CHAPTER 8
MEMORY AND
FORGETTING
MEMORY
MEMORY
MEMORY IS THE PROCESS OF
MAINTAINING INFORMATION
OVER TIME.
MEMORY IS THE MEANS BY
WHICH WE DRAW ON OUR PAST
EXPERIENCES IN ORDER TO USE
THIS INFORMATION IN THE
PRESENT.
STAGES OF MEMORY:
-ENCODING
-STORING
-RETRIEVAL
STAGES OF MEMORY:
ENCODING
REFERS TO THE MANNER
INFORMATION IS ENTERED INTO
MEMORY.
STORING
REFERS TO THE WAY SUCH
INFORMATION IS RETAINED IN
MEMORY.
STAGES OF MEMORY:
RETRIEVAL
REFERS TO PROCEDURES
AND MECHANISM WHICH
ALLOW MAN TO USE
INFORMATION PREVIOUSLY
STORED IN MEMORY.
TYPES OF MEMORY:
-SENSORY MEMORY
-SHORT-TERM MEMORY
-LONG-TERM MEMORY
TYPES OF MEMORY:
SENSORY MEMORY
A MEMORY SYSTEM THAT RETAINS
INFORMATION OF SENSORY INPUT
FOR BRIEF PERIOD OF TIME.
SHORT-TERM MEMORY
MEMORY SYSTEM THAT HOLDS
INFORMATION CURRENTLY BEING
USED.
TYPES OF MEMORY:
LONG-TERM MEMORY
MEMORY SYSTEM THAT PERMITS
MAN TO STORE LARGE AMOUNTS
OF INFORMATION OVER LONG
PERIOD OF TIME.
HOW INFORMATION IS STORED
IN MEMORY?
SHORT-TERM MEMORY
INFORMATION STORED IN THE
LONG-TERM MEMORY SYSTEM IS
RETRIEVED FOR USE IN THE SHORT-
TERM MEMORY.
INFORMATION CAN COME FROM
THE SENSORY MEMORY SYSTEM.
HOW INFORMATION IS STORED
IN MEMORY?
LONG-TERM MEMORY
ELABORATIVE PROCESS OF
REHEARSAL
RECOLLECTION - PEOPLE DECIDE
WHETHER THE STIMULUS HAD
BEEN ENCOUNTERED BEFORE.
RECALL - RETRIEVAL OF
INFORMATION THAT HAS MEANING
FOR THE INDIVIDUAL.
HOW TO IMPROVE MEMORY?
-ENCODING MUST BE CAREFULLY AND
APPRORIATELY DONE
-HAVE A MENTAL PICTURE OF WHAT YOU
MEMORIZE
-ORGANIZE AND STRUCTURE THE
INFORMATION
-USE MNEMONIC DEVICES
-RECONSTRUCT AND STRUCTURE THE
INFORMATION
-USE THE SQ3R METHOD OF STUDY
-STORE THE INFORMATION IN NARRATIVE
FORM
FORGETTING
FORGETTING
-IT IS WHEN A STORED
INFORMATION IS LOST.
-FAILURE IN MEMORY
RETRIEVAL
FIVE THEORIES OF
FORGETTING:
1.) THE FADING THEORY
2.) THE THEORY OF INTERFERENCE
3.) ABSENCE OF ADEQUATE
STIMULATION
4.) OBLITERATION OF THE MEMORY
TRACE
5.) REPRESSIVE THEORY/THEORY
OF REPRESSION
FADING THEORY
-THIS THEORY STATES THAT LEARNING
CREATES CERTAIN CHANGES IN THE BRAIN,
THAT IS, MEMORY TRACES ARE CREATED
THAT WERE NOT THERE PRIOR TO LEARNING.
-BASICALLY SPEAKING, WE FORGET OUR
MEMORIES DUE TO THE PASSAGE OF TIME.
NOT USING THESE STORED MEMORIES
CONTRIBUTE TO THE FADING OF MEMORY.
THEORY OF INTERFERENCE
-THIS THEORY SUGGESTS THAT NEW AND
OLD LEARNING COMPETE OR INTERFERE
WITH EACH OTHER SO THAT THE ABILITY TO
RETAIN OR REMEMBER BOTH, IS LIMITED.
2 TYPES OF INTERFERENCE:
RETROACTIVE INHIBATION
PROACTIVE INHIBATION
RETROACTIVE INHIBITION
THE MORE SIMILAR TWO THINGS TO BE
LEARNED ARE, THE MORE THE
INTERFERENCE
NEW MEMORIES CONFLICT OR
INTERFERE WITH THE OLD MEMORIES
PROACTIVE INHIBITION
PRIOR LEARNING MAY OR NOT
INTERFERE WITH THE LEARNING AND
RECALL OF NEW MATERIAL
OLD MEMORIES INTERFERE WITH THE
NEW ONES
ABSENCE OF ADEQUATE
STIMULATION
-IT IS WHEN WE ARE UNABLE TO RECALL
EVENTS IN THE PAST BECAUSE THE
APPROPRIATE STIMULI ARE ABSENT
-WE CAN ONLY RECALL A SITUATION OR
EVENT BECAUSE OF A PARTICULAR COLOR,
NAME OR OTHER STIMULI
ABSENCE OF ADEQUATE
STIMULATION
-INFORMATION WOULD BE EASIER TO
RETRIEVE IF THE CONDITION FROM THE
ORIGINAL EXPERIENCE ARE PRESENT.
OBLITERATION OF THE MEMORY
TRACE
-MEMORIES ARE OBLITERATED DUE TO
CERTAIN CONDITIONS OTHER THAN TIME.
-IT MIGHT BE CAUSED BY EMOTIONAL
SHOCK OR OTHER CONDITIONS THAT
HINDER CONSOLIDATION.
REPRESSIVE FORGETTING
-ALSO KNOWN AS MOTIVATED FORGETTING
-IT IS THE PROCESS OF FORGETTING
MEMORIES CONSCIOUSLY OR
UNCONSCIOUSLY
REPRESSION - IS THE UNCONSCIOUS AND
INVOLUNTARY PROCESS OF EXCLUDING
UNWANTED THOUGHTS FROM
AWARENESS.
SUPPRESSION - VOLUNTARY AND
CONSCIOUS ATTEMPT TO AVOID
THOUGHTS OR ACTIONS.
EMOTIONAL FACTORS IN
FORGETTING:
1. PEOPLE THINK ABOUT EMOTIONALLY
CHARGED SITUATIONS, POSITIVE OR
NEGATIVE, THAN THEY THINK OF NEUTRAL
ONES. WE REHEARSE AND ORGANIZE
EXISTING MEMORIES.
[Link] EMOTIONS MAY HINDER
RETREIVAL.
EMOTIONAL FACTORS IN
FORGETTING:
3. SINCE EMOTIONS ARE IMPORTANT IN
LEARNING, MEMORY IS BEST WHEN THE
CONTEXT AT RETRIEVAL MATCHES AT THE
BEGINNING.
[Link] EXPERIENCES ESPECIALLY
DURING CHILDHOOD MAY ENTER
CONSCIOUSNESS YEARS LATER.
DEVELOPING GOOD STUDY
HABITS
HELP YOURSELF MAXIMIZE ENCODING
OF USEFUL INFORMATION THROUGH
EFFORT AND ATTENTION.
SQ3R METHOD (SURVEY,QUESTION,
3R:READ, RECITE, AND REVIEW.)
BE POSITIVE
THANK YOU AND
GOD BLESS!