CHO103 PROCESS CALCULATIONS
TUTORIAL 09: ENERGY BALANCE CONTINUED
The answer is slightly different from values
in steam tables because the steam tables
account for empirical data over a wide
9.1 Calculate the heat of vaporization of water at 50oC and 1 atm. range of conditions, including non-idealities
in both liquid and vapor phases. Our
𝑣𝑎𝑝
For Water Tb = 100oC, and ∆𝐻𝑇𝑏 = 40.656 kJ/mol calculation, however, assumes idealized
values for specific heat capacities and
For Water(l) CP is given by (T in oC, and CP in kJ/mol- oC) ignores minor variations due to pressure
and other real-world factors, which leads to
𝐶𝑃,𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝑙) = 75.4𝑥10−3 a slight discrepancy.
For Water(v) CP is given by (T in oC, and CP in kJ/mol- oC)
𝐶𝑃,𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝑣) = 33.46𝑥10−3 + 0.688𝑥10−5 𝑇 + 0.7604𝑥10−8 𝑇 2 − 3.593𝑥10−12 𝑇 3
Explain why the answer is slightly different from that in steam tables.
9.2 A stream of pure cyclopentane vapour flowing at a rate of 1550 L/s at 150oC and 1 atm enters a
condenser in which 65 mol% of the feed is condensed at constant pressure. Determine the temperature
of the condenser and the cooling requirements for the condenser in kW.
𝑣𝑎𝑝
For Cyclopentane Tb = 49.3oC, and ∆𝐻𝑇𝑏 = 27.3 kJ/mol
For Cyclopentane(v) CP is given by (T in oC, and CP in kJ/mol- oC)
𝐶𝑃,𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒(𝑣) = 73.39𝑥10−3 + 39.28𝑥10−5 𝑇 − 25.54𝑥10−8 𝑇 2 + 68.66𝑥10−12 𝑇 3
9.3 A gas stream containing n-hexane in nitrogen with a relative saturation of 90% is fed to a condenser
at 75oC and 3 atm. The product gas emerges at 0oC and 3 atm at a rate of 746.7 m3/h. Calculate the
fraction of the of n-hexane condensed and the cooling requirements for the condenser in kW.
Antoine equation of n-Hexane is (t in oC, and Psat in mm Hg)
1175.817
log10 𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 6.88555 −
𝑡 + 224.867
𝑣𝑎𝑝
For n-Hexane Tb = 68.74oC, and ∆𝐻𝑇𝑏 = 28.85 kJ/mol
For n-Hexane(l) CP is given by (T in oC, and CP in kJ/mol- oC)
𝐶𝑃,𝑛−𝐻𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑛𝑒(𝑙) = 216.3𝑥10−3
For n-Hexane(v) CP is given by (T in oC, and CP in kJ/mol- oC)
𝐶𝑃,𝑛−𝐻𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑛𝑒(𝑣) = 137.44𝑥10−3 + 40.85𝑥10−5 𝑇 − 23.92𝑥10−8 𝑇 2 + 57.66𝑥10−12 𝑇 3
For N2 CP is given by (T in oC and CP in kJ/mol-oC)
𝐶𝑃,𝑁2 = 29𝑥10−3 + 0.2199𝑥10−5 𝑇 + 0.5723𝑥10−8 𝑇 2 − 2.871𝑥10−12 𝑇 3
9.4 An equimolar liquid mixture of n-pentane and n-hexane at 80oC and 5 atm is fed into an evaporator
at a rate of 100 mol/s. When the feed is exposed to the reduced pressure in the evaporator, a substantial
amount is vaporized. The temperature in the tank is maintained at 65oC by adding heat. The liquid
product stream contains 41 mol% n-pentane. Calculate the pressure in the evaporator, the mole fraction
of n-pentane in the vapour stream and calculate the heating requirements for the evaporator in kW.
Antoine equation of n-Pentane is (t in oC, and Psat in mm Hg)
1060.793
log10 𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 6.84471 −
𝑡 + 231.541
𝑣𝑎𝑝
For n-Pentane Tb = 36.07oC, and ∆𝐻𝑇𝑏 = 25.77 kJ/mol
For n-Pentane(l) CP is given by (T in oC, and CP in kJ/mol- oC)
𝐶𝑃,𝑛−𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒(𝑙) = 155.4𝑥10−3 + 43.68𝑥10−5 𝑇
For n-Pentane(v) CP is given by (T in oC, and CP in kJ/mol- oC)
𝐶𝑃,𝑛−𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒(𝑣) = 114.8𝑥10−3 + 34.09𝑥10−5 𝑇 − 18.99𝑥10−8 𝑇 2 + 42.26𝑥10−12 𝑇 3
Antoine equation of n-Hexane is (t in oC, and Psat in mm Hg)
1175.817
log10 𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 6.88555 −
𝑡 + 224.867
𝑣𝑎𝑝
For n-Hexane Tb = 68.74oC, and ∆𝐻𝑇𝑏 = 28.85 kJ/mol
For n-Hexane(l) CP is given by (T in oC, and CP in kJ/mol- oC)
𝐶𝑃,𝑛−𝐻𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑛𝑒(𝑙) = 216.3𝑥10−3
For n-Hexane(v) CP is given by (T in oC, and CP in kJ/mol- oC)
𝐶𝑃,𝑛−𝐻𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑛𝑒(𝑣) = 137.44𝑥10−3 + 40.85𝑥10−5 𝑇 − 23.92𝑥10−8 𝑇 2 + 57.66𝑥10−12 𝑇 3
9.5 An aqueous slurry at 30oC containing 20 wt% solids is fed to an evaporator in which enough water
is vaporized at 1 atm to produce a product slurry containing 35 wt% solids. Heat is supplied to the
evaporator by feeding saturated steam at 2.6 bar into a coil immersed in the liquid. The steam condenses
in the coil, and the slurry boils at the normal boiling point of pure water. Calculate the required steam
feed rate (kg/h) for a slurry feed rate of 1000 kg/h.
For Solids CP = 2.09 kJ/kg-oC
For saturated steam at 2.6 bar, HL = 540.9 kJ/kg, and HV = 2718.2 kJ/kg
𝑣𝑎𝑝
For Water Tb = 100oC, and ∆𝐻𝑇𝑏 = 40.656 kJ/mol
For Water(l) CP is given by (T in oC, and CP in kJ/mol- oC)
𝐶𝑃,𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝑙) = 75.4𝑥10−3
For Water(v) CP is given by (T in oC, and CP in kJ/mol- oC)
𝐶𝑃,𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝑣) = 33.46𝑥10−3 + 0.688𝑥10−5 𝑇 + 0.7604𝑥10−8 𝑇 2 − 3.593𝑥10−12 𝑇 3
9.6 A mixture containing 35 mol% n-butane and the balance isobutane at 10oC enters a heat exchanger
at a rate of 24.5 kmol/h and a pressure high enough for the mixture to be a liquid. The heat exchanger
has been designed to heat and vaporize the liquid and heat the vapor mixture to 180oC. The heating
fluid is a high molecular liquid with a constant heat capacity CP = 2.62 kJ/kg-oC, and it enters the heat
exchanger at 215oC and exits at 45oC. (i) Estimate the minimum pressure (bar) required for the
hydrocarbon feed to be a liquid. (ii) Determine the required mass flow rate of the heating fluid.
Antoine equation of n-Butane is (t in oC, and Psat in mm Hg)
943.453
log10 𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 6.82485 −
𝑡 + 239.711
𝑣𝑎𝑝
For n-Butane Tb = - 0.6oC, and ∆𝐻𝑇𝑏 = 22.305 kJ/mol
For n-Butane(v) CP is given by (T in oC, and CP in kJ/mol- oC)
𝐶𝑃,𝑛−𝐵𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒(𝑣) = 92.3𝑥10−3 + 27.88𝑥10−5 𝑇 − 15.47𝑥10−8 𝑇 2 + 34.98𝑥10−12 𝑇 3
Antoine equation of Isobutane is (t in oC, and Psat in mm Hg)
899.617
log10 𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 6.78866 −
𝑡 + 241.942
𝑣𝑎𝑝
For Isobutane Tb = - 11.73oC, and ∆𝐻𝑇𝑏 = 21.292 kJ/mol
For Isobutane(v) CP is given by (T in oC, and CP in kJ/mol- oC)
𝐶𝑃,𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒(𝑣) = 89.46𝑥10−3 + 30.13𝑥10−5 𝑇 − 18.91𝑥10−8 𝑇 2 + 49.87𝑥10−12 𝑇 3