SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
(22CV563)
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Mrs. SPOORTHI B B. E, M. Tech, (Ph.D.)
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Department of Civil Engineering
GM University
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MODULE 2
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Waste Generation and Characterization: Factors affecting waste
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generation and methods to estimate the quantity of waste generated. Physical,
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Chemical and Biological methods of waste characterization
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WASTE GENERATION
Every individual produces around 0.4-0.6kg of garbage everyday. The activities that
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produce garbage in URBAN SOCIETY by,
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Preparing, cooking and serving food
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Sweeping of house
Discarding waste like paper, packings, plastics etc.
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Cleaning of lawns and gardens
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Construction and demolition activities
Markets, commercial sources, community halls, treatment plants etc..
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SW GENERATION BY TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS
Raw material
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Energy MINING
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Refined material
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS
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Energy
Packing material PACKING PROCESS
SOLID WASTE
Packaged product
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MATERIAL FLOW AND WASTE GENERATION
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Importance of Waste Quantities
The waste quantities of solid waste generated and collected are of critical
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importance,
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To determining compliance with central and state waste diversion
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program
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In selecting specific equipment
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In designing of waste collection routes
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Materials Recovery Facilities (MRF)
In designing disposal facilities
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METHODS TO DETERMINE WASTE
GENERATION RATE
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Most commonly used methods to estimate the waste quantities are,
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1. Load-Count Analysis
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2. Weight-Volume Analysis
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3. Materials-Balance Analysis
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1. Load-Count Analysis:
• Approach: This method involves counting the number of waste loads (trucks or
containers) arriving at a disposal or processing site. Based on the type and size of each
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load, an estimate of the waste quantity is made.
• Accuracy: It provides a rough estimate,
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• Data Used: The number of loads and their estimated vol or wt based on load sizes.
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• Advantages: Simple and quick to implement, no specialized equipment required.
• Disadvantages: Less accurate & It relies heavily on assumptions about the waste.
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2. Weight-Volume Analysis:
• Approach: This method directly measures either the weight or volume of waste, often
using weighbridges to measure truckloads.
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• Accuracy: More accurate than load-count, as it involves direct measurement of waste.
• Data Used: Direct measurements of waste wt (tons) or vol (m3) using weighing systems.
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• Advantages: High accuracy, particularly when waste is measured by weight.
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• Disadvantages: Requires equipment such as weighbridges or calibrated containers, making
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it more resource-intensive.
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3. Material Balance Method (Material Flow Analysis - MFA):
Approach: This method estimates waste generation by tracking the input and output of
materials within a defined system (e.g., a city, factory, or industry). It is based on the principle
that the total material entering a system (raw materials and imports) minus the materials
leaving the system (products, exports, emissions, and waste) gives an estimation.
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Process:
Calculate the input materials (e.g., raw materials, energy, water).
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Subtract the output in terms of products, exports, emissions, and recyclable materials.
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The difference represents the waste generated.
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Accuracy: This method can provide a comprehensive and accurate estimate of waste
generation, especially when detailed data on material flows are available.
Data Used: Information on material inputs (raw materials, consumables) and outputs
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(finished products, exports, emissions, and waste).
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Advantages:
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Can account for complex waste streams, including byproducts, emissions, and
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unaccounted losses.
Helps track resource use and sustainability.
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Disadvantages:
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Requires extensive and detailed data on material flows, which may not always be
available.
More complex and resource-intensive to implement compared to load-count
analysis
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Factors affecting waste generation
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
Ex: Southern India and Northern India Climatic condition
SEASON
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Ex: Harvesting season and growing season
FREQUENCY OF COLLECTION
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Unlimited collection service is provides more waste collection
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This doesn’t mean that more waste are generated.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION
Ex: Low income and High income family
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EXTENT OF SALVAGING AND RECYCLING
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Existing of saving and recycling operation in communities
PUBLIC ATTITUDE
Willing to change of their own to conserve nature
LEGISLATIONS
For use and disposal of specific materials
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PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS:
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Components are paper, plastic, cardboard, textile, glass etc.,
Analyse the behavior of each components like MC, density, wt and distribution %
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2. PARTICAL SIZE:
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Graphical representation of analysis used in designing machineries
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3. MOISTURE CONTENT:
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Cost of collection, trasport and treatment depends on MC value
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MC = ((a-b)/a)x100
where, a is intial weight of the waste
b is dry weight of the waste (@105 dergee C)
4. DENSITY:
Design of landfills, transport vehicles depends on optimium density
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CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. LIPIDS:
Includes oils, fats and grease.
Prime sources are garbage, automobiles, refineries.
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High heating value = 38000 KJ/Kg
2. CARBOHYDRATES:
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Sugar and polymers of sugar( cellulose, starch etc)
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Highly biodegradable
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3. PROTIENS:
Contains C,H, O and N
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Prime sources are garbage and garden waste
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4. NATURAL FIBERS:
Cellulose, natural compounds and lignins
Highly combustible
5. SYNTHETIC ORGANIC MATERIAL:
Plastics (non biodegradable )
High Calorific value and itsStudied
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6. HEATING VALUE (ENERGY CONTENT)
Determined by Bomb Calorimeter Test
Provides the heating index of waste
Energy value as “DRY BASIS”,KJ/Kg = unit energy value x(100/(100-%moisture))
Energy value as “DRY BASIS”,KJ/Kg o “ASH FREE” = unit energy value x(100/(100-%Ash-
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%moisture))
7. ULTIMATE ANALYSIS:
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Analysis of C,H,O,S proportions
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To make Mass Balance calculation for chemical and thermal process
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KJ/Kg = 337 C + 1428 (H-O/8) x 9S
8. PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Moisture (loss of moisture when heated to 105 deg C for 1 hr)
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Volatile Combustible matter (additional loss of weight on ignition at 950 deg C)
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Fixed Carbon (residue after volatile matter is removed)
Ash ( wt of residue combustion in a open crucible )
8. FUSING POINT OF ASH:
burning of waste forms a solid (CLINDER) by fusion and agglomeration
fusing temp : 1100 to 1200 degStudied
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