Main Topics
The Basic Equations of Fluid Statics
Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid
Hydrostatic Force on Submerged
Surfaces
Buoyancy
Fluids either at rest or in “rigid-body”
motion are able to sustain only normal
stresses.
Principal of hydrostatics – to find out
forces on submerged objects, develop
pressure measurement devices, forces
developed in hydraulic systems in
industrial presses/automobile brakes.
The Basic Equations
of Fluid Statics
Body Force
The Basic Equations
of Fluid Statics
Surface Force
The Basic Equations
of Fluid Statics
Surface Force
The Basic Equations
of Fluid Statics
Surface Force
The Basic Equations
of Fluid Statics
Total Force
The Basic Equations
of Fluid Statics
Newton’s Second Law
p
gx 0 x direction
x
p
gy 0 y direction
y
p
gz 0 z direction
z
If the coordinate system is chosen with z-axis vertically
upward, gx =gy =0; pressure is a function of z alone.
Vacuum pressure: If p<patm then the gauge pressure
(Pgauge) becomes negative and is called the vacuum
pressure. But one should always remember that
hydrostatic pressure is always compressive in nature
At sea level, the international standard atmosphere
has been chosen as patm =101.32kN/m2
The Basic Equations
of Fluid Statics
Pressure-Height Relation
Pressure Variation in a
Static Fluid
Incompressible Fluid: Manometers
A Simple manometer to A Simple manometer to
measure gauge pressure measure vacuum pressure
One of the ends is connected to a pipe or a container
having a fluid (A) whose pressure is to be found and
the other end is open to atmosphere.
The lower part of the U-tube contains a liquid
immiscible with the fluid A and is of greater density
than that of A. This fluid is called the manometric
fluid.
The pressure at two points P and Q in a horizontal
plane within the continuous expanse of same fluid
(the liquid B in this case) must be equal. Then
equating the pressures at P and Q in terms of the
heights of the fluids above those points
p1 - the absolute pressure of the fluid A in the pipe or
container at its centre line
patm - the local atmospheric pressure.
When the pressure of the fluid in the container is
lower than the atmospheric pressure, the liquid levels
in the manometer would be adjusted (vacuum pr)
Manometers to measure Pr. Difference
A manometer is also frequently used to measure the
pressure difference, in course of flow, across a
restriction in a horizontal pipe.
manometer measuring pressure difference
The axis of each connecting tube at A and B should
be perpendicular to the direction of flow and also for
the edges of the connections to be smooth. Applying
the principle of hydrostatics at P and Q we have,
pm - the density of manometric fluid; pw - the density
of the working fluid flowing through the pipe.
Express the difference of pressure in terms of the
difference of heads (height of the working fluid at
equilibrium)
Inclined Tube Manometers
Small pr. diff.; if the working fluid is a gas;
a manometric liquid of density very close to that of the
working liquid
a well defined meniscus at the interface is not
possible.
For this purpose, an inclined tube manometer is used.
If the transparent tube of a manometer is set at an
angle, then a pr. diff. corresponding to a vertical
difference of levels x gives a movement of the
meniscus (s=x/sin θ) along the slope.
An Inclined Tube manometer
If the angle is small, a considerable magnification of
the movement of the meniscus may be achieved
Pressure Variation in a
Static Fluid
Compressible Fluid: Ideal Gas
Need additional information,
e.g., T(z) for atmosphere
Hydrostatic Force on
Submerged Surfaces
Plane Submerged Surface
Hydrostatic Force on
Submerged Surfaces
Plane Submerged Surface
We can find FR, and y´ and x´,
by integrating, or …
Hydrostatic Force on
Submerged Surfaces
Plane Submerged Surface
• Algebraic Equations – Total Pressure Force
xc & yc – coordinates of centroid of the area A
Ixy & Iyy (with caps) – Area product of inertia w.r.t to
centroidal area
The point of action of the resultant force on the plane
surface is called the centre of pressure cp (xp,yp)
Equating the momet of the resultant force about the x
axis to the summation of the moments of the
component forces, we have
Solving for yp we can write
In the same manner, the x coordinate of the centre of
pressure can be obtained by taking moment about
the y-axis. Therefore
From which,
The two double integrals in the numerators are the
moment of inertia about the x-axis IXX and the product
of inertia IXY about x and y axis of the plane area
respectively. By applying the theorem of parallel axis
Where IX’Y’ and IX’Y’ are the moment of inertia and the
product of inertia of the surface about the centroidal
axes and are the coordinates of the
center c of the area with respect to x-y axes
Can be written as
Hydrostatic Thrusts on
Submerged Curved Surface
On a curved surface, the direction of the normal
changes from point to point, and hence the pressure
forces on individual elements surface differ in their
directions.
Therefore, a scalar summation of them cannot be
made. Instead, the resultant thrusts in certain
directions are to be determined and these forces may
then be combined vectorially.
Hydrostatic Force on
Submerged Surfaces
Curved Submerged Surface
Hydrostatic Force on
Submerged Surfaces
Curved Submerged Surface
• Horizontal Force = Equivalent Vertical Plane Force
• Vertical Force = Weight of Fluid Directly Above
(+ Free Surface Pressure Force)
Buoyancy
Buoyancy
For example, for a hot air
balloon (Example 3.8):