HUMAN BEHAVIOR
The Hawthorne Study
Organization
impetus for a major shift of perspectives of
system composed of two or more persons who are scholars on human behavior in an organization.
engaged in cooperative action directed into reaching
a purpose. THEORIES
bounded system of structured social interaction
hierarchical form, whether steep or shallow Renis Likert's (1961)
(Champoux, 2010) New Patterns of Management which asserts that
several forms which include businesses, hospitals, organizations are series of interlocking groups,
colleges, retail stores, and even prisons. thus, managers serve as a "linking pin" that
Can be formal and informal connects everyone in the organization.
Chris Argyris (1964)
Organizational Behavior
focused his attention on the personal
study of human behavior in the workplace, of the development of the individual in the context of
interaction between people and the organization, the organization; organizational effectiveness
and of the organization itself was a function of the interpersonal competence
of team members and the extent to which the
Major Goals: explain, predict, and control organization supported positive norms.
behavior. (DuBrin, 2019) Robert Blake and Jane Mouton (1964)
provided a model of team excellence and a set of
three important determinants of behavior within styles useful in understanding team members’
the organization focused on: individuals, groups, and contributions through their managerial grid,
structure which can be used to diagnose the team’s culture
study of what individuals do in an organization and (Denhardt [Link]., 2020).
the way their behavior affects the organization’s
performance (Judge & Robbins, 2018). DISCIPLINES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE OB
FIELD
ROOTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Psychology
The science that seeks to measure, explain, and
1930's when a significant shift of perspective of sometimes change the behavior of humans and
managers concerning the individual behaviors had other animals
started studied the problems of fatigue, boredom, and
people were primarily viewed as extensions of other working conditions that could impede
their tools and machines efficient work performance.
Motivation = rewards and punishment. (Denhardt
[Link]., 2020). Social Psychology
An area of psychology that blends concepts from
Hugo Munsterberg (1913) psychology and sociology to focus on the influence
urged greater attention to the psychology of of people on one another.
workers. major study area is change—how to implement it
and how to reduce barriers to its acceptance.
Mary Parker Follett
who argued that dynamic administration must be
grounded in “our cognition of the motivating Sociology
desires of the individual and of the group” studies people in relation to their social
(Denhardt [Link]., 2020) environment or culture.
study of group behaviors in organizations,
Elton Mayo and F.J. Roethlisberger (1927) particularly formal and complex organizations.
studying the relationship between conditions of
Anthropology
work and the incidence of fatigue a monotony
study of societies to learn about human beings and
among employees of the Hawthorne Works of the
their activities.
Western Electric Company helped us understand differences in fundamental
values, attitudes, and behavior among people in
different countries and different organization
in relation to how they behave in it.
INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR, ATTITUDES, AND attitude is “a learned predisposition to respond in a
PERSONALITY consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with
respect to a given object. Champoux (2010)
Individual Behavior
Attitude Object can be anything in a person’s
Human behavior is complex, and every individual
environment, including physical o b j e c t s ,
is different from another.
i s s u e s , and ideas
Bidirectional Relationship: it is not only the
manager who tries to adjust with the subordinate's 3 Parts of Attitude:
capacity and perspective also the employees, they a.) Cognitive: Perception and beliefs
tried to evaluate the manager’s perspective and about the attitude object. person’s
behavior. Creating behavioral congruence. perception of the distinguishing
Behavioral Congruence: behavior of the manager features of the object.
matches the perspective and capacity of the b.) Affective: Evaluation and feelings
subordinate vice- versa, leading to a positive about the object. Person’s feeling of
outcome. like and dislike.
SIX FACTORS AFFECTING INDIVIDUAL c.) Behavioral Intentions: How the
BEHAVIOR person wants to behave and what the
person says about his behavior toward
Abilities the object.
An individual’s self-awareness of his own mental Attitude change happens because:
and physical abilities (1) something persuades the person to
Gender shift his attitudes
person's belief and perspective built on one's
(2) the norms of a social group important
gender affects his behavior towards the task or
to the person affect his attitudes
within the organization
Race (3) the person becomes uncomfortable
culture embedded in one's race exerts significant with some aspects of his beliefs about certain
influence when both the workplace and society matters.
have considerable diversity
Perception Individual's Personality
perceptual differences exist and often are the major factor contributing to success in many jobs
reasons for mutual dissatisfaction. as it is attributed often to most job failures.
Attribution Personality refers to the persistent and enduring
process of observing behavior and then behavior patterns of an individual that are
determining its cause-based process of observing expressed in a wide variety of situations. DuBrin
behavior and then determining its cause based on (2019),
an individual’s personality or the situation itself a combination of attributes, traits, and
Dispositional Attribution or Attribution Based characteristics that make you unique
on Personality: is due to internal causes such as 9 Major Personality Factors and Traits:
personality traits like shyness, arrogance, and
a.) Neuroticism (low emotional stability):
intelligence.
People with high neuroticism are
Situational Attribution: is based on external
prone to psychological distress and
influences and situations that are outside the
coping with problems in unproductive
control of an individual
ways. anxious, insecure, angry,
Attitude embarrassed, and worried.
one factor that causes a difference in terms of b.) Extraversion: One common
behavior. personality of successful leaders is
attitude is basically a response of an individual to being extraverted/extroverted. Traits
a familiar situation without any deep reasoning. associated with extraversion include
being social, gregarious, assertive,
talkative, and active. Introversion is
Individual Attitudes associated with work activities
requiring critical and analytical
Attitude shows a presumed connection between
thinking.
people's perceptions of their world or environment
c.) Openness to experience: People who
score high with openness have well-
developed traits. Associated with this
factor include being imaginative,
cultured, curious, original, broad-
minded, intelligent, and artistically
sensitive.
d.) Agreeableness: Reflects the quality
of a person’s interpersonal
orientation. An agreeable person is
friendly and cooperative. Traits
associated with the agreeableness
factor include being courteous,
flexible, trusting, good-natured,
cooperative, forgiving,
softhearted, and tolerant
e.) Conscientiousness: implies
dependability. Consists of six sub-
factors: industriousness, order, self-
control, responsibility, traditionalism,
and virtue.
f.) Self-monitoring behavior: The self-
monitoring trait refers to the process
of observing and controlling how we
appear to others. High self-monitors
are pragmatic and chameleon-like.
g.) Risk-taking and thrill- seeking:
Constant excitement on the job and
are willing to risk their lives to
achieve thrills. Willingness to take
risks and pursue thrills is a personality
trait that has grown in importance in
the high- technology era.
h.) Optimism: Tendency to experience
positive emotional states and to
typically believe that positive
outcomes will be forthcoming from
most activities. The other end of the
scale is pessimism—a tendency to
experience negative emotional states.
i.) Narcissism: Extremely positive and
inflated view of the self, combined
with limited empathy for others. The
narcissist is self-absorbed, self-
adoring, and self-centered, and has a
grandiose preoccupation