10 RIGHT AND WRONG ________________________________________

10A Smooth criminals?________________________________________

LANGUAGE : Reported speech ■ crime

VC : CRIME

●​ FINE - (verb - criminal)

●​ WITNESS - ●​ THEFT - (STEAL-THIEF)
●​ ARRESTED - ●​ MURDER - (MURDER-MURDERER)
●​ VICTIM - ●​ ROBBERY - (ROB-ROBBER)
●​ LAW - ●​ MUGGING - (MUG-MUGGER)
●​ PRISION - ●​ BURGLARY - (BURGLE-BURGLAR)
●​ SUSPECTS -
●​ COURT -
●​ BREAK INTO -

--PRISION :a place where criminals are sen (punishment)

--BURGLARY : entering a home and stealing (crime)
--ROBBERY :stealing from a shop or a bank (crime)
--FINE : money you pay as punishment (punishment)

1.-Have you ever seen a crime?

2.- What happened? What crime stories have been in the news recently?

●​ 1 My boss told me (that) I would have to work at the weekend.

●​ 2 The criminal said (that) he/she hadn’t done it.
●​ 3 The dentist said (that) it wouldn’t hurt at all.
●​ 4 The teacher asked (me) why I hadn’t done the homework.
●​ 5 The police officer asked me where I had been at 9 p.m. on Friday.
●​ 6 The shop assistant asked (me) if I wanted to pay by card.
●​ 7 The neighbour asked (me/us) if I/we could turn the music down.
●​ 8 The weather forecaster said (that) there might be storms this weekend.

//////////10A REPORTED SPEECH //////////

●​ to say what someone said
○​ DI : I live in the city centre
○​ RS: She said (that) she lived in the city
●​ TENSENSES
○​ PRESENT -PAST
■​ ---DI: I work in Paris
■​ ---RS: He said he worked in Paris
○​ PRESENT CONTINUOUS -PAST CONTINUOUS
■​ ---DI: I am working
■​ ---RS: He said he was working
○​ PAST SIMPLE - PAST PERFECT
■​ ---DI: I worked
■​ ---RS: he said he had worked
○​ PAST CONTINUOUS - PAST PERFECT CONT
■​ ---DI: i was working
■​ ---RS: he said he had been working
○​ PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE -PAST PERFECT
■​ ---DI: i have worked
■​ ---RS: he said he had worked
○​ PRESENT PERF CONT- PAST PERFECT CONT
■​ ---DI: i have been working
 ■​ --RS: he said he had worked
○​ PAST PERFECT -NO CHANGE
■​ ---DI: i had worked
■​ ---RS: he said he had worked
○​ PAST PERFECT CONT -NO CHANGE
■​ ---DI: i had been working
■​ ---RS: he said he had been working
●​ MODAL VERBS
○​ ---WILL-COULD
○​ ---CAN -COULD
○​ ---MUST-HAD TO
○​ ---MAY- MIGHT
○​ ---SHALL-SHOULD
○​ ---following modal verbs don`t change in reported speech: MUSTN`T ,
WOULD, COULD, MIGHT, SHOULD
●​ BE CAREFUL
○​ ---Pronouns change:
■​ ****"I like you"-Mary told me
■​ *****Mary told me that she liked me
●​ TIME REFERENCES
○​ ---Now-then
○​ ---Today-That day
○​ ---Here-there
○​ ---this-that
○​ ---this week -that week
○​ ---Tomorrow-next day
○​ ---Next week-next week
○​ ---Yesterday -the day before
○​ ---Ago-before
○​ ---two days ago-before
○​ ---tonight -that night
○​ ---last saturday-the saturday before
○​ ---next saturday- the next saturday
●​ TELL
○​ --- When we use tell, we always specify the person who was spoken to.
■​ He told me that he was Spanish. NOT He told that he was
Spanish.
○​ ---Tell personal object
■​ ****Tina told me to phone her
●​ SAY
○​ ---When we use say, we don’t usually specify the person who was spoken
to:
■​ **** He said that he was Spanish. NOT He said me that he was
Spanish
○​ ---say+to+object
■​ *****He never said that to me
○​ ---to report
■​ ****he said he was exhausted
●​ ASK
○​ ---object+infinitve
○​ ---to resquest
■​ ****he asked me to traslate it
○​ ---to question
■​ ****Ask her if she likes tea
●​ REPORTED QUESTIONS
○​ We report a Yes/No question
■​ subject + asked + (object) + if + subject + positive verb form + rest
of sentence.
 ●​ ‘Do you want an ice-cream?’ → She asked (me) if I
wanted an ice-cream.
●​ ‘Is this your car?’ → He asked (me) if it was my car.​
○​ When we report wh- questions,
■​ we include the question word(s) instead of if
●​ Why did you call me?’ → She asked (me) why I had
called her.
●​ ‘When will you buy a car?’ → They asked (us) when we
would buy a car.
●​ ¡LOOK!, CHANGE PRONOUNS AND WORD REFERRING TO TIME
○​ ‘I’m coming tomorrow.’ → She said she was coming the next day.
○​ ‘We visited him yesterday.’ → They said they had visited him the day before.
○​ ‘I’ll wait for you here.’ → He said he’d wait for us there.
●​ EXAMPLES
○​ ‘I’ll see you at eight o’clock.’
■​ Mike told me he would see me at eight o’clock.
○​ ‘I’m seeing Maria this weekend.’
■​ She said she was seeing Maria this weekend.
○​ ‘Do you like going to the cinema?’
■​ He asked her if she liked going to the cinema.
○​ ‘Why didn’t you wait for me last night?’
■​ She asked me why I hadn't waited for her last night.

10B Emergency! ______________________________________________

LISTENING : listening in detail ■ final /t/ and /d/ sounds ■ making nouns
from verbs

VC : 10B MAKING NOUNS FROM VERBS

-SION -MENT -ATION -TION

---confuse, ---argue, argument ---imagine, ---protect, protection
confusion ---govern, imagination ---connect,
--- revise, revision government ---inform, connection
---decide, decision ---achieve, information
achievement ---educate,
---disappoint, education
disappointment ---organize,
organization

●​ 1 What different kinds of emergency services are there?

●​ 2 How do you contact the different emergency services in your country?
●​ 3 Do you know any emergency services numbers in other countries?
●​ 4 The police are there to protect, inform and educate. Do you agree with this
statement?

listening in detail
It’s often important to understand detailed information at a phrase and sentence level, and
understand how the details relate to each other.
●​ • Read the questions and answer options carefully.
●​ • Identify the key words in the questions and answer options.
●​ • When listening, focus on the whole message not individual words and phrases.
●​ • Don’t choose an option based on hearing one word or phrase that appears in that
option.
final /t/ and /d/ sounds
●​ English speakers don’t often pronounce the /t/ and /d/ sound at the end of a word
when the next word begins with a consonant. If the next word begins with a vowel
sound, the sounds are linked. And is often pronounced without the /d/ sound, even
when the next word begins with a vowel sound.
○​ We’re talking abou(t) the emergency services. He call(ed) the police an(d)
ask(ed) them to help.
○​ What abou(t) you? Have you heard any unusual stories about emergency
services?

10C Do the right thing _________________________________________

LANGUAGE : second conditional, would, could and might
///10C SECOND CONDITIONAL, WOULD, COULD AND MIGHT ///
●​ impossible or very unlikely hypothetical situations in the present or future and their
consequences
●​ IMPOSSIBLE SITUATION
○​ If I were rich, I’d buy a big house by the sea. (I’m not rich, so it’s impossible
for me to buy a big house by the sea.)
●​ UNLIKELY SITUATION
○​ If my phone stopped working tomorrow, I’d take it back to the shop. (It’s a
new phone, so this probably won’t happen.)
●​ if clause with if + past simple,+would + infinitive
○​ If you went to bed earlier, you wouldn’t feel so tired.
○​ You wouldn’t feel so tired if you went to bed earlier
●​ We can also use COULD or MIGHT in the main clause
○​ If we lived by the sea, we could go swimming every day.
○​ If you asked John more politely, he might help you.
●​ With the verb BE, we often use WERE instead of was in the if clause with I, he, she
and it
○​ If Adam were here, he would fix your computer.
●​ We often use WERE in the phrase If I were you … to give advice.
○​ If I were you, I’d take a taxi to the airport
●​ SECOND OR FIRST
○​ first conditional when we think a future event is likely.
■​ If it rains tomorrow, we’ll go shopping. (It often rains here so it
might rain.)
○​ second conditional when we think a future event is less likely.
■​ If it rained tomorrow, we’d go shopping. (It probably won’t rain.)
●​ EXAMPLES
○​ This city would be much nicer if there was less traffic on the roads
○​ if you got up a bit earlier, you wouldn`t be later for work so often
○​ What would you do if someone stole your car?
○​ I’m lazy. I always get bad marks at school.
■​ If I wasn’t lazy, I wouldn’t always get bad marks at school.
○​ I have a small bedroom. I don’t have enough space for all my books.
■​ If I had a bigger bedroom/didn’t have a small bedroom, I’d have
enough space for all my books

●​ 1 Have you ever lost something in the street? Did you get it back? How?
●​ 2 Have you ever found something that someone else had lost? What did you do?

●​ 2 If you could do any job, which job would you choose ? (can, choose)
●​ 3 What will you do if you have free time this weekend? (do, have)
●​ 4 If you met your favourite film star, what would you ask him/her? (meet, ask)
●​ 5 If you could live in any city in the world, where would you live ? (can, live)
●​ 6 If you had a lot of money left at the end of this month, what could you do ?
(have, could do)
10D For and against ___________________________________________
WRITING : writing a for-and-against essay ■ useful phrases for topic
sentences
●​ Do you know anyone who has done any of these things? Did he/she get caught?

writing a for-and-against essay

We write for-and-against essays to discuss both sides of an argument.
• Organize your essay into paragraphs. Aim for a minimum of four paragraphs: introduction,
arguments for, arguments against, and the conclusion.
• Start each paragraph with a topic sentence (a sentence that clearly introduces the topic of
the paragraph).
• Include at least one main point in each paragraph and support this with examples.
• Use formal language and an impersonal style. However, you can put your personal opinion
in the conclusion. Use phrases like I believe that, in my opinion, in my view.
• Don’t use contractions, such as isn’t, don’t. Use full forms instead.

useful phrases for topic sentences

On the one hand, smartphones can be very useful in certain situations.
On the other hand, people tend to talk to each other less.
The main advantage of smartphones is that they can be very useful in certain situations.
However, one disadvantage is that people tend to talk to each other less.
To sum up, most people take their smartphones everywhere, which has both advantages and
disadvantages

11 THE NATURAL WORLD ______________________________________

11A Nature goes viral __________________________________________
LANGUAGE : articles ■ the natural world

VC: 11A THE NATURAL WORLD

sea canyon hill iceberg coast earthquake flood hail hurricane

desert field forest glacier jungle monsoon rainbow storm tornado
volcano

///11A ARTICLES ///

●​ INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A/AN)
○​ talk about something or somebody for the first time
■​ Suddenly, a man ran out of the bank.
○​ describe something or somebody
■​ It’s a beautiful building.
○​ person's job
■​ She works as an accountant
○​ frequency and measurement expressions
■​ I go to the gym twice a week.
●​ DEFINITE ARTICLE (THE)
○​ to talk about something we’ve already mentioned, or when it’s clear which
particular thing or person we’re talking about.
■​ I saw a man and a woman looking at a map. The man asked me
for help.
○​ a defining relative clause to define a noun
■​ That’s the boy who stole my bike.
○​ only one of a thing.
■​ I booked our hotel on the internet.
 ○​superlative adjectives and ordinal numbers
■​ She was the first person I met at the party.
○​ names of rivers, seas, oceans and groups of islands.
■​ London is on the River Thames.
○​ United, Republic and Kingdom or are plurals.
■​ I’d love to visit the USA.
●​ NO ARTICLE (0 ARTICLE)
○​ to talk about things in general (with plural or uncountable nouns).
■​ Houses are more expensive than flats. (houses and flats in
general)
○​ with some places where we work, live, study or do other specific activities,
such as work, hospital, school, university, prison, church
■​ I stayed at home all day.
○​ before next/last + day, week, month, year, etc.
■​ I saw him last week.
○​ with most names of streets, towns, cities, countries and continents
■​ He lives on Regent Street.

11B A disaster waiting to happen________________________________

READING : understanding the writer’s purpose ■ understanding noun
phrases

understanding the writer’s purpose

When reading a text, look for clues that tell you the purpose of the whole text and parts
of the text. The writer’s purpose may be to:
• give advice or a warning
• give information, examples, facts or opinions
• describe a person, event, idea or issue
• make a comparison or contrast
• explain a reason, cause or result.

understanding noun phrases

The subject of a sentence is not always a single noun. Sometimes the subject is a
noun phrase which has several words.
Living near Vesuvius all their lives has given them a feeling for the volcano’s behaviour. In
Sicily, 25% of the island’s population lives on or around Mount Etna

11C I will survive _____________________________________________

LANGUAGE : third conditional ■ extreme adjectives
VC: 11C EXTREME ADJECTIVES

STARVING -very hungry

MISERABLE - very sad
TINY - very small
EXHAUSTED - very tired
FANTASTIC - very good
FREEZING - very cold
ENORMOUS - very big
GORGEOUS -very pretty
BOILING -very hot
FURIOUS - very angry
 FILTHY - very dirty
HILARIOUS -very funny

///11C THIRD CONDITIONAL ///

●​ talk about hypothetical (unreal) situations in the past and their consequences.
○​ If I’d seen your email, I would have replied to it. (I didn’t see your email. I
didn’t reply to it.)
●​ if clause with if + past perfect. + would have + past participle.
○​ If you had come with us, you would have had a great time.
●​ We can use might or may instead of would when the consequences weren’t
certain.
○​ If I hadn’t arrived late to the interview, I might have got the job.
○​ If they’d stayed longer at the beach, we may have seen them.
●​ We can use could instead of would to talk about hypothetical possibilities.
○​ if my car hadn’t broken down, I could have taken you to the airport
yesterday.
○​ If they’d told us about the problem, we could have helped them.
●​ EXAMPLES
○​ You didn’t work hard last year. You didn’t pass your exams.
■​ If you had worked hard last year, you would have passed your
exams.

11D The great outdoors ________________________________________

SPEAKING : making recommendations ■ checking and clarifying
information

making recommendations
Asking for ideas
What would you recommend?
What do you think I should do?
Do you have any ideas about … ?
Where would be the best place to …?

Making recommendations
I’d recommend Paris / I’d recommend going to Paris.
You (really) must …
If I were you, I’d/I wouldn’t …
Perhaps you could …
You (really) should …

checking and clarifying information

We often need to check or clarify information, for example facts, someone’s feelings, or what
someone means.
• Use question tags, e.g. This is the train to York, isn’t it?
• Say that you haven’t understood, e.g. I’m sorry, I’m not sure I understand what you mean.
• Summarize what the other person has said, e.g. So what you’re saying is …

12 GETTING AWAY ____________________________________________

12A Dream destinations _______________________________________
LANGUAGE : So/Neither do I ■ phrases with go and get
 VC: 12A PHRASES WITH GO AND GET

GO GO FOR
---go travelling, go away, go trekking, go ---go for a coffee, go for a walk
scuba diving, ●​ drink coffee= go for a coffee
go home
●​

GO TO GO ON
---go to school, go to bed, go to university ---go on a guided tour, go on a trip, go on
●​ holiday
●​

///12A SO-NEITHER DO I ///

●​ AGREEING
○​ we agree with someone, or what they say is the same for us, we can use
so or neither instead of repeating the whole sentence.
■​ I can ski quite well.
●​ So can I. (= I can ski quite well.)
■​ I don’t like rap music.
●​ Neither do I. (= I don’t like rap music.)
○​ We use so to agree with a positive statement and we use neither to agree
with a negative statement. These are both followed by the auxiliary or modal
verb from the first statement + I.
■​ I’m at the airport. So am I.
■​ I can speak Spanish. So can I.
■​ I’ve never been abroad. Neither have I.
■​ I won’t be late. Neither will I.
○​ present simple or past simple, we use the auxiliary do/does or did
■​ I live near the sea. So do I.
■​ I didn’t like the hotel. Neither did I.

●​ DISAGREEING
○​ someone says isn’t true for us, or what they say is different for us, we can
use I + auxiliary or modal verb from the first statement. We often respond
with Really first.
■​ I don’t like travelling by train. Really? I do.
■​ I’ve never tried mint ice-cream. Really? I have. It’s delicious!
○​ After a positive statement that isn’t the same for us, we use I + negative
auxiliary or modal verb, such as I’m not. / I don’t. / I didn’t. / I can’t. / I
wouldn’t.
■​ I really enjoyed that film. I didn’t.
■​ I love going for a run after work. I don’t. I hate running.
○​ After a negative statement that isn’t the same for us, we use a positive
auxiliary or modal verb.
■​ I didn’t enjoy that film. Really? I did.
■​ I can’t help Leo with his homework. I can. Don’t worry

12B Fly away ________________________________________________

LISTENING : identifying agreement between speakers ■ air travel ■ linking:
/w/ and /j/

1 What time does the flight take off from Los Angeles and land in New York?
2 What time do passengers have to board the plane? At which gate?
3 What’s the passenger’s seat number? Is it an aisle seat or a window seat?
 identifying agreement between speakers
There are a number of ways English speakers show agreement with each other. Recognizing
these will help you follow a conversation.
• Listen for what the first person’s opinion is then listen carefully to how the second person
responds.
• Listen for ways of agreeing: So do I. Neither do I. Me too. I do as well. Me neither. It sure is.
It certainly is. True. Exactly. Absolutely.
• Sometimes the first person invites agreement: You like flying, don’t you? (No, I don’t.)

12C Around the world _________________________________________

LANGUAGE : modals of deduction

VC: 12C AIR TRAVEL

●​ flight attendant
●​ book a flight
●​ pack
●​ check in
●​ window seat
●​ go through Security
●​ departure lounge
●​ land
●​ departure board
●​ take off
●​ show your passport
●​ hand luggage
●​ gate
●​ checked luggage
●​ boarding pass
●​ aisle seat

///12C MODALS OF DEDUCTION ///

●​ We use modals of deduction to talk about something when we don’t know if it’s
definitely true.
●​ MUST = we think that something is true.
○​ It must be cold outside. Everyone’s wearing gloves. (= I’m sure it’s cold
outside.)
●​ CAN`T =we are sure that something isn’t true.
○​ Sally can’t live here. This is a house, and she said she lived in an
apartment. (= I’m sure that Sally doesn’t live here.)
●​ MIGHT OR MIGHT NOT = we think it’s possible that something is true, but we
aren’t sure.
○​ Mark isn’t answering his phone. He might be in a meeting. Or he might not
have it with him. (= It’s possible that Mark is in a meeting. It’s possible that
he doesn’t have his phone with him.)
●​ MAY OR COULD =we think something is possible.
○​ They’re speaking English so they may be American.
●​ continuous form of the verb after modals of deduction when we talk about what we
think is happening now.
○​ Tom isn’t in the kitchen. He must be doing his homework in his bedroom
●​ We never use can or mustn’t to talk about what we think is true.
○​ Lisa has ordered tofu. She might/could be a vegetarian. NOT She can be a
vegetarian.
●​ John didn’t sleep at all last night. He must be really tired today.
●​ Luke’s not here. It’s possible that he’s ill. Luke’s not here. He might be ill
●​ im sure that`s not -- cant be
 ●​ its possible -might
●​ im totally sure - must
●​ i dont believe - cant

12D Five-star review __________________________________________

WRITING : writing an online review ■ adverbs of attitude

We write a review to give our personal opinions about a product or service.

• Describe your expectations before. Use phrases like we had expected …, according to the
website … .
• Describe what really happened. Use phrases like in fact …, (but) actually … .
• Make a recommendation about who the product or service would be good for. Use phrases
like perfect for …, not really suitable for … .

1 What were the reviewer’s expectations? 2 What actually happened? 3 According to each
reviewer, who would or wouldn’t enjoy the experience?

We use adverbs of attitude to say what we think about something.

We had dinner at a famous steak restaurant. Surprisingly, they had vegetarian dishes.
I had heard great things about the hotel, but unfortunately, it had closed the previous month.
The waiter was very rude. Clearly, he had more important things to do than serve us!

1 unfortunately 2 obviously 3 hopefully 4 Luckily

Horse and Holiday: Positive: The trip was great – it was well organized with helpful guides;
the views of the mountains are breathtaking; Luckily, they were very sympathetic; the trip of a
lifetime. Negative: it’s definitely not for beginners