Structured Questions

Question 1

With reference to the Reformation, answer the following:

(a) Mention any three Church practices that caused dissatisfaction

among the people?

(b) How did New Learning become a factor that led to the Reformation?

(c) Who were the Protestants? By what other names was Protestantism
known?

Answer

(a) Three Church practice — that caused dissatisfaction among the

people were:

1. Economic Factors — In the middle ages, the Church had vast

properties, which gave ample income to the Church. Besides,
one-tenth of the income of a person was given to the Church. This
was called the tithe. In addition to this, the clergy collected another
sum called the 'Peter's Pence' from the people. The Church also
started selling 'Letter of Indulgence'. These were pardon
certificates remitting punishments of the sinners who bought them,
both in this life and after their death.
2. Corruption in the Church — With passage of time, moral decay
crept into some areas in the functioning of the Church. Some of the
clergymen lacked proper education and lived a life of luxury
neglecting their religious duties. They could pronounce a marriage
lawful or unlawful. There were fees for every transaction in life,
from birth to death.
 3. Rulers' Resentment — Pope's interference in the political affairs
was naturally opposed by the kings. They strongly supported the
Reformation Movement in order to weaken the Church.

(b) The spread of new learning and spirit of enquiry was developed by
Renaissance scholars. The invention of printing press and the printing of
the Bible in vernacular languages brought a new outlook among laymen.
The Renaissance encouraged spirit of enquiry, developed critical attitude
space and broadened the mental outlook of man. People then began to
question everything including the authority of the Pope. They criticised
the Church practices, rituals and the lifestyles of some of the clergymen.
The changed attitude of people finally led to outbreak of Reformation
movement.

(c) The Reformation movements created a split in the Christian Church

between those who continued to remain loyal to the Pope at Rome
(known as Roman Catholics) and those who broke away from the
Church at Rome. The latter were known as Protestants.

The Reformation broke out in number of countries like England, France,

Germany, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland and Scotland. However all the
Protestants did not share the same religious beliefs and Rituals. The
different names of Protestantism were Calvinism, Presbyterianism
(Scotland) and Puritanism (England).

Question 2

Study the picture given below and answer the following questions.

(a) Identify the person in the picture. How did he challenge the Church?
(b) What is known as the Diet of Worms? Who supported him when he
was outlawed?

(c) State the contribution of this person in reforming the church in

Europe?

Answer

(a) The person in the picture is Martin Luther, a German clergyman and
professor of Theology at University of Wittenburg.

He openly criticised papacy. He accused the Church for the sale of

indulgences. In 1517, Luther wrote 'Ninety-five theses' or statements
dealing with the difference between the beliefs and practices of the
Church and nailed them on the Church door at Wittenburg.

(b) The holy Roman Emperor Charles V, upon request by Pope, asked
Luther to defend his case before a Grand Diet held at Worms known as
the Diet of Worms consisting of Council of Princes and high dignitaries in
1521.

The Diet ordered that Luther's writings be burnt and Luther be outlawed
but Luther had support of German rulers and so no harm was done to
him.

(c) The contribution of Martin Luther in reforming the church in Europe

were following:

1. Luther translated the Bible into German and set up an independent

church.
2. He travelled extensively to different parts of Europe, Germany,
Norway, Sweden and Denmark. The Protestant movement found
wide acceptance.
3. Lutheranism was recognised as a legal form of Christianity by a
treaty known as 'The Peace of Augsburg' in 1555.
Chapter:13
The industrial revolution marked a change from hand work to machine
work and from domestic system of production to factory system of
production. In this context, discuss the role of the following factors in
ushering in the Industrial Revolution:

(a) Invention of machines.

(b) Availability of coal and iron.

(c) Improved Transportation.

Answer

(a) Invention of machines — Invention of machinery and its use in

manufacturing was the starting point of Industrial revolution. John Key, a
weaver of Lancashire, invented 'The Flying Shuttle' which increased the
speed of weaving. It also made the weaving of broad cloth by one man
possible. A Lancashire weaver named James Hargreaves invented a
machine called the spinning Jenny. It could spin eight threads at a time
instead of one thread of the old-fashioned spinning wheel. Richard
Arkwright invented the 'Water Frame'. It produced harder and stronger
yarn than that of the spinning Jenny, but it was run by water power. It
ushered the factory system.

(b) Availability of coal and iron — Natural resources such as iron and
coal were available in England. The iron and coal mines were situated
close to each other. Iron was used in making machines. The coal
provided cheap fuel. Both these factors helped in the development of
industries.

(c) Improved Transportation — In the second half of the 18th century,

transport system in England was adequate. The use of tarcoal and tar
enabled the construction of roads in many European countries.
Steamboats and steamships were used extensively. George Stephenson
designed his first locomotive engine, which was used for hauling coal in
the Killingworth colliery. This brought about a revolution in transport.
James Watt invented the steam engine. The discovery of steam as a
source of power, facilitated the industrial revolution as it was used for
transport both on land and sea.

Question 2

With reference to the Industrial Revolution in England, state the role of

the following factors:

(a) Availability of Raw material.

(b) Transport System.

(c) Growth of population.

Answer

(a) Availability of Raw material — England had a large colonial empire.

From her colonies she could get raw material at cheaper rates for her
factories. These colonies also served as markets for the British
manufactured goods.

(b) Transport System — The use of tarcoal and tar enabled the
construction of roads in many European countries. Steamboats and
steamships were used extensively. George Stephenson designed his
first locomotive engine, which was used for hauling coal in the
Killingworth colliery. This brought about a revolution in transport. James
Watt invented the steam engine. The discovery of steam as a source of
power, facilitated the industrial revolution as it was used for transport
both on land and sea.

(c) Growth of population — The population was growing rapidly with

developing science and technology as death rate had declined. This
created a huge demand of goods like clothes, food etc. In other words
we can say that the increasing population served as huge market for the
ready products. The rural population had risen sharply as new sources
of food became available, and the death rates declined due to fewer
plagues and wars. At the same time, many small farms disappeared.
Thus, people from the rural areas migrated to the urban areas for
employment, education, cultural benefits, better freedom and enjoyment.

Question 3

With reference to the rise of Capitalism, answer the following questions:

(a) What were the causes for the rise of Capitalism?

(b) What was the impact of Capitalism on the working class?

(c) How did it give rise to Socialism?

Answer

(a) The causes for the rise of Capitalism were:

1. Increase in population — People from the rural areas migrated to

the urban areas for employment, education, cultural benefits, better
freedom and enjoyment.
2. Legal Requirement — There was the new enclosure law which
required farmers to put fences or hedges around their fields to
prevent common grazing on the land. That's why small farmers had
to sell their fields as it was expensive to put fences and search for
work elsewhere. These factors combined to provide a ready
workforce for the new industries.
3. Growth of Towns — New manufacturing towns and cities grew
dramatically. Many of these cities were located close to the
coalfields that supplied fuel to the factories.
4. Mass Production — Mass production destroyed the domestic
system of production. The growth of industries and use of huge
machines gave rise to factories.
 5. Disappearance of Small Farmers — Small farmers shifted to new
industrial towns. They were forced to seek employment in the
factories because they were replaced by big landlords.

(b) The impact of Capitalism on the working class is summarised below:

1. There was loss of traditional jobs. Women in households earning

income from spinning and traditional handloom weavers were
impacted as they could no longer compete with mechanised
production. Skilled labourers lost their jobs as new machines
replaced them.
2. People worked long hours under harsh conditions. Factory owners
and managers often recruited women and children and paid very
low wages.
3. Jobs were repetitive and boring. The labourers had to work more
than 12 to 14 hours a day and six days a week. Safety was not a
matter of concern. They faced strict rules and supervision with their
life ruled by the clock.
4. Working people moved to cities and cities became over crowded.
The working poor lived in crowded areas in the centre of cities in
shoddy houses.
5. By 1820s, income levels of workers began to improve and people
adjusted to the different circumstances and conditions.

(c) The capitalists had their selfish interests and the began to exploit the
workers. They paid them low wages and made them work for long hours.
They amassed great wealth and began to lead a luxurious life at the cost
of the workers. The rich were becoming richer and the poor, still poorer.
This gulf went on widening and created social disharmony and ultimately
led to rise of Socialism. The evil effects of Capitalism and the spirit of
improving the condition of workers gave birth to Socialism.

Question 4

With reference to Capitalism and Socialism, state the following:

(a) Difference between Capitalism and Socialism in terms of control over
means of production and profit.

(b) Two key proponents each of Capitalism and Socialism. Give

examples of two countries where each economic system is prevalent.

(c) What according to you is better of the two economic systems? Give
reasons to support your answer.

Answer

(a) In Capitalism, the means of production like labour, raw material, tools
and machines are owned by private individuals or groups of them for
profit whereas in Socialism, the government owns and controls the
means of production (as factories) and distribution of goods.

(b) The two key proponents of Capitalism were Richard Cantillon and
Adam Smith while the two key proponents of Socialism were Karl Marx
and Fredrick Engels.
Two examples of countries where Capitalism is prevalent are the USA
and the UK while two examples of countries where Socialism is
prevalent are China and Denmark.

(c) Capitalism is better of the two economic systems. It believes in free

market and is opposed to government intervention. Many Capitalist
countries like the USA, the UK, Canada and Australia; are developed
and successful. To prevent the drawbacks of Capitalism, the government
should enforce laws in favour of labourers and working class to prevent
their exploitation. Government should enforce laws of fair minimum
wages and reasonable working hours. Labour laws relating to safety of
labourers and protection against exploitation should be enforced to
check the evil effects of the Capitalist economic system.

Question 5

With reference to the picture given, answer the following questions:

(a) Identify the person in the picture. Name his longtime associate and
co-author. Name one famous publication of this person and his
associate.

(b) What were the causes for the rise of the economic system
propounded by these two individuals?

(c) Briefly describe the type of society they envisioned.

Answer

(a) The person in the given picture is Karl Marx. Frederick Engels was
his longtime associate and co-author. One of their famous publications
was 'Das Kapital'.

(b) The causes for the rise of the socialist economic system are:

● Rise in evils of capitalism — The capitalist economy was exploiting

the worker class due to which there was resentment in them.
● Trade union movements — These movements aimed at
recognition of the rights of workers. The vast difference between
rich and poor was brought into sharp focus.
● The Chartist Movement — It was started to achieve social and
political equality.

(c) They had envisioned a society without exploitation. In a socialist

society, private property in the means of production would be headed by
co-operative ownership. A socialist economy would not base production
on the creation of private profits, but would instead base production and
economic activity on the criteria of satisfying human needs. Karl Marx
had envisioned a classless and stateless system.

Chapter 6:Urban
Structured Questions

Question 1

With reference to Municipal Corporation, answer the following questions:

(a) State its composition.

(b) State any three functions of the Mayor.

(c) State any four functions of the Corporation.

Answer

(a) A Municipal Corporation comprises the following:

1. General Council — The General Council is formed of elected

members known as Municipal Councillors. These members are
elected directly on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise through
secret ballot.
2. The Mayor — The councillors together with Aldermen elect among
themselves the Mayor and the Deputy Mayor for a period of one
year.
3. Standing committee — The members of the General council form
different Standing Committees to deal with subjects like finance,
health, engineering, taxation, etc.
4. Municipal Commissioner — He is appointed by the Governor
usually for a term of 5 years.

(b) Three functions of the Mayor are:

 1. He presides over the meetings of the Corporation.
2. He conducts and regulates business of the Corporation.
3. He fixes the agenda for consideration at meetings of Corporation.

(c) Four functions of the Corporation are:

1. Provision of electricity, water and sewage disposal.

2. Provision of public health services like hospitals, dispensaries,
family welfare centres.
3. Provisions of public conveniences and utilities like roads, buildings,
bus-shelters, demolition of dangerous structures, plantation of
trees, provision of public urinals and toilets.
4. Maintenance of records of births and deaths and maintenance and
upkeep of cremation and burial grounds.

Question 2

Give the role of each of the following in the Municipal Corporation:

(a) General Council of the Corporation

(b) Standing Committees

(C) Municipal Commissioner

Answer

(a) The General Council of the Corporation plans the project for welfare
work. It appoints many other officials except the Municipal
Commissioner.

(b) The members of the General Council are represented on Standing

Committees through elections. There are different Standing Committees
to deal with different subjects like finance, health, engineering, taxation
and welfare schemes.

(c) The role of Municipal Commissioner are:

 1. To carry on and control the administration of the Corporation
2. To implement the projects and programmes as laid down by the
General Council.
3. To maintain and safeguard all municipal properties, records etc.
4. To prepare financial budgets and perform other related functions.
5. To participate in the meetings of the Council and keep records of
the minutes and proceedings of the meetings.

Question 3

With regard to the working of a Municipal Corporation answer the

following questions:

(a) Giving three examples, state how compulsory functions are

distinguished from optional functions.

(b) What organisational system exists for carrying out these functions

(c) Who is Municipal commissioner? How is he appointed?

Answer

(a) Three examples distinguishing compulsory functions from optional

functions are:

S Compulsory Functions Optional Functions

l.
N
o
.

1 Provision of public conveniences and Construction and

. utilities like roads, buildings, maintenance of public
bus-shelters, demolition of dangerous parks, libraries,
museums, theatre,
 structures, plantation of trees, akharas, picnic resorts,
provision of public urinals and toilets. etc.

2 Providing basic amenities like Public housing through

. electricity, water, sewage disposal. housing boards.

3 Undertaking of public safety and Undertaking welfare

. security like maintenance of fire schemes, organising
department, disaster like floods and fares, functions, melas.
earthquake management groups, etc.

(b) A Municipal Corporation comprises of General Council, The Mayor,

The Standing Committees and A Municipal Commissioner. The General
Council plans the projects and programmes for the city and the Standing
Committees work to implement those plans. Different Standing
committees deal with different subjects like finance, health, engineering,
taxation and welfare schemes. The Municipal Commissioner prepares
the financial budgets, takes care of the property and records of
corporation and implements all the projects. The Mayor presides over
the meetings and regulates the business of the corporation.

(c) The Municipal Commissioner is the Chief Executive of the

corporation. He is appointed by the Governor for the term of 5 years.

Question 4

With regard to the Municipal Corporation

(a) Distinguish between Municipal Corporation and Municipal

Committee.

(b) Describe the three wings of the Municipal Committee.

(c) What is the role of the Deputy Commissioner at the district level?
Answer

(a) The differences between Municipal Corporation and Municipal

Committee are:

Sl Municipal corporation Municipal Committee

.
N
o.

1 These are meant for big These are meant for smaller cities.
cities.

2 The head of the The head of a Municipal Committee

corporation is known as is known as Chairperson/President.
Mayor.

3 It has more powers and It has comparatively less powers

more sources of and fewer sources of revenue.
revenue.

4 It deals with the State It deals with the State government

government directly. through the District Administration.

(b) The three wings of the Municipal Committee are:

1. General Body of the Municipal Committee — The members of the

General Body of the Municipal Committee are called Councillors.
They are elected from Municipal wards for the term of 5 years. The
number of members depends on the population of the city.
2. Chairman/President — A Chairperson and a Vice-Chairperson are
elected indirectly by the members from among themselves. The
Chairperson has powers similar to the Mayor.
 3. Chief Executive Officer — He is an appointee of the State
government and usually belongs to the State Civil Services. He
looks after the administrative wing of the Municipal Committee.

(c) Following are the roles of Deputy Commissioner at District level:

1. Collection of Revenue.
2. Maintenance and Updating of land record.
3. Law and Order.
4. Supervision and execution of all plans of the Union and State
governments.
5. Provision of civic amenities and execution of public works.
6. Implementation of policies and programmes in respect of
Panchayati Raj institutions.
7. Supersession, dissolution, holding of election, etc., in respect of
Panchayati Raj institutions.
8.