,". .

..0-."--- __. --
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SECTION 3 SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSES

.'.
SECTION 3 : SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSES
-
300 GENERAL '.

300.01 SCOPE

.,This ,section contains the Materials,' EqtiipmentandCo~stri1ction'requiteIIients for.'.

Aggregate and [Link]';bCi$e'and
Base Coutse~. . Requirements [Link]'. '
Concrete Base Courseare containedin SectionIV of these Specifications.

300.02 STANDARDS AND CODES

The following standards and codes in their latest edition shall be .particularly applied to
works covered by this section:

AASHTO
T 89 Determiningthe LiquidLimitof Soils
T 90 DeterminingthePlasticLimitandPlasticityIndex of Soils
T 96 Resistanceto Abrasionof Small Size Coarse Aggregate by Use of the Los
AngelesMachine
T 104 Soundnessof Aggregateby Use of SodiumSulphate or MagnesiumSulphate
T 180 Moisture-DensityRelationsof Soils,using a 10 Ib (4.54 kg) Rammerand an
18 in (457mm)Drop
T -191 . Densityof SoilIn-placeby theSand~one .M~thod
.

T 193 The CaliforniaBearingRatio .' .' '. ....

T230 Determining Degree of Pavement Compaction of Bituminous Aggregate

Mixtures

BS
BS 812-105.1:1989 Testing aggregates. Methods for detennination of particle
shape. Flakinessindex

301 - CONTROL OF MATERIALS FOR SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSES

301.01 SOURCES OF MATERIALS

The materials used in the work shall meet all quality requirements of the Contract. All.
materials shall be tested and approved before use. The Contractor shall notify the
Engineer of the sources of materialsand the Engineer shall approve the sources prior to
delivery of materials to the site. Where a source of material does not meet Specification
requirements, the Contractor shall 'furnish material trom other sources. Delivery of
materials produced trom commercialmanufacturingprocesses shall be accompanied by
the manufacturer's certificationand test report showing the materials comply with the
Specificationrequirements.

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SECTION 3 SUB-BASEAND BASE COURSES

301.02 STORAGE AND HANDLING OF MATERIALS

Materials shall be so stored and handled as to assure the preservationof their qualityand
fitness for the Work. Materials, even though approved before storage or hand!ll!g,.m~y"
again be inspected and tested prior to use in the work. Stored materials shall be located
so as to facilitate their prompt inspection. All storage sites shall be restored to their '..
'. .".

. o..ig~al c,~ndit~~[Link] ~e <;ontractor's. eJq>enSe~iior,to. .a~~ep~!Ulc.e'Of~~ works. . .:' ':':':'. .',:.:

'Handling and stockpiIkgof awegates .shall at ~ll t~esbe s~ch as to eliminate
"
segregation or contamination of the various sizes. Stockpiles shall be kept flat and the
formation of high cone-shaped piles shall not be permitted. When conveyor belts are
used for stockpiling aggregates, the Engineer may require the use of baffle chutes or
perforated chimneys.

When trucks are used to construct stockpiles,the stockpilesshall be constructedone layer

at a time with trucks depositing their loads as close to the previous load as possible. The
use of tractors or loaders to push material depositedat one locationto another locationin
the stockpile shall not be limited to levelling the depositedmaterial only. Stockpilesof
aggregate located at permanent asphalt plant sites shall be separated by bin walls and
\
shall be constructed on asphaltic or concrete floors. Stockpilelocations and proceduresat
\ temporaryasphalt plant sites shall be as approvedby the Engineer.

The Contractor shall take all necessary protection measures in the storage, handlingand
stockpiling of materials to prevent contaminationof materialsby dust. The measuresthat
the Contractorprop~ses to,take sha~ be subjectto the,approval of ~e Engineer.
,. . . .

Intefmediat~' storage 'of hydrated lime and commercial 'mineral filler for equipment
feeding the asphalt plant shall be in silos of adequate sizes to ensure a minimumof one
day's continuous operations.

301.03 INSPECTION, TESTING AND CONTROL OF MATERIALS

For verification of weights and measures, character of materials and determinationof

temperatUresused in the preparation of the asphalt mixes, the Engineer will at all times
have access to all portions of the mixing plant, aggregateplant, storage yards, crushers
and other facilities used for producing and processingthe materials of construction. The
Engineer shall have authority to take samples and perform tests thereon of any material
supplied to the site from any source whatsoever in order to establish their compliance
with Specifications and to [Link] reject as he deemsnecessary. Samplesshall also be
, taken from completedwork to deteIlIliDecompliancewith the Specifications. The
frequency of all sampling and testing shall be in accordance with these Specifications
and/or as directed by the Engineer.

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SECTION 3 SUB-BASEAND BASE COURSES

301.04 SITE LABORATORY

The Contractor shall provide a fully equipped site laboratory in accordance with Section
X (Site Laboratories) of these Specifications. In addition the Contractor shall provide
suitable facilities at"the asphatt batching plant(s) to enable the Engineer to [Link]' all
necessary tests on the raw materials and mixes. Such fadlities will be subject to the
Engineer's approval'and:the ~rep~tio~.of~halt [Link] not be allowe4 unti~tI1e.' '.'
.[Link] been [Link] the ~~giIie~i. .'... .."" .."". """ .."" . :. ::.. "
. :~.'.~-..

The Contractor shall bear all the costs pertaining to obtaining specimens of materials,
asphalt mixes and samples cut from the paving courses after compaction, including the
provision of necessary equipment and plant for obtaining these specimens and samples.
This work shall be perfonned in the presence of the Engineer. The Engineer will take
possession of the samplesupon their removal fromthe roadway.

In particular, the Contractorshall provide a portable coring machine and bits for taking
full depth cores of all bituminouspaving courses. The diameterof the bit will be 100mm
when the maximum nominal sixe of aggregate in the pavement is 25mm, and 150mm
when the maximumnominal size of aggregate in pavement is greater than 25mm. The
coring machine shall be available to the Engineer upon request. Should the coring
machine not be availablewhen required, the Engineer may make other arrangements for
taking the required cores and all costs incurred will be deducted from the pavements due
to the Contractor.

301.05 tJNACCEPTABLEMA TERIALS'

Materials that do not confonn to the requirements of the Specificationsshall be rejected

and removed immediatelyfrom the site of the works unless otherwise instructed by the
Engineer. No rejected materials,the defects of which have been corrected, shall be used
until approval has been givenby the Engineer.

301.06 TEST CONDITIONS

Materials which require dryingprior to performing any of the specified tests, except those
materials which shall be processed in an asphalt drier, shall be dried out attemperatures
not greater than 60°C(140°F)for soil materials or 100°C(212°F)for aggregates.
,"
301.07 WATER

Sea and brackish water shall not be used for spreading and compacting operations for
aggregate sub-baseand base courses. .

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_':..0. '"'---=-. -=",,"",","_..

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SECTION 3 SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSES

302.01

302.01.1 General Requirements . . . .

. '.Unless otherwjs.e -stip~latedherefu,~[Link]~Visi~nsofSe~t"io~n. (Earthworks)of tlte~~

. :. SpeCificationsin:respect of [Link] the main machfueryand tools utilised IDthe" :" .
Earthworks construction, shall :he adhered to, all subject to the following modifications
and additions.

302.Q1.2 Spreaders
Spreaders shall be self-propelledand shall be capable of spreadingthe sub-base and base
materials in one operationso as to make it ready for compactionwith minimumshaping.
The spreader shall be providedwith a screed that strikes off and distributesthe material
to the required width and level. The width of each spread shall not be less than a traffic
lane. The screed shallbe adjustableto the required cross-section. Screed action includes \::
any practical motionthat producesa finishedsurface texture of uniformappearance.
302.01.3 Travel Mixers
Travel Mixers shall be of a type which are capable of mixingto the full depth of the layer
thickness being processed, by picking up the material, mixing, agitating or otherwise
blending into a [Link] c;onformsto the required gen,[Link]
[Link]. Mixers shall be equipped with ariaccUra~edepth ,controldevice to
. avoidthe disturbanceof previouslyacceptedlayets~"Aft:ermiXiIig,the
materialshallbe.
deposited by the mixer in its final position so that prior to compaction no spotting,
picking-up or otherwiseshiftingthe material will be required. Mixers may be equipped
with pressure spray bars whichcan supply a uniform distributionof meteredwater during
the mixing process.
302.01.4 Central Mixers
A central mixing plant shall be either of an approved drum or pugmill type with a
moisture control system so that the material may be spread without further mixing or ,-\....
processing.

302.02 MAJOR EQUIPMENT USED FOR SAND ASPHALT SUB-BASE

AND BASE COURSES .. .

302.02.1 General Req uiremen ts

All the Provisions of Clause 403 of these Specificationsin respect of specificationsfor
- the major equipment utilised in the Asphalt Works constructionshall be adhered to all
subject to the followingmodificationsand additions.

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SECTION 3 SUB-BASEAND BASE COURSES

302.02.2 Screensfor AsphaltMixingPlants ' .

The asphalt mixing plant shall be equipped with screens suitable' for scr~ening 'the
aggregate into sizes such that they may be recombined into a gradation meetingJh~
requireme:Dtsof the Job Mix Fonnula.
, ,
". ".' ",' , '," ".,' . ,. . ." .,;. ,",;. .. . ".,'.'. ..: .' '.

'However"if the nature' of the aggregate, in the 'opinionof the Engineer is such ,that no, :
"

,.'..,
.screeriingis required by reasoriof its satisfact6rynatural gradation,then the plant maybe:,': .
equipped with a scalping screen of a size suitable to remove oversize aggregates and
other deleteriousmaterial.
,\

302.02.3 Rollers
".,
Rolling equipmentshall consist of steel wheeledrollers and pneumatic-tyredrollers all as
specified in Clause 403.05 of these Specifications,a minimum of three rollers shall be
required at all times; one self-propelledpneumatic-tyredand two steel wheeled rollers.
As many additionalrollers shall be used as necessaryto provide the specified density arid
surface characteristics in any orderly efficient and continuous manner. Tandem steel
wheeled rollers shall be of such weight that, under working conditions, will develop
contact pressure adequateto obtain the required density.

302.02.4 Unacceptable Equipment

The Engineer shall have the right to stop the use of any equipment or plant which he
deems to be inferiorto the quality required and to instructthe removal of such equipment
and 'to have it replaced by 'suitable equIpmentor to alter the method ofoper-ation atany
time he so desires. ,,' , " " '".' , ': " " '

The Contractorshall immediatelycomplywith such instructionswithout being ,entitledto

any indemnitiesor extensionsas a result of such instructions. The Contractor shall not be
allowed to use any equipmentor plant before obtainingthe approval of the Engineer, and
the Contractorshall undertake to follow sound technicalmethods and labour to carry out
the works. The Engineer shall have the right to expel any operators, mechanics or labour
and to instruct suitable replacement thereof at any time he deems such action is
necessary.
303 - AGGREGATE SUB-BASEAND BASE COURSES

303.01 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

303.01.1 Description'
Aggregate sub-base and base courses shall consist of crushed mineral aggregates or
natural mineral aggregates of the gradation and thicknessindicated in the Specifications
and on the Drawings. Where the type of aggregate is not specified, it is intended that
natural mineral aggregatesshall be used.

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SECTION 3 SUB-BASE AND BASE COU!tSE.~ .

303.01.2 Natural Aggregate Su~Base and Base Courses .'.__".

Shall consist of coarse and fine mineral aggregates wmch have been screened "and
blended to the various gradings and constructed to the thickness as indicated. o~J:he
Drawings and in the Specifications. .

303.01.3'Crushed.J\ggreg~te S.u1?~Base ~nd:Base Courses: .',:. . . .

...sh~[Link] or ~rushe~.:coars~a~gre~[Link] ~rushedor'na~I'fine'~ggTegate~cieen'~d"

and blended in accordance with the required gradation and constructedto the thickness as
indicatedonthe Drawingsandin the Specifications. .

303.02 MATERIALS REQUIREMENT FOR AGGREGATE SUB-BASE

. >;.
AND BASE COURSES

303.02.1 Fine Aggregates Used for Aggregate Sub-Base and Base Courses
Fine aggregate (passing the No. 4 sieve) shall consist of natural sand and/or crushed sand
and shall be of such gradation that when combinedwith other required aggregate fraction
in proper proportions, the resultant mixture will meet the gradationspecified.

The fme aggregate shall be clean and ftee ftom organic matter, clay-balls and other
extraneous or detrimentalmaterials.

The ratio of fme aggregates passing the No. 200 sieve shall not exc~ed2/3 of the portion
: passm& the No. 40 sieve.' . .:. ". . '.' . .' ,':.

The material passing the No. 40 sieve shall have a maximumliquid limit of 35 and the
plasticity index shall not exceed 6.

Where the source of fine aggregates does not meet the above requirements,' the
Contractor may, with the Engineer's approval, add additional fine aggregate and/or filler
to correct the gradation or to change the characteristicsof the materialpassing the No. 40
sieve so as to meet the Specifications. Such additional material shall be added in a
manner approved by the Engineer, which ensures a completelyhomogeneousmaterial. ..
'{, .

303.02.2 Coarse Aggregates Used for Aggregate Sub-Base and Base Courses
Coarse aggregate ([Link] the No. 4 sieve) shall consist of crushed stone, [Link]
gravel or natural gravel and shall be of such gradation that when combined with other
required aggregate :&actionsin proper proportion, the resultant mixture will meet the
gradation specified.

When crushed aggregate is required, not less than 50% by weight of the particles on the
No. 4 sieve shall have at least one ftactured face. The Flakiness Index of the crushed
aggregateshall not exceed 35%.

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 '--' ....-.

SECTION 3 SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSES

The percentage of wear of coarse aggregate shall not exceed 45% when tested for
resistance to abrasion (ASSHTO T96).

The coarse aggregate shall be hard and durable and free from organic matter,'clay,and
other extraneous or detrimentalmaterials.

: ',. : ,'C~~seagiregatesh~li'be '~ubject to .s~diumsulpha:t~S()wl~eS~ 16SStests' (MSHT9:

TI04). The maXimum. allowable 'sodiUm sulpbate soundness loss shall be 18%~'" ,,' " "

303.02.3 Types of Aggregate Sub-Base and Base Courses

The combined gradation including fine and coarse aggregates shall conform to the
gradation of Type (A) or (B) or (C) in Table 303.02.3.

The continuous smooth gradation of materials used shall be kept within the specified
gradation limits and gap gradation must be avoided. Selection of one of the gradations
shown in the above table shall be as shown on the Drawings and/or Specifications.
l./
. .,,:1 GradationA ~r B shall be used when crushed aggregatebase and sub-base is specified.

No. of SieveSize Gradation A Gradation B Gradation C

50mm - - 100
37.5mm ' - 100 70-100
25mm 100 70-100 55-85
,19mm, " 70-100 60-90 ' 50-80 '
9.5mm 50-80 . 4575 40.,70
4.75mm 35-65 30-60 30-60
2mm 25-50 20-50 20-50
425}.1 15-30 10-30 10-30
75}.1 5-15 5-15 5-15

Table 303.02.3 Gradation Limits for Aggregate Sub-base and Base Courses

,\ . 303.03 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR AGGREGATE SUB-

BASE AND BASE COURSES

303.03.1 Finished Subgrade Levels

Prior to commencingthe construction of the sub-base and base courses, it is necessaryto
make sure that the subgrade conforms to the specifications and is compacted to the
Maximum Dry Density as indicated in Section II (Earthworks) of these specifications,
and that the surface thereof conforms to the levels and slopes indicated in the Drawings.
In all cases the approval of the Engineer must be obtained before commencingspreading
of materialfor the sub-baseand base courses.

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SECTION 3 SUB-BASEAND BASE COURSES

303.03.2 Screening and Mixing of the Materials ~:;~.

.,t", . ;"~'";."";

Screeningshall be required for the materialsused in aggregatesub~baseand base courses:

Screens shall be of the size ~d number required to remove oversize aggregat~ ~~. Jf
necessary, to separate the materials into two or more fractions so that they may be
,..:"
,combined to meet the required gradation. When. conveyor belt samples .[Link] of ....
. :' ".:~r
'. [Link].~or ~l$g~scr~ening .operation'yield a product ,corisisten~[Link] .:','
'.,

. specifh~dgnidation, no~er ~g.~all be required and t,hematerial m'aybe loaded. > '. .

. and hauled directly to the road. If stockpiled, it shall be stockpiled so as to prevent

segregation.

Mixing of material can be achieved throughthe use of the central mixing plant or travel
mixer as per Clause 302.0I of these Specifications. Where separate size materials are to
be blended to meet the gradation, such blendingshall be as directed"bythe Engineer and
shall be accomplished prior to delivery to the roadway. Mixingof separatematerials on
the roadwayby motorgraderwillnot be permitted.
".; :":.?;~. ::;
. ~,"
303.03.3 Spreading and Compacting
After carrying out ~e screening and mixing of aggregate material, samples of the
approvedmaterial shall be taken in order to detenninethe OptimumMoisture Content.

Material shall then be spread on the road surfaceto thicknessthat would result in layers
not more than 150mm thick after compaction.

The natW-a1 ~()istuTecont~ntofmateri~ls constitutingthe sub~baS~~d'baseco,urses sh~ll . .

'be determined. If the natural moisture contentis less [Link] content,: :...
the necessary amount of water must be added to obtainthe optimumcontent allowing for
the quantity which may be lost by evaporation in the process of raking, levelling and
compacting, depending on atmospheric temperature, quantity of material and the
equipment and plant to be used in this operation, provided that the layer shall be
compacted when the moisture content therein is within :!:2%of the optimum moisture
content in order to obtain Maximum Dry Density,and the moisture content is uniform in
all parts of the section where the work is being carried out and in the various depths of
the layer thickness.

Compactionshall start immediatelythereafter,by means of pneumaticand steel rollers or

vibratoryrollers and in accordancewith the instructionsof the Engineer.

. Compaction must start with rollers from extremesides proceeding gradually toward the
road aXis. Rolling must continue until the relative density of not less than 95% of the
Maximum Dry Density has been obtained as determined by the Moisture-Density
RelationshipTest AASHTOT180.

3-8
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....;;.~
SECTION 3 SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSES

:N~ 303.03.4
~..r.~f Multi-Layers
:~~,;~{~:
.., ;
':..;~;~.~
During all the above-mentioned operations of mixing,. spreading, compacting and
.,' levelling of sub-baseand basecoursesmaterial,caremust be taken so that layers already
compactedunder the layer being executedare not affected, or that the finished sub~grade
:::::~,,:;t;~li~;Ii:l~:
'.:". '..'-
or base surface is also not affected. This aSpect must be given special attention in places
'. wb,ere equipment makes ~sin going back and fo$ and any suC?hdamage resulting in. _ .~
. ...
'.
'mixingtlie' various layers .constitutmgOthe
different sub,;,gnidesandb~e'courses' shall be' .
carefully made:good. by the 'ContraGtorat hisexpeIise'arid to the satisfactioriofthe'
Engineer. .

.. If more than one sub-base or base course is required for reaching the required thickness
described in the Specifications, each such course will be constructed as hereinbefore
described.

Where the fmished compacted thickness exceeds 150mm placing shall be executed in
composite layers each layer not exceeding150mmin compacted thickness as directed by
....
the Engineer.
\ -

303.03.5 Protection of Surface

The Contractor shall protect the sub-base or base course so that it shall be maintained
sound during work progress, after its completionand prior to receiving the bituminous
layers or prior to laying the surface overlaythereon. Any damage caused to the layer if
exposed to traffic or natural conditionsresultingin damage of its surface should be made
good [Link] expense of the Contractorand to the satisfactionof the Engineer.
. .

The sub-base ~nd base courses 'shall~ot be rolled when th~ ~derlying material is s6tt or....
yielding or when the rolling causesa wave-likemotion in this course.

When the rolling develops irregularities,the irregular surface shall be loosened, then
refilled with the same kind of materialas used in constructingthe course and again rolled
according to specifications. Along places inaccessibleto rollers, the sub-base and base
courses' material shall be tampedthoroughlywith mechanicaltampers.

Work on the sub-base and base courseshallnot be pennitted during rainy weather.

Hauling equipment may be routed over completed portion of the sub-base and base
courses provided no damage results and provided that such equipment is routed over the
full width of the course to avoid ruttingor unevencompaction. .

The Engineer has the right to stop all haulingover completed or partially completed sub-
base and base courses when in his opinionsuchhaulingis causing damage.

3-9

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 _--=-._':..t.'":..~...~..
. SECTION 3, SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSES

303.03.6 Preparing the Surface Before Priming

. '

Following the completion of tJ:iebase course and sub-bas~courses the Contractor shall
perform all maintenance work necessary to keep the course in a condition for p~g.
. , ,".' The prime coat shall be applied after preparationof the previouslycompacted surface; all
..::'~:~;:E&5;;}:
in accordancewith Clause405 of these Specifications.
. .' ::~:
. - ,. . , .. .:. ',' .' '. . .~.. .- . . .

. 303~?:~7,:.>. ''I'estjDg'an~~~cceptanceo~Ag~r~~ate'SUb:;~a~~~n:d:..~~[Link]~~s~.:, ';: .

'Prior to'[Link]>rimecoat or any otherpaving course, the aggregate sub-
base and/or base course shall have been tested and accepted by the Engineer. ,The
following shall be adhered to in accepting completed aggregate sub-base and base
courses:
a. Strength Specification for Compacted Aggregate Sub-Ba~e and Base Courses
The aggregate sub-base and base courses shall be compactedand tested for acceptance in
accordance with the compaction requirements of Section 303.03.3 of these
Specifications.
...:'.: .....

In addition, the sub-base and base courses shall be tested for the degree and uniformity of
stiffhess by measuring the in-situ deflections. The test method will be a measurement of
dynamicdeflectionusing the Dynaflectequipment.

The results of Dynaflect testing shall be considered a measure of conformance to

specificationrequirementsfor aggregate sub-baseand base courses.
. ' . . . . . . . . .

D~aflect testing sh~llb~'perfoiri1ed on permanentworks and on TyPe)V',':'"Long ':[erm'

Detours ,,' . " .

The deflection limits for Dynaflect testing shall be as shown in Table 303.03.7.

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SECTION 3 SUB-BASEAND BASE COURSES '"

. . /i
, '
Depth of fill, mm Wllimits - mill inches
Sand gravel 0 1.40
" Base of 150 mm on 150 1.34,
.'~ .::. , ,
" '
. .. cut orfilllyers,"
.
.. . '. '.
.. .
, ' ',,' , ,300":' ' ",
, '
" .-.1 8

,..' .
' '
, , "', .' '. ". ". . 450". 1.26
600 1.24
750 1.22
900 1.20
1000 or more 1.20

Sand gravel 0 . 1.06

Base of 300 mm on 150 1.02
cut or fill layers 300 1.00
450 0.98
600 0.98
750 0.96
900 0.96
1000 or more 0.94

Table 303.03.7

Dynaflect testfug shall be p~rformed,Iongitudmally.a~rossthe full [Link] the : sub~bas~,' ,

or base course', Testing will be at maximum intervals of 25 metres and representing a'
maximum width of 4 metres.

A minimum of 5 tests shall be made on every strip tested.

The Contractor shall be notified by the Engineer that the tested layer is accepted or
rejected within 24 hours, excluding Fridays and Kuwait holidays, following the time the
Dynaflect test was made.
\ '"
Where Dynaflect test results fail to meet minimum deflection requirements, the
Contractor shall at his expense rework, recompact or if necessaryremove and replace the
work as required to produce satisfactorytest results.

In the event that Dynaflect testing of a layer is not possible,the work may be accepted at
the discretion of the Engineer on the basis of satisfactorydensity results. In such cases.
however. the subsequent layer shall only be accepted on the basis of Dynaflecttests.

3-11
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SECTION 3 SUB-BASEAND BASE COURSES

b. Requirements for Compaction

Wherever the degree of compactionis foundto be less than the 95% specified, the area of
sub-base or base course involved shall be satisfactorilycorrected so that the specified
density is achieved. " .c... .

c~ . Requi~eme~ts for ~ra~ation ". . ,."-:. . . . .'

o. - 0 ._. Wherever .the gradation"is [Link]'outsidethe limits specified,'the area .of sub-b~e ....
"arid/or base' coursemv01ved shall be scarified,removed 9r 'otherwise reworked as '. .
directed by the Engineerto provide a materialwithinspecificationlimits.
d. Requirements for Thickness
Wherever the thickness of compactedaggregatesub-baseor base course is found to vary
from the plan thickness by more than 10% the area involved shall be satisfactorily
cOlTectedto provide the required thicknessconstructedto the specified grade level.
e. Requirements for Evenness of Surface and Grade Levels
The fmal surfaces of the sub-base or base course shall be tested by means of a 4 metre '-.::'
long straight edge, and no rises or depressionsin excess of 10 mm shall appear in the \..' .
surface. Likewise the fmishedsurface shallbe constructedto the specified grade levels to
within 10 mm.

Where these requirements are not met, the Contractorshall determine the full extent of
the area which is out of tolerance and shall make good the surface of the course by
.scarifying to a minimum depth of 75 mm or 4 times the mID9mumparticle size,
whichever is. the: greater, reS~apirigby adding or removing .material~aSm;cessaIy' and.' .
recompactingin accordancewiththeSpecifications. . ". '.,. . - - : ". .

303.04 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT OF THE AGGREGATE SUB-

BASE AND BASE COURSES

303.04.1 Measurement

Measurement of aggregate sub-base and base courses shall be by metre cube in place for
the various types required in accordance with the Drawings, Specifications or as directed
by the Engineer and shall be calculated ttom the top surface area, excluding tapered
edges which shall be included in the rate.

303.04.2 Payment
Payment shall be made at the rate indicatedin the Bills of Quantities which rate shall
include for, but not by way of limitation, all labour, tools, plant, materials, transport,
mixing, screening, spreading, rolling and compaction,shaping and levelling, testing, etc.
and for everything necessary for the proper completionof the work in accordance with
the drawings,specificationsand instructionsof the Engineer.

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SECTION 3 SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSES

Where new road construction work adjoins or meets existing road construction,e.g. new.'
shoulders and cross-roads, no separate payment will be made for cutting back the edges
of the existing construction to receive new sub-base or base layers, the cost beingdeemed
to be included with the cost of the new sub-base or base courses.

304.- SAND ASPHALT ~UB-BASE AND [Link].S ". ",

. . . ([Link] MOdifiedAggregate5se~Clause
'.'
41t). .
;..
-.
304.01 DESCRIPTION

The Sand-Asphalt sub-base and base courses shall be composed basically of mineral
aggregates, mineral f1ller and bitumen combined in an asphalt mixing plant. Several
mineral aggregates may be sized and combined in such proportions that the resulting
blend is well-graded and is within the specified gradation. requirements. The
incorporation of mineral filler and/or other ingredientsshall be in such amountsas found
appropriate to meet the required criteria for test limits as herein specified and as
instructedby the Engineer. This shall be taken into considerationby the Contractorwhen
i
\ ... -<.I fIxing his rates and no additional compensationshall be made for changesof mix design
necessary to meet the specificationrequirements.

.,
304.02 MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS FOR SAND-ASPHALT SUB-BASE
AND BASE COURSES

304.02.1 Ma teria Is
'. .
. . ". . .

.The. materials used in..Sand-Asphalt sub-base Md base.. coUrses shall meet the
requirements given in Section IV of these Specificationsas follows:

Fine Aggregate Clause 402.01

Coarse Aggregate Clause 402.02
Commercial Mineral Filler Clause 402.03
Asphalt Cement Clause 402.04
Hydrated Lime Clause 402.06
304.02.2 Types of Sand Asphalt
The types of Sand-Asphalt shall be as designated on the Drawings or in the Bills of
Quantities and shall confonn to the compositions as described herein and as shown in
Table 304.02.2. '.

a. Sand-Asphalt (Type A) shall consist of a blend of natural and crushed ~eral

aggregates, hydrated lime, commercial mineral filler and bitumen combined to
meet the specification requirements, and shall be constructed to the thickness as
indicated on the Drawings and in the Specifications. A minimum of 1.5% hydrated
lime and a minimum of 4.0% mineral filler by weight of total mineral aggregates

3-13
 ".-- ~-
--=--'_':..;":.~.'c:-... :.. .- --
SECTION 3 SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSES

shall be added in accordance with Clause403.02.2c of these Specifications. The

aggregateblend shall containa minimumof25% crUshedmaterial.
b. Sand Asphalt (Type B) shall consist of crushed c~ars'eaggregate, natural aiicYor
crushed fine aggregate, hydrated lime, commercial mineral filler and bitumen
combined to meet the Specificationrequirementsand shall be constructed to the
"
. thickness as ~di,c~ted on th,eDrawi,ngs,~<:lin,the Speci:f1~ations. .' ; "',

A~~ of 1.5'%, [Link]~'b~'Wei~t 'oftotalIDineral ~ggregate sJuill be',

added in accordancewith [Link] aggregateportion shall consist of
a minimumof25% crushedmaterial.
c. Sand Asphalt (Type C) shall consist of natural or crushed mineral aggregates,
commercial mineral filler and bitumen combined to meet the Specification
requirements and shall be constructed to the thickness. as indicated on the
Drawingsand in these Specifications.

SieveSize Percent Passing by Weight

TYneA Type B Type C
"
25mm 100 100
19mm 95-100 95-100
" 9.5mm 85-100 100 85-100
4.75mm - 85-100 -
2.36mm 58-100 70-85 58-100
60Qj.1 ,
" 2274 .
3856, 22-74
300 ' " 'lO-O , 27-43 ' ,10':50
75J.1 6-12 4-12 4-12

Asphalt Cement % by weight of 4.0 -7.0 5.0- 8.0 5.0- 8.0

total mineralaggregate

Table 304.02.2 Composition of Sand-Asphalt Mixes Including Hydrated Lime

and Commercial Mineral Filler where required.

Commercialmineral filler shall be used in all Types of Sand-Asphalt Mixes as necessary

to meet gradation and design criteria. Aggregatesshall be well graded within the above
limits. The Engineer reserves the right to requiremodificationsor rejections of proposed
compositions which have maximum percentages passing some sieves and minimum
passing others. The minimumquantityof hydratedlime specified fOI:Type A and TypeB
Sand-'Asphalt
shallbe increasedasnecessarytomeetthedesigncriteria. '

304.02.3 Design Criteria

Laboratory test specimens of the Sand Asphalt Mix shall be prepared and tested in
accordance with the procedures set forth for the Marshall Method of mix design. Mix
designsshall be checkedand approvedby theEngineerprior to use.

3-14
 '.;. . ~

'.""" ....-
~~~..~.,. :... .- -~

SECTION 3 SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSES

. Marshall stability tests shall be conducted on trial mixes in order to determiIie'the

optimum asphalt cement content within the specified range. .The asp~alt cement co~tC?nt
thus determinedshall be :used. in the Job Mix Forinula in accordancewith Glause
304.02.4 ofthese Specificati~ns. "- -.:._~

T~st require~ents. ~d ,~r,iteria,for S~nd" Asphalt Mixes prepared under. [Link]

' f--. Specifications
.
shall
.-
be as [Link].Table3'04.02.3:'
.. .. ,". .'
'.. - . ..
. ~. "I..
.. ' ,.

Test Type A TYDeB Tvpe C

Min. I Max. Min. I Max. Min. I Max.
Marshall Specimens
(ASTM D1559)

Number of Compaction 50 50 50
blows. each end of specimen

...:<:)0 :._
,.........
[Link] 300 - 175 - 300 -
Flow. 0.25 mm (0.01 inch) 8 20 8 20 8 20

Air Voids.% 4 18 3 18 4 18
Immersion Compression
Specimens
(AASHTO T165)
, " ,"
.'
' ,
'i'" , No . '

. 5, , 60 Requirement
. ':Index of Retained Strength., ' . .. '

Table 304.02.3 Design Criteria for Sand-Asphalt

Mechanically operated compaction equipment is to be used in the Marshall design

procedures. The indicated number of blows is for units which rotate the specimens
during compaction. Additional blows giving equivalent results are required for
compaction units having stationary bases which do not rotate the specimens during
compaction.
.
304.02.4 Job Mix Formula and Allowable Tolerances
All the provisions of Clause 404.02.4 of these Specifications shall fonn part of this
Clause except as specifiedherein
.
for the maximumpermissible ranges of tolerances:
.

Passing sievesNoA and larger :t 5.0%

Passing sievesNo.8, 30 and 50 :t 7.0%
Passing sievesNo.200 :t 2.0%
Asphalticcement :t 0.4%
Temperatureofmix when emptied from mixer + 10°C

3-15

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 "--" --.
_.~._~ :..-=--_... .- --
SECTION 3 SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSES,

304.02.5 Sampling and Tes~ing of Sand Asphalt ,-- t.!

, '. ' ' 'f',-,:'

Sampling and testing of Sand-Asphalt shall be in accordance with the procedure~;~~t

forth in Clause 404.02.5 of these Specifications for sampling' and testing Asphaltic
ConcreteMixes. " '

304.03 "

, ,

304.03.1 General Requirements

All of the provisions of Clause 404 of these Specificationsin respect of Specificationsfor
Construction Requirements for Asphaltic Concrete shall be adhered to with respect to
Sand-Asphaltsubject to the followingmodificationsand additions.

304.03.2 Preparation and Handling of Mineral Aggregate

The moisture content of the heated and dried aggregate shall not exceed 1.0%. If the
Engineer so requires, the angle of the drier shall be reduced to such a position as to hold
material in the drier for a longer period of time for optimum'condition of heating and "-..:'
.. ." drying.
304.03.3 Proportioning and Mixing
The heated ingredients shall be combined in such a manner as to produce a mixture
which when emptied from the mixer, shall have a temperature in accordancewith Clause
404.03.4 of these Specifications. The temperatureofth~ aggregate immediatelyprior to
"mixing,shall be within :tl0°C (:t18°F) o(the temperature of the asphalt~eme~t and th~
temperatUreof the aggregate and asphalt prior to mixing shall be approximatelythat or
the completed mix as defmed in the Job Mix Formula approved by the Engineer. The
mix temperature shall be within the allowable tolerance set out in the Job Mix Formula
when emptied from the mixer.

Filler shall be proportioned into the mixer with the aggregatein the quantitiesspecifiedin
the Job Mix Formula, all as directedby the Engineer.

304.03.4 Delivery of the Mix

The mix shall be delivered to the asphalt paver at a temperaturewithin 14°C(25°F)of the
Job Mix Formula temperature.

304.03.5 Spreading of the Mix

, ,

The Sand-Asphaltsub-base and base courses shall be laid in layers of 100 mm maximum
compacted thickness. Thinner layers shall be used if excessive shoving, etc. occurs.
Overlying layers shall be placed as, soon as practicable after the first layer has been
executed to the required grade, line, cross-sectionand density fmished,rolled and cooled
and after the tack coat, if required, has been applied in accordance with these
Specifications.

3-16
 -,~...~ :.. e;--...
:... .- _.

SECTION 3 SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSES

304.03.6 Compaction of the Mix

The initial breakdown rolling shall start at the highest temperature possible whilst
avoiding an undue amount of cracking and/or shoving. In all cases it shall start before
the mixture cools below 7SoC(167OP)."

Tapered edges against which the add,itionallayeris to be placed?shaUbe carefullyrolled .

alopg
'."
the
.."
entire
.'"
l(mgth
'.', ,'.,
oftheedges.-
. "..,..,'.'.
.' .;
: . ,
. _..',
. ...
-'" ,

Heavy equipment or rollers shall not be permittedto stand on the finished surfacebefore
it has been compacted and has thoroughlycooled. .

304.03.7 Testing and Acceptance of Completed Sand Asphalt

All of the provisions of Clause 404 of these Specifications shall'be applicable to Sand
Asphalt subject to the modifications and additionsincluded herein.

a. Requirements for Compaction of Sand Asphalt

The minimum degree of compaction for Sand Asphalt Mixes shall be 95% of the
Laboratory Marshall Specimensprepared in accordancewith the Job Mix Formula.

b. Thickness Requirements
The total constructed thickness of the sand asphalt, sub-base and base used for new
construction, rec~[Link] widening shall not vary by more than 10% [Link] total
specified thickriess; ~ut if the .total C,oQstructed
thickness of the Sand-Asphaltcourse is'"
less than the totalspecifled thickness by a value-morethan 10% and less than 15%;-then
the shortage shall be deducted :fromthe inserted rate for the Sand-Asphaltcourse items
incorporated in the Bills of Quantities in the ratio of the shortage of thickness. If,
however, the total constructed thickness of the Sand-Asphaltsub-base or base is less than
the total specified thickness by a value more than 15%,then the work shall be considered
rejected and on this basis the inserted price of the Sand-Asphaltcourse shall be deducted
until the base has been removed and the sub-grademade good at the Contractor'sexpense-
and a new course has been laid in accordancewith the Specifications. '

....
At the request of the Contractor, the Engineer, if he so elects, may accept areas deficient
in the thickness by more than 15%ifthe deficiency is made up by constructing increased
thickness of asphalt layers on top of the Sand-Asphalt.

c. Requirements for Levels and Evenness of Surface

Variations in levels of the base after construction of the sub-base and base shall not
exceed 10mm:fromthe levels specified on the drawings.

When tested by a four-meter straightedge placed at right angles and parallel to the road
centerline, or when tested by a crown template placed centrally at right angles to the road

3-17

,-
 0"

__ '_--r-__
_.-:118& ~ :.. .: _ ..- -

SECTION 3 SUB-BASEAND BASE COURSES

centerline the maximumgap between the surfacesof the sub-base or base and the testing
edge shall not exceed lOmm. .

304.04 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT FOR SAND ASPHALT

..' 304.0~t1
: . '. .
. M.e~$1,1rement.o
'. -', ": . .
"
. .
""'.
,"
. .. . , .
:
...' 0 ......
. ....'~.." '.:
. .".
M~~ure~ent ofs~(l~phalt"courses"~allbeby ~eU:esq~ar~fotth~ '[Link]~~'and"""
thickness required in accordancewith the Drawings,Specificationsor as directed by the
Engineer and shall be calculated from the top surface area, excluding tapered edges
which shall be includedin the rate.

304.04.2 Payment
Payment shall be made for this work at the rate insertedin the Bills of Quantities, and the
rate shall include for, but not by way of limitation,supplyingand spreading the mixture,
thoroughly mixing and compacting each layer to reach the ne~essary dry density,
\
compacting and adjusting the finished surface to the proposed levels and grades all
\(j
accordingwith these Specifications,the Drawingsand to the instructionsof the Engineer.
. .
Where new road construction adjoins or meets existing road construction, e.g. new
shoulders and cross-roads,no separate payment shall be made for cutting back edges of
the existing construction to receive the new sub-base or base layers, the cost being
deemed to be includedwithiilthe cost of the new sub-baseor base course.

"

Thi~"item has also bee~ spe~ifiedunder Claus~411' Cement Modified Asphalt Courses
and all sections of Clause 411 of these Specifications shall apply as appropriate.

\.

3-18