age ee yee & Bh : needs £ wows work ~ aS : foo Ae need, = wor foot 537* can =10 #3) ete wait - fh. i. wow > 5 3% 0, , Pa, Pay pitahe Roces in Sale Stale need, ¢ Lo0v's poe No dead Louk . Wowk > 5 32+ 27) ow \n Resourse ~ Request Algovithrn gore Step > Wong’ E Redes, a Meet == Gwe, TE, VE Req, & Available > We» gore Sih 3 Si, Dwalkalde Avoilalle + Pyailalde Req; PMocation, = AMocotion, + YEF;. | Need, = eed, - e4,. EN i mak need Allpcahor reed Swailable wna ABe pace! nee 9 Be Po 610 4 FF NE) ae 4 <4, Zor 230 ore oro ?, ne dow 6°00. fy an) aay Oi! ees ce u 3s 2 Frovew, F requat fovlio 2) trstances.. Reg; e need; you et gh iy Req, = Available. iw tor £ 33% i, Pwailable 2-3 32-70% Available: 230 na piiocaton= 900712 + work {oe i 600 = es 3e Fe Bala be DW Protas CHE? Boke State. loork = & 3 > pen No dead Lous, Ole Farr BD wk: S3r 4+ 211 oa Deodhocte -Dededtion a Se gmplemens qworth “hwo technique - inMiance . resource tye ~ Loeeg) cont fov graph instance vaooree Ye > Salty algorithny . ~ Single - 3, paulhple- q °, si / a Mulgle Tastance (or Reveral Rntiance: - Available abi 1 Anailable | 2, Allocakon | 3, Roques Dereckon Algorthrn’ Lawork = “Available 2¢ Arlocaton, +0 then. ad =dvwe- 5 Sov 29,---9 | | Gerigh ePale 5 O#newoise, Gnvith By, Fark an ender? Suth that both: 0. Ceri GOF= false - b, Requen ; 4 IlovK \ x2 no Such 7 Exisk \ 3, work = Wore» Allecakon. Bish cig * THE: ze Rnishod > Fable” Je; y. yr AlteCaon Requ vert Aialevle - | : fo ° ® 000 0 00 f, 2 00 902 Q Bi PeB p00 f De eS): Loo 2 OL fa 0 0 } ace pio + 32:3 pow 3:13 ~ Me 3 S ipowK tee moO 22 144 booties 31 3+2 19 fy t= 4 Om works S24 4 0 Of = SO 41s te) took > DI 0. work > 524+ OOF? fepeheroot [wo oe) 20a 4 010% ¢, oan = a d = Re work sa 6 ® a — td ® 902 4996- Work = 01 0. Hee ~ $26 + 900 | eo Cao 3 OF) a = 010~ pork = + 2 6 Ja Ee om eae Ra Po kabs Deadhoer ‘ecovery Recove Wy Som Dead hous y tc Aroeeseu Racor 2 5 + V Rolle abort al Paemphon Pbov¥ one look Dead Lock Roces Pivces- Monrtos ¢— Used -for Q Kove’ Seynevornz ation . * pronto — Consist of Shoted data & frocedyrs. ens Sead > Shaed data Oferakons enphiake akon code. /ichemale \Wiew of yonitoy Be Ayton of a moniloy ae OF & manny montioy " monitoy—name - 1 Shared vouabe deceaatons Procedure AO) d, Pocedvre Pat (, 3 Focedove fat) < Jj ensh@irohon Code C ~~ tye 3 j Bg moni — QL nk. dooble balance? LorrhdyOeo( amoont), ¢ foalance > palane — amount: yeiumn loolance: 4 3 onitors. thread Syncrzation Bam a CO-4 R Ain. RRedundam’ fay of vadeperdent |mespersive 4 L do prreede- D sel fov Storage Rar Flavors | Jevely RAD © — Exion- Redondont Shiping) RAID 1 -(Meyyorved Dis'< ) - Rain > — ememoy Style Bro’ covedkry onde) (it Joely a Ravn 3 - LBit- metered Marg? cayte Lee) ‘ Lalo tere). Rew 4 — LBlock Raw S _ (y+ 1 gishalouted | feurty) yore Pavihy) 7) Raw & _cPre Keduflancy, CPou! RAD 2s Cito). Rroens RANG B red tn por Laysof’ . 23) 10) 94 isk Anal Dis navel gis And Lissk Seb Mee G heduliag Algput vn . cers Hod ‘isk gor (Shovrest Seek Time fvst) Plater C é Lb gens (Elevate! Algorithm) rock > rhe Heod 6" Ccwevlat Scan) aa Gan poo Disk 2 c-bools epadles Goss me Gist Seve (FOES) aE google « ouphos? the ovder of yvequeris C82, 190 4B, NUODY, 16496) p disk Contam doo wacks (0 #0 199), ™Me coven Calev lede fotal fasion & Reod|usvite reed BGO ¢ Recdlovite head using FLEES. c- Rivo heael- S® au 4329 ot. “ eee \ \ 1 ’ \ y ; 1 ‘ \ = (&9-50) 4 (190-8 T FO HZ) WUD UD + LUD-9U) + (aul r ciao -18). Riggs. nator te Oe BHaAY > bug. e ho 900 Gyfindes Nombered * Suppose sak a diste dive ques onthe. Dko 199. Considey a disk 9 cotth 40 de Loltowing cylinders ey they wv ovolev 110, 30, 45) (80, 199 - Ahe dlsle heod tinder aa --Blaikng fron Yhe. Covent heod foskon, vohat ¥ MWe Jotal dlistance G cytindesy The dia ate moves 40 Soutis fy all the Ponding vequat fov Cc Scheduling agent a, 580 gytinders b, 584 cylenders bad cylinders a $90 Cylerdles. 2, 53S cylinders. a 3 4S 10 5h, 15) 13, 130, 25,43, ® asewmed 4 be ak 93) +030-3D 4130-9) + (us-Qy)-+ = (Su-du)+l4s-Sy) *C4S- (10-48) C130) TC USB) +C1BO-UT) + (1D ~“18OD YASH OSA WBAL] t BOF ISHBT+ IO sue So Ou 2 580 Cylinder. & Shorter beek “me Gvsbe Shove oor Ree Time uy —l\me Faken to ocate the dick arm Av & Specified tvack cohere the deta is +o be vead or corite ay vg ale head = $9 9, 1%, 43) (HO, DW,76, (9.0 sD (er sPy sna . eee fd et Wo PomhTQ 1 ) Tee Gea tone 1 1 ' ‘ i oy ‘ } 1 ; NS A He ig" 3 (U3 DY) HEDH-16) 4089-10) ‘ p38) a (Y9D-1UD) #C190- 170) 16 iW @. gor rerGraet a ye gu s\4 a ~ (gus “Ss 4 Auppose that a dist olive lnas 00 cylinders (0-444) yombered 0 Lo 249. the dive covently Serle a vequek at tylendea (43, the Previous yequesh Cus ab cy ender abhiass : yequee en FIFO ovdey % the Jueve oF Pending HB, Ars Wa, brachng from jhe Conrent head Fostho djal stance Whe disle avn noves 70 Gabshy all Hhe vequar for Whe csr disk Schedoley algost even’ 104, 229% USO, -330 ab, 190; yn cookin the fenclinyy 9 680 cytinder OD a, Fd 6 a4 213 1 330 t S00 co 2 WEE cag nt Ee 40-148) ¥(Q13- 190) 4999-13) +(330- BY “yee SF wt L330 -104) + (109-88). 3 Capo y ge Ver 1O8F PAV. = 43, > ee ns SCAN (Elevalov: UW fone Side of dvcthon Levalpy)® ~ go anane edge andl rat ® cybnde numbers Co-194) Iolecs on (stn, Se pred Aken 2th), ain) y * Suppose (hot 0 disk has 300 | Consdera qlisk quese won sregua tov Mo. 8 an that prc g9,1,43 10 24)16190- Mssvme thak | Acad arte reads, jmourng, fowaidll 42. 72 deweasirg ordey | Fathally jhe Cowen bastion pp ‘odlwrite head ct So, | Calcul ole otal not Avan ynovernen by wood write head | using SAN algorithm dlist« queue - 99,190, 43, 1Uo 94,)6190. 4fovoa ds 40 dlecreanng pote Direction Curent fositon- 7 42 50 ge ud 190 190 day bye le Ua TN (go) egea) +(Qu 14 Ub -O4l §9-0) FUE a) FUE) ¥Utao-190) : aa 50-0) 4h 1909-9) 2 quo ee Looks levator) we 43,1 yo, 94,) 6,170. ; tNo $2,190, -194) Current Posihon- $© Onan 4p coords dose * uo cal a? 199 ¢ eons © SS 2(82-s0h auo— $2) 4C170- tu) +40" go) + (140-49) + [ug au) slau s) - (140 -SD) + (140-16) Hor wy 2 3\y CaN 0: yeulos SCAN) 43,149, a4! 16, 190 Rl» Ineodl- S° 2,14 owedion Aowads Loige- ay 43 op. ag te ho 40 144 (140 19D) FOV 740) +C194-0) <(B2- go) 4 (10 IT IDANO)™ tug-au) ee ya CU ab) > cs3 ALGO gp 1 br Box Ot AT rag 4 tbe @+ 19 » 34) Dyers weckon ~yoroards decering Drder = © ey WD Re py hae hte ; ) js ee 4 ‘ ' \ \ te C-Look:— ——_— $a, 190, 43, 16% gust, 190- Dididst wads” Joe (0-4) 82) 4 U190-1HO) atid -290)4 (140-16) + (94) [ 82-Sb) + Qo + C4 DF QU) - = 83, VE “lo es Vewiee Evice °™, ; Yee lanagment eebnique :- probe o F 210 device = a sas) fe by mer Heit) SGencval ' lars ca PON _s feripheval lo > few eS a au. ( 9-05) (ononicol Oevicer an | Phycol mot. ovailable. abt mo Combination of looser, regular. EPU- Srtevfoce. Rmntevrak nba -Conivoller teu) lmemor YC ORAM the Hordeooue- pr RAM rr) Speabe chif’s Qiting ce Dobe pL jnae g qechnique ate Used yo cheds the Stabs of a devtee Parlin 7 Gea OLA, waiting 110 TP) Polling, Drews 50 HeWeP bE faa put donot use). 4 — a Toten - bate i tohile fares v Batowkng and. cfu Send Cino they | device Yok a atk then fash) ¥ sroppeol one ask 2 a Eeccutted ' oe Technique oy Deve Manage nent: “used tov managing # allocates devices . 1 Dedicated — Rema. rape” dies 2 shaved — dvoms , dist . wal both Ahoued & ouch y Yoent-os . | file £ Dred z Aecondary Memory Gersiskarce pos Belese Overy sreckory > Atovecl in > Aecordony vrBro’y By Bolla, fie Arvred on, * £odn fie ho Jow-Aevel nomen Collet tinaele. nomloey. 1 Name! jee, C4 frorechons Go give Only read feomise Goenbhrer 3, AgPE A, Location- foth. ; G, Gi7e : 4) “ime: andl ato, "el ope vations: we ) ae off vazod vile: fi ea fos sono Seek. $ _geek- sek [- see! sel enol eck vend po !9 wpanage fl yore” 3, Ble porntty 4 5 gile-ope” oo gsk Ancotion & the fle file jebie nk 4, peed fe altocation method: of yeferes Ip how disk blocks due allocosed for files. -tontiguous Allecelion - hinted Allocakon. “indexed pllocalton . be }— i a | file Auess Methods: 4/u)ag | Sequential Aces ~ Owed | Ranber Aree? ~ \ndeved Ace - 1 Sequenhal Accas:- Yead vexts Conte neue yout Oiverkories:— ‘Dredory Aiweere A Collection OF node Contoinny tnformation dhbout all Liles. AU fis & dhvectory ore Stored 3 sie. Devotion Fevformd on Direkory Search —> Delete — Dede —? List a clivectory 7 Rename > Froese tne fle System, 0 display trode the Commend ds 2. “type Of dlrectory 1, Single - Leuel divectory 2, Two - Devel plivectory 3, te - Stvuduvedl divevowy] Hivechital oly mu eet A) Preyelic - Gyoph divertor y Arwoore Bi db uctive- Ve cvak Qyapry UM ¢ . 6 Gen J a | pod - Level divetory'- o- Level divectory : one @ 7. CDOT) tial veetory. bo nen 6-0 0 bptis 4, ee —Styetored — fivectones— ste Sia & Deyclic = &feoph olivectongs. -— ne Shoued Aviodveons © Pies TL Shaves o Gile if th has Some diveclory nome. Woo dhvectond Shas & dinglt Sb divellory , a \ Ja] © Geneal yogh dredors le _ System woonting Pa oe System mut be Moonld before t+ can be Aceeued oA vnmoonted Pele Spkm Moonee at Q mount font Recovery Sronn Sle Shoumg:— ghiate SsArcdUA. > wWrook alenolgment Loe will be — Seneling requabs- anformation -> gach vequert we get achnoldg ment cy ys -nledwork File sy Sern ” ops - AD isdibled Fle system wo file Syflems are used for aceevirg ® shoving jae } ips follows sie Ulient Fewer Orchbdeore. arth tectove-- ne wses the yemole Procedive Coll. ; ipod? Cindex nodle)'— . File’ Conteans > Unique tnoole. (a : inode. contauns Silo name, fle avthovly, fle Sze abe A\wsbulg Overd Glos Avge tadnwecd Blot Dovble indirect walock. Desai sdb vect (loch . ram ee ieta) ne Ae ee A file Sysem pses Unie trode doo Stivcture- cohith Conian % dliveck blak Oddvens, ‘One snduvet block » one doae anol _ one Awifle tnolivect locke the Sre of Fath disk block 169! ard Gre of Eath block addvas u' 6B. Prvol she nae Posse fie Sire No-of Clik woth Oddves fowwe lo Stove jn t disk jolok = Liste blork Size | Disle Kdbek Aaddver ) Given, Diveck block- 8 ended -) Pable -) aiple -) Disk Blovk sizes (288 3 Block addvas S76 = 88 jee \6 i Came See in neat Re (gator Caparo) +169 16778) ] x08 er NSE gr eas Con) + Laxnente) 2G “8 RE 1084. Bits Lo Bytes Ie of 070 Addren tn Single book = Sire OF Hslock) grelolveys AbteLL = 128] ae EU +osaer Seyi _ out Bye f pet Iolock De Consisn of * blouk Size, Jocation of snode tables Bat of bolotl.. gyoup. 4; + 5f Supe Hock ww Currepted otal file Ba Syitem coll be covrcep ted. popes thot 4 edenkfreol 12 the frsk block Contaan’S then a Supa block. an'0 +o 643 © -4o 3 due trode. Gn inode Pyst block ~¢ super block . peEFEED, .

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