CHAPTER -1
Control system
A control system is an interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a
desired system response.
Open-loop control system
An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating device to control the process directly without using
feedback.
Closed-loop control system
A closed-loop control system uses a measurement of the output and feedback of this signal to compare
it with the desired output (reference or command).
Negative feedback control system
The system is a negative feedback control system, because the output is subtracted from the input and
the difference is used as the input signal to the controller. The feedback concept has been the
foundation for control system analysis and design.
Design
Design is the process of conceiving or inventing the forms, parts, and details of a system to achieve a
specified purpose.
Feedback Signal
A measurement of the output of the system used for feedback to control the system.
Flyball govern
A mechanical device for controlling the speed of a stream engine.
Mechatronic
The synergistic integration of mechanical, electrical ,and computer systems.
Multivariable control system
A system with more than one input variable or more than one output variable.
Optimization
The adjustment of the parameters to achieve the most favorable or advantageous design.
Positive feedback
An output signal fed back so that its adds to the input signal.
Productivity
The ratio of physical output to physical input of an industrial process.
System
An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose .
Trade-off
The results of making a judgement about how to compromise between conflicting criteria.
Control System Components
-System , plant or process (to be controlled)
-Actuator (converts the control signs to a power signal)
-Sensors (provides measurement of the system output)
-Reference input (represents the desired output)
-Error detection (forms the control error)
-Controller (operates on the control error to form the control signal, sometimes called compensators).
CHAPTER -3
Canonical form
A fundamental or basic form of the state variable model representation,
including phase var state canonical form, input feedforward canonical form,
diagonal canonical form, and Jordan canonical form.
Diagonal canonical form
A decoupled canonical form displaying the n distinct system poles on the
diagonal of the state variable representation A matrix.
Input feedforward canonical form
A canonical described by n feedback loops involving the a coefficient of the nth
order denominator polynomial of the transfer function and feedforward loops
obtained by feeding forward the input signal.
Output equation
The algebraic equation that relates the state vector x and the inputs u to the
outputs y through the relationship y=Cx+Du.
Phase variables canonical form
A canonical form described by n feedback loops involving the a coefficents of the
loops involving the b coefficients of the mth order numerator polynomial of the
transfer function.
[Link] (a)open-loop(without feedback ) control of the speed of a
roating(turntable) disk (b) block model.
[Link] (a)closed-loop control of the 2speed of the rotating disk (b) block
diagram model.
P1.8 The student-teacher learning process is inherently a feedback process
intended to reduce the system error to a [Link] a feedback model
of the learning process and identify each block of the system.
P1.1 Many luxury automobiles have thermostatically controlled air-conditioning
systems for the comfort of the passengers. Sketch a block diagram of an air-
conditioning system where the driver sets the desired interior temperature on a
dashboard panel. Identify the function of each element of the thermostatically
controlled cooling system.
p [Link] might have studied series regulator in your electronic circuits
laboratory. Draw a block diagram and identify the desired output, actual output
and the feedback element. You might have studied series regulator in your
electronic circuits laboratory. Draw a block diagram and identify the desired
output, actual output and the feedback element.
P1.3 In a chemical process control system, it is valuable to control the chemical
composition of the product. To do so, a measurement of the composition can be
obtained by using an infrared stream analyzer, as shown in Figure P1.3. The
valve on the additive stream may be controlled. Complete the control feed- back
loop, and sketch a block diagram describing the operation of the control loop.
loop.
E1.5 Because a sailboat can't sail directly into the wind. and traveling straight
downwind is usually slow. the shortest sailing distance is rarely a straight line.
Thus sailboats tack upwind-the familiar zigzag course-and jibe downwind. A
tactician's decision of when to tack and where to go can determine the outcome
of a race.
Describe the process of tacking a sailboat as the wind shifts direction. Sketch a
block diagram depicting this process.
PE1.1A precise optical signal source can control the out- put power level to
within 1 percent [32]. A laser is controlled by an input current to yield the power
output. A microprocessor controls the input current to the laser. The
microprocessor compares the de- sired power level with a measured signal
proportional to the laser power output obtained from a sensor. Complete the
block diagram representing this closed- loop control system shown in Figure
E1.1, identifying the output ,input and measured variables and the control
device.
P1.9 Models of physiological control systems are valu- able aids to the medical
profession. A model of the heart-rate control system is shown in Figure P1.9
[23.24, 51]. This model includes the processing of the nerve signals by the brain.
The heart-rate control system is, in fact, a multivariable system, and the
variables x, y, w, v, z, and u are vector variables. In other words, the variable x
represents many heart variables x1, x2,..., X. Examine the model of the heart-
rate control system and add or delete blocks, if necessary. Determine a control
system model of one of the following physiological control systems:
1. RespiraTory control system
2. Adrenaline control system
3. Human arm control system
4. Eye control system
5. Pancreas and the blood-sugar-level control system
6. Circulatory system
E1.6 Modern automated highways are being implemented around the world.
Consider two highway lanes merg- ing into a single lane. Describe a feedback
control system carried on the automobile trailing the lead automobile that
ensures that the vehicles merge with a prescribed gap between the two
vehicles.
E1.3All of us know that an automatic iron box set at "silk" will get heated up to a
particular value, and if it is set at "wool" iron box will get heated up to a higher
value. Draw a block diagram representing the control system. Identity t he
measuring device and controller.
E1.2Draw the block diagram of a general feedback con trol system and identify
the plant, controller, desired output, actual output and measurement device.