MODULE 4:

WELDING

SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Differentiate the defective and non-defective tools

INITIAL TASK

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Use separate sheet of paper.

1. A tooth cutting tool usually with the solid and adjustable frame.

E. Hacksaw

F. Screw driver

G. Hammer
H. Wrench
 2. Tool used for loosening and tightening light and heavy nuts and bolts.

E. Hacksaw

F. Screw driver

G. Hammer

H. Wrench

3. This tool is used to tighten and loosen screws by pushing or pulling screws in a rotatingmanner.

A. Hacksaw

B. Screw driver

C. Hammer

D. Wrench

LEARNING ESSENTIALS.

Defective and Non-Defective Hand tools

Introduction:

There are many ways of identifying hand tools. One of these is to identify them according to their function. However,
awareness of defective and non-defective hand tools is a primordial concern of workers/welders to be effective in their
jobs.

Below are the recommended practices to identify defective and non- defective hand tools.

1. Visual inspection

Defective tools can easily be distinguished from the functional ones through visual inspection. The physical appearance
of tools will describe such characteristics as dullness, sharpness, dismantled parts, and unevenness of the teeth of the
cutting tools.
 2. Functionality

Another way is to check the quality of the manufactured tools. Is it already susceptible to wear and tear? Has it already
exceeded its service life? Has it passed the manufacturer’s quality control test?

A few pieces of hand tools issued in the shop can be subjected for condemnation if they areno longer serviceable.

3. Performance

Performance of hand tools is determined not only during the actual use but also after use tofind out whether the hand
tools are still worth using.

4. Service span

Hand tools are issued to shop teachers at one time. However, this must be recorded to determine when it was received
and how long the tools have been kept in the shop. A hand tool which is too old is unsafe for both the students and
workers. Such tool should be marked defective and segregated from the good ones.

Procedures on using different hand tools and equipment

Hacksaw

Steps in Mounting Blade to the Metal Frame

TEETH

1. Select the correct type of blade.

2. Attach the blade to the frame by pointing the teeth away from the handle.
 3. Tighten the wing nut of the handle until the blade is tight enough.

Safety Measures:

Tighten the wing nut securely enough to prevent from buckling and breaking.
Steps in Fixing Stock In Metal Vise and Operation Position

25-30 cm

1. Fasten the stock in vise with lay-out line as close as possible to the end of the used visejaws.

2. Stand with your feet 25 to 30 centimeters apart and one foot forward.

3. Lean the body a little forward as shown in the drawing

Steps in Sawing the Stock

1. Start the saw by guiding the blade with the thumb of your left hand while taking one ortwo light strokes
with your right hand.

2. Move the saw with a light, steady, and even motion of about 40 to 50 strokes per minute.

3. Apply pressure during the forward stroke and release during the return strokes.

4. Hold the stock with your left hand to avoid cuts upon sawing with your right hand
Steps in Bending 90o with Ball Peen Hammer

1. Force the metal over the vise jaws using left-hand.

2. Strike it several times near the hand with flat head of a hammer.

Steps in Squaring off a 90 o Bend

3. Place the metal in the bench vise and tighten strongly.

4. Strike the metal with the flat head of a hammer in the direction of the arrow indicated.

Circular Bend
1. Place the metal over a pipe or round bar and clamp in a bench vise.

2. Strike the metal with a glancing blow using the flat head of a hammer until the desiredcurve is obtained.
Steps in Squaring off a 90 o Bend

5. Place the metal in the bench vise and tighten strongly.

6. Strike the metal with the flat head of a hammer in the direction of the arrow indicated.

Circular Bend

3. Place the metal over a pipe or round bar and clamp in a bench vise.

4. Strike the metal with a glancing blow using the flat head of a hammer until the desiredcurve is obtained.
Cold Chisel

Cold Chisel is used for cutting and chipping cold metals.

Fig.

Fig.

The illustration above presents the Two-Hands Positioning in cold chiseling which shows the proper grip in using the
tool. For heavy work, hand gripping of tool should be strong and tight; for fine and small work, hold the tool lightly.

Look at the person work with the ball peen hammer and the chisel, as shown in the illustration above. A cold chisel will
cut metals only if you strike it with the flat head of a ball peen hammer. The complete safety protection device and the
body position when performing the task (chiseling) are evidently done.
Wrench

Wrench is used for loosening and tightening light and heavy nuts and bolts. There are various kinds and sizes of
wrenches designed according to use and function. It is tool steelon movable jaws.

A repair worker often uses tools to remove and replace damaged parts. The wrenchesare used to tighten and loosen the
nut and bolts that hold the parts in place. Other tools are used to hold parts for cutting, welding and other works.

Wash type of wrench is usually used for only one or two different jobs. Figure aboveshows a repair worker using a box
of wrench and an open-end wrench to remove a deck lid boltin an automobile. The ends of the wrench are offset (the
hand is lower than the handle). In this way, the worker‟s hand is above the surface of any object as the nut of bolt is
turned.
A combination wrench of open-end and a box-end will tell the advantage of box-end over open lid. Box-end wrench has
complete contact with six points on the bolt head. This completely surrounds the grip of the bolt head or nut allowing
less chances of wrench slippage.

Screw Drivers

d Cross Head Flat Hea

Screw drivers are usually made in different sets. This tool is used to tighten and loosen screws by pushing or pulling
screws in a rotating manner. In the above illustration, a set of standard and Phillips tips of different sizes are shown.

Screwdriver is driven by fully turning the blade in clockwise motion until the entire screw is removed from the wood and
metal. The purpose is to hold or fix two pieces and by no chancesto space apart even opposing force occurs.
 TASK 1

List two (2) don’ts in the use of :

a. hacksaw

b. bench vise

c. ball pern hammer

d. Chisel

e. Wrench

f. Screw drivers

TASK 1

Make a poster showing the proper ways on using the tools and equipment in construction.
Welding Symbol
Location of Elements: The elements of a welding symbol have standard locations with respectto each other.

Location Significance of Arrow: The arrow element in a welding symbol in conjunction with the reference line
determines the arrow side and other side of a weld.

The symbol depicting an arrow side weld is always placed below the reference line. The arrow side is always closest to
the reader when viewed from the bottom of the drawing. The weld symbol depicting other side weld is placed above
the reference line, away from the reader. Welds on both sides of a joint are shown by placing weld symbols on both
sides of the reference line.

Some weld symbols have no arrow or other side significance. However, supplementary symbols used in conjunction with
these weld symbols may have such significance. For example, welding symbols for resistance spot and seam welding
have no side significance, but GTAW, EBW, or other spot and seam welds may have arrow and other side.

References: When a specification, process, test, or other references are needed to clarify a welding symbol, the
reference is placed in a tail on the welding symbol. The letters complete joint penetration (CJP) may be used in the tail
of the arrow to indicate that a complete joint penetration groove weld is required, regardless of the type of weld or joint
preparation. The tail may be omitted when no specification, process, or other reference is required with a welding
symbol.

Dimensions: Dimensions of a weld are shown on the same side of the reference line as the weldsymbol. The size of the
weld is shown to the left of the weld symbol, and the length of the weld is placed on the right. If a length is not given,
the weld symbol applies to that portion of the joint between abrupt changes in the direction of welding or between
specified dimension lines. If a weld symbol is shown on each side of the reference line, dimensions are required to be
given for each weld even though both welds are identical.

Either US Customary or SI units may be used when specifying dimensions.

However, only one of the two should be used for a product or project.

If a weld in a joint is to be intermittent, the length of the increments and the pitch (center- to-center spacing) are placed
to the right of the weld symbol.
The term weld symbol and welding symbol have different meanings. A weld symbol indicates the required type of weld.
The welding symbol includes the weld symbol and supplementary information. A complete welding symbol consists of
the following elements:

 Reference line

 Arrow

 Basic weld symbol

 Dimensions and other data

 Supplementary symbol

 Finish symbol

 Tail

 Specification, process and other references

F – Finish Symbol

A – Groove Angle: included angle of countersink for plug weldsR – Root Opening; depth of filling for plug and slot welds.
S – Depth of Bevel: size or strength for certain weldsE – Groove Weld Size

L – Length of Weld

P – Pitch of Weld: center-to-center spacing

T – Tail of Weld: specification, process of other reference (omitted when reference is notused

N – Number of Spot, Stud, or Projection Welds

- Field Weld

O- Weld All Around

- Contour Symbol

In your welding work, you may be required to work from these drawings; therefore,you should understand the use and
meaning of these symbols.

MEANING & USE OF SYMBOLS

An arc welding symbol consists of the main four parts

1. A reference line

2. An arrow.

3. A basic welding symbol

4. A tail
The basic symbol indicates the type of

weld.(Butt, fillet, etc.)

1. The reference line is a line connected to the arrow. The position of the basic symbol above or beneath
this line determines the location of the weld. The reference line is always drawn parallel to the bottom
edge of

the drawing, or to the base line of a particular view.

2. The arrow indicates the position of the weld; it is drawn at an angle from the end ofthe reference line to
one side of the joint. This side is called the

„arrow side of the joint‟. The opposite side is called the other side of the joint.

Arrow Location

Welds on the „arrow side of the joint‟ are shown by inverting the weld symbol andplacing it beneath the reference line.
Symbol Indicating Fillet Weld At Arrow Side of Joint

1. Welds on the „other side of the joint‟ are shown byplacing the symbols above the reference line.

Symbol indicating fillet welds on the other side of joint.

2. Welds on both sides of the joint are shown by placing the weld symbol above and below
thereference line.
Fillet weld both sides of the join
3. Basic weld symbols describe the type of weld to be made. This symbol is a miniature drawing of
the metal‟s edge preparation prior to welding. The basic weldsymbol is only part of the entire AWS
welding symbol.
Double U Butt

Plug and Slot

Stud

Surfacing

4. The tail is added to the symbol only when special notes are required. A number or letter code used
inside the tail direct the welder to special notes located elsewhere onthe drawing. These notes
may specify the heat treatment, welding process used, or other information not given on the
welding symbol.
Supplementary Symbols

Supplementary symbols can be placed above or below the basic symbol, or at the intersection of the reference line and
the arrow. Dimensions and reference to specifications,or welding procedures may also be added.

1. Weld all around is a circle drawn on the welding symbol, indicating that the describedweld is to
be made all around the part.

2. Field weld symbol is a symbol added to the basic AWS welding symbol to indicate that aweld is
to be made at the job site (“ in the field”), rather than in a

fabricating shop.

3. Melt through is a complete joint penetration for a joint welded from one side and visibleroot
reinforcement is produced.

4. Backing symbol is an open rectangular box used in combination with a groove weld symbol
located on the reference line indicating that locating

materials is required on theopposite side control penetration.

5. Spacer symbol is an open box that intersects the reference line, indicating that a spaceris placed
between joint.
Contour and Finish Symbol

1. Flush contour symbol is located on the same side as the symbol and indicates the weldshould be
approximately a flat plane with the surface.

2. Convex contour symbol is located on the side as the symbol and indicates that the weldshould be raised or
convex shape.

3. Concave contour symbol is located on the same side as the symbol indicates that theweld should be
concave shape.
1. If the contour requires finishing, a finishing symbol will be sued in conjunction with the contour symbol, a
letter G indicate grinding, C indicate shipping, M indicate machining, and U indicate unspecified which local
method should be used.
Double U Butt

Plug and Slot Stud

Surfacing

5. The tail is added to the symbol only when special notes are required. A number or letter code used
inside the tail direct the welder to special notes located elsewhere onthe drawing. These notes
may specify the heat treatment, welding process used, or other information not given on the
welding symbol.
 MY ASSESSMENT

Directions: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the best answer and writethe letter only in
your answer sheet.

1. This symbol indicating that the joint/welds cannot be made in the shop but rather it
will be made on site.

a. Weld all around c. melt through

b. Field weld symbol d. spacer

2. Weld all around symbol is mostly applied on welded joints like

a. Pipe welded to similar diameter of pipe

b. Plate welded to plate with the same thickness

c. Pipe welded to plate

d. All of the above

3. This symbol is required to control the penetration on the opposite side of the joint.

a. Melt through c. Backing symbol

b. Finish symbol d. Spacer

4. What finish symbol should be included when it requires 2-3 mm weld

a. finishing symbol c. convex contour symbol

b. flush contour symbol d. concave contour symbol

a. finishing symbol c. convex contour symbol

b. flush contour symbol d. concave contour symbol