HSC Chemistry — Module 5: Equilibrium & Acid Reactions — Static & Dynamic Equilibrium Study Notes Jron(lil) nitrate and potassium thiocyanate In this experiment, when Fe(NOs)3 reacts with KSCN, it will form a complex ion called iron thiocyanate, FeSCN?*. The simplified equation is Fe?*(aq) + SCNaq) = FeSCN*(aq) The Fe** ion is yellow and SCN‘ ion is colourless, whereas the FeSCN** complex ion is blood red. There’s a couple variations to this experiment: 1. Changing concentrations of KSCN and Fe(NOs)3 a. When more KSCN is added, this increases the concentration of SCN" ions in the system. Asa result, the equilibrium will move to the right-hand side (or forward reaction), to remove the extra amount of SCN’ ions (factors that affect equilibrium will be explained in following chapters). This will make extra FeSCN”* and will induce a more blood-red colour. b. Fe(NOs)s can be removed by precipitating it out with phosphate ions. When it precipitated out, this decreases the concentration of Fe* ions in the system. As a result, the equilibrium will move to the left-hand side (or reverse reaction), to increase the amount of Fe* ions. There will be less FeSCN* and will induce a less blood-red colour. 2. Changing temperatures: a. When temperature is increased, the reaction will shift to the endothermic side (will be covered in future chapters). Since this reaction is exothermic, the left-hand side is endothermic, thus it will shift to the reverse reaction. This will mean less FeSCN** available and will induce a less blood-red colour.HSC Chemistry — Module 5: Equilibrium & Acid Reactions — Static & Dynamic Equilibrium Study Notes b. When temperature is decreased, the reaction will shift to the exothermic side. Since this reaction is exothermic, the right-hand side is exothermic, thus it will shift to the forward reaction. This will mean more FeSCN?* produced and will induce a more blood-red colour. So is this chemical reaction reversible? inal colour Yes, it is. This is because the colours are able to change and revert back to its ori as well. This should be a well-known experiment, since it should have been conducted back in year 10. When magnesium or an active metal is burnt, it will become a metal oxide. ‘Active metal + oxygen gas -> Metal oxide Magnesium is quite active, and will react with oxygen gas to form magnesium oxide: 2MBQ) + O21) > 2MgOs) Magnesium is placed in a crucible and heated using the Bunsen burner. When there is a flash of bright light, this signifies that the magnesium has reacted with oxygen. Magnesium oxide is powdery and white in colour, and should coat the magnesium metal.HSC Chemistry — Module 5: Equilibrium & Acid Reactions ~ Static & Dynamic Equilibrium Study Notes So is this reaction reversible? No, as it very difficult to return back to magnesium metal, unless you undergo as series of new chemical reactions. You cannot change the temperature or concentration or other factors during this reaction to return magnesium oxide back to magnesium. Therefore, this reaction goes to completion and is not in equilibrium. Burning steel wool ‘As with burning magnesium, this will follow the same equation. Steel is primarily made up of iron and will react as iron(I!): 2Fej) + Ona) > FEO} Steel wool is also placed in a crucible and heated using the Bunsen burner. Iron oxide is also white and powdery, and will coat the steel wool. So is this reaction reversible? No, as it very difficult to return back to Fe metal, unless you undergo as series of new chemical reactions. You cannot change the temperature or concentration or other factors during this reaction to return iron oxide back to iron. Therefore, this reaction goes to completion and is not in equilibrium.HSC Chemistry —- Module :quilibrium & Acid Reactions ~ Static & Dynamic Equilibrium Study Notes Static and Dynamic Equilibriums ‘What is an equilibrium? An equilibrium reacti equilibrium is =. is a type of reversible reaction. As stated above, the notation for ‘Acommon example of an equilibrium reaction is: Compound A + Compound B = Compound C + Compound D In this equilibrium, Compound A is reacting with Compound 8 to form Compound C and Compound D (forward). A defining factor of an equilibrium is that at the same time, Compound C is reacting with Compound D to form Compound A and Compound B. This means that when a system is at equilibrium, Compound A + Compound B > Compound C + ‘Compound D, and Compound C + Compound D -> Compound A + Compound B are occurring at the same rate. Essentially at equilibrium, the amount of reactants and products stay constant and do not change, unless there is a disturbance acting on it. Rate of forward reaction = Rate of reverse reaction Dynamic Equilibrium One type of equilibrium is dynamic equilibrium and it is essentially what has been explained above. Y Dynamic equilibrium is reversible. Rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. > However, the rates of the forward and reverse reaction are not zero, which means that there are always reactants becoming products, and always products becoming reactants. Both forward and reverse reactions are ‘occurring at the same rate, unless there is a disturbance. > [Link] 2=2, not 0=0 ¥ Only occurs in a closed system. The generic chemical equation would be: Compound A + Compound B = Compound ¢ + Compound D Examples would be: Y Asaturated solution of NaCl) = Na"aq) + Clea)HSC Chemistry — Module 5: Equilibrium & Acid Reactions — Static & Dynamic Equilibrium Study Notes > When you add enough salt to a beaker of water, there comes a point when the salt will not dissolve anymore and become a heap of solid at the bottom of the beaker. This is called a saturated solution as no more solute will dissolve in the solvent. > Macroscopically, it seems as though the solid salt is not dissolving, however, microscopically another story is taking place: Eventually, the rate of dissolution will equal the rate of precipitation. The solution will be in equilibrium, but the pee to dissolve and At all times, there will be molecules of NaCl, dissolving to become Na’jzq) and Cl (eq) At the same time, equal numbers of Nac) and Crieq) are precipitating to become NaCl. Therefore, when one mole of NaClj.) dissolves into its ions, one mole of Na* (aq) and Cljaq) will precipitate at the same time. This shows that the rate of the forward reaction is equal to rate of the reverse reaction, since there will always be the same moles of NaCljy and Nat joq)/Ct (aq) unless there is a disturbance (such as temperature). ¥ Anunopened soft drink can/bottle CO) = CO2(q) A > Gases, including C02 have a very low solubility in water and other liquids. Therefore, itis very easy for the soft drink to lose its fizziness (presence of CO2j)/H2COa(s9)) > When the bottle or can of soft drink is unopened, there is a dynamic im taking place microscopically: When one molecule of COzq) enters the water and becomes CO), one molecule of CO2taq) will come out of solution and become CO249. The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction, and so the moles of COs) and CO2(sq) will not change, unless there is a disturbance.HSC Chemistry — Module 5: Equilibrium & Acid Reactions — Static & Dynamic Equilibrium Study Notes Static Equilibrium Another type of equilibrium is static equilibrium. ¥ Static equilibrium is a type of reaction that is considered irreversible. Y Rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. > However, the rate of the forward reaction is essentially zero and the rate of, the reverse reaction is also essentially zero. > That means no reactants are forming products and no products are forming reactants. > Eg. 0-0 Usually occurs in closed systems, but sometimes in open. ‘The generic equation Substance A = Substance B The difference between static and dynamic equi change, and will not change at a molecular level. For example: Diamond = Graphite (at room temperature) > Diamond and graphite are allotropes, and diamond is able to transform into graphite (more stable allotrope of carbon) if the temperature is high enough. > However, at room temperature it will take billions of years for that to occur, thus itis assumed that there is no molecular change. ‘As seen in this diagram, the number of diamond and graphite will not change. Even at a molecular level or microscopically, and molecules of substance A are not forming into substance B and the same number is forming vice versa (unlike dynamic equilibrium). Note: However, the rate of the forward and reverse reactions are equal for both dynamic and static equilibrium. The difference is that in static equilibrium, this rate is O=0.HSC Chemistry — Module 5: Equilibrium & Acid Reactions — Static & Dynamic Equilibrium Study Notes Open and Closed Systems A closed system does not involve the exchange of substances, materials and/or matter with the external environment. In other words, the system does not interact with the environment. For example, in the soft drink can/bottle, the liquid, CO2 equilibrium inside the can does not interact with the environment outside the can. When the can/bottle is unopened, the gases are kept inside and cannot escape to the environment. Therefore, this is a closed system. In the salt example, since no gases are involved, the water and solid cannot escape to the external environment. Hence, this is also a closed system. ‘An open system involves the interaction and exchanging [of substances] with the external environment. For example, if the soft drink can is left open, then there would be a continual escape of gas into the environment, and hence this is an open system. Dynamic equilibrium can only exist in a closed system, because for this equilibrium to form, substances cannot be affected by the surroundings, unless there is a disturbance enacted on it. Ifthe soft drink can is left opened, then gases will continue to move out, and an equilibrium may never be reached. Enthalpy and Entropy Enthalpy Enthalpy is total internal energy present inside a system, and is denoted through the letter ‘tH. OH is the change in enthalpy, and is the change in internal heat energy that is lost or gained by the system. > A positive AH shows that the system has gained heat energy from the surroundings. This is an endothermic reaction. > Anegative AH shows that the system has lost heat energy into the surroundings. This is an exothermic reaction. Entropy Entropy is the number of ways energy can be distributed in a system. Itis a measure of randomness and is also a measure of the possible arrangements the atoms in the system can have. Entropy is denoted by ‘S’, with AS being the change in entropy. Gases have the greatest entropy as they have the greatest number of ways they can interact, followed by aqueous solutions, liquids and solids. The entropy of a system can be increased by: 1. Increasing the energy of the system (such as through increasing temperature)> More collisions, so more particles are able to interact, which increases the number of ways the energy is distributed. 2. Increasing the number of species in the system > More collisions, so more particles are able to interact, which increases the number of ways the energy is distributed. 3. Increase the volume of the species > Increased space, so increased number of ways particles can collide. You will have to investigate the AH and AS of a variety of chemical reactions: Photosynthesis 6 C024) + 6H201) > CoH1204s) + 6024) (Note: At room temperature, the state of glucose is solid, hence why solid is used instead of aqueous) is an endothermic reaction. Enthalpy: Positive a Entropy: Negative as left-hand side has liquid, whilst the right-hand side has solid. Both sides have 6 moles of gas, thus the substance that counts will be the liquid and solid. Liquids have greater entropy than solids, therefore the entropy decreases as the reactants are becoming, products, Combustion 2CsHis4y + 25024) > 16CO2%) + 18H20,) Enthalpy: Negative as it is an exothermic reaction. All combustion reactions are exothermic. Entropy: Positive as there are less (25) moles of gas on the left-hand side, and more (34) moles of gas on the right-hand side. A negative enthalpy and positive entropy gives you a spontaneous reaction. Collision Theory and Reaction Rates Collision theory refers to products to forming from the successful collision of reactant molecules. A successful collision needs the following: 1. Sufficient speed — to have sufficient energy to break the bonds. 2. Correct orientation — so the correct products are formed. To increase the rate of reaction, you will need to increase the rate of successful collisions. Hence, you will have to increase the kinetic energy of the system, by increasing the temperature or you will need to make sure the molecules are colliding in the correct, orientation.