Assignment No: 05 Subject: Maths Class: 12 Section: A,B

Post Date: 02/08/2025 Submit Date:

CHAPTER 5- COUNTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

Knowledge of functions :
(i) Polynomial functions: e.g. f(x) = x2 + 2 x + 5
(ii) Modulus function : f(x) = |𝑥|
(iii) Greatest Integer Function : f(x) = [x]
(iv) Signum function : The signum function, denoted sgm, is defined as follows:
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0
𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑥) = {−1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 0
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0
(v) Trigonometric functions : sin x, cos x etc.
(vi) Inverse Trigonometric functions : sin- 1 x, cos- 1 x etc.
(vii) Logarithmic functions : f(x) = log x
(viii) Exponential functions : f(x) = 𝑒𝑥.
DEFINITION OF COUNTINUITY
Continuity at a Point: A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a point x = a, if Left hand limit of f(x)
at (x = a) = Right hand limit of f(x) at (x = a) = Value of f(x) at (x = a) i.e. if at x = a, LHL = RHL = f(a)
where, LHL = limx→a–f(x) and RHL = limx→a+f(x) Note: To evaluate LHL of a function f(x) at (x = o),
put x = a – h and to find RHL, put x = a + h.
Continuity in an Interval: A function y = f(x) is said to be continuous in an interval (a, b), where a <
b if and only if f(x) is continuous at every point in that interval.
• Every identity function is continuous.
• Every constant function is continuous.
• Every polynomial function is continuous.
• Every rational function is continuous.
• All trigonometric functions are continuous in their domain..

Algebra of Continuous Functions

Suppose f and g are two real functions, continuous at real number c. Then,
• f + g is continuous at x = c.
• f – g is continuous at x = c.
• f.g is continuous at x = c.
• cf is continuous, where c is any constant.
• (fog) is continuous at x = c, [provide g(c) ≠ 0]

NOTE- Suppose f and g are two real valued functions such that (fog) is defined at c. If g is
continuous at c and f is continuous at g (c), then (fog) is continuous at c.
If f is continuous, then |f| is also continuous.
Differentiability: A function f(x) is said to be differentiable at a point x = a, if Left hand
derivative at (x = a) = Right hand derivative at (x = a) i.e. LHD at (x = a) = RHD (at x = a),
where Right hand derivative, where

𝑓(𝑎+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎)
A function can fail to be differentiable at a point a if either lim ℎ
does not exist, or is
𝑥→0
infinite
Note :
(a) All continuous functions are differentiable. For instance, the closed-form function f(x) = |x| is
continuous at every real number (including x = 0), but not differentiable at x = 0. (b) However,
every differentiable function is continuous.
Note: Every differentiable function is continuous but every continuous function is not
differentiable.
Differentiation: The process of finding a derivative of a function is called differentiation.
Rules of Differentiation:
Sum and Difference Rule: Let y = f(x) ± g(x). Then, by using sum and difference rule, it’s derivative is
written as
Differentiation of Functions in Parametric Form: A relation expressed between two variables x and
y in the form x = f(t), y = g(t) is said to be parametric form with t as a parameter, when
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑥 [Note: dy/dx is expressed in terms of parameter only without directly involving
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
the main variables x and y.]
Second order Derivative: It is the derivative of the first order derivative
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 CHAPTER-6
Application of derivatives
• RATE OF CHANGE OF DERIVATIVES

Rate of Change of Quantities: Let y = f(x) be a function of x. Then, dy/dx represents the rate of change
of y with respect to x.
If two variables x and y are varying with respect to another variable t, i.e. x = f(t) and y = g(t), then

In other words, the rate of change of y with respect to x can be calculated using the rate of change
of y and that of x both with respect to t. Note: dy/dx is positive, if y increases as x increases and it is
negative, if y decreases as x increases, dx
Marginal Cost: Marginal cost represents the instantaneous rate of change of the total cost at any
level of output. If C(x) represents the cost function for x units produced, then marginal cost (MC) is
given by
𝒅
MC=𝒅𝒙 {𝑪(𝒙)}
Marginal Revenue: Marginal revenue represents the rate of change of total revenue with respect to
the number of items sold at an instant. If R(x) is the revenue function for x units sold, then marginal
revenue (MR) is given by
𝒅
MR= {𝑹(𝒙)}
𝒅𝒙
Note: If for a given interval I ⊆ R, function f increase for some values in I and
decrease for other values in I, then we say function is neither increasing nor
decreasing.
Let x0 be a point in the domain of definition of a real-valued function f, then f
is said to be increasing, strictly increasing, decreasing or strictly decreasing at
x0, if there exists an open interval I containing x0 such that f is increasing,
strictly increasing, decreasing or strictly decreasing, respectively in I. Note: If
for a given interval I ⊆ R, function f increase for some values in I and decrease
for other values in I, then we say function is neither increasing nor decreasing.
• MAXIMA AND MINIMA
Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on the open interval (a, b). Then,
Maximum and Minimum Value: Let f be a function defined on an interval I.
Then,
• f is said to have a maximum value in I, if there exists a point c in I such that
f(c) > f(x), ∀ x ∈ I. The number f(c) is called the maximum value of f in I and the
point c is called a point of a maximum value of f in I. (ii) f is said to have a
minimum value in I, if there exists a point c in I such that f(c) < f(x), ∀ x ∈ I. The
number f(c) is called the minimum value of f in I and the point c is called a point
of minimum value of f in I. (iii) f is said to have an extreme value in I, if there
exists a point c in I such that f(c) is either a maximum value or a minimum value
of f in I. The number f(c) is called an extreme value off in I and the point c is
called an extreme point.

Local Maxima and Local Minima (i) A function f(x) is said to have a local
maximum value at point x = a, if there exists a neighbourhood (a – δ, a + δ) of
a such that f(x) < f(a), ∀ x ∈ (a – δ, a + δ), x ≠ a. Here, f(a) is called the local
maximum value of f(x) at the point x = a. (ii) A function f(x) is said to have a
local minimum value at point x = a, if there exists a neighbourhood (a – δ, a +
δ) of a such that f(x) > f(a), ∀ x ∈ (a – δ, a + δ), x ≠ a. Here, f(a) is called the local
minimum value of f(x) at x = a.
The points at which a function changes its nature from decreasing to increasing
or vice-versa are called turning points. Note: (i) Through the graphs, we can
even find the maximum/minimum value of a function at a point at which it is
not even differentiable. (ii) Every monotonic function assumes its
maximum/minimum value at the endpoints of the domain of definition of the
function.
Every continuous function on a closed interval has a maximum and a minimum
value.
Let f be a function defined on an open interval I. Suppose cel is any point. If f
has local maxima or local minima at x = c, then either f'(c) = 0 or f is not
differentiable at c.
Critical Point: A point c in the domain of a function f at which either f'(c) = 0 or
f is not differentiable, is called a critical point of f.
First Derivative Test: Let f be a function defined on an open interval I and f be
continuous of a critical point c in I. Then,
• if f'(x) changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through c, then c
is a point of local maxima.
• if f'(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through c, then c
is a point of local minima.
• if f'(x) does not change sign as x increases through c, then c is neither a point
of local maxima nor a point of local minima. Such a point is called a point of
inflection.
Second Derivative Test: Let f(x) be a function defined on an interval I and c ∈ I.
Let f be twice differentiable at c. Then, (i) x = c is a point of local maxima, if f'(c)
= 0 and f”(c) < 0. (ii) x = c is a point of local minima, if f'(c) = 0 and f”(c) > 0. (iii)
the test fails, if f'(c) = 0 and f”(c) = 0.
Note (i) If the test fails, then we go back to the first derivative test and find
whether a is a point of local maxima, local minima or a point of inflexion. (ii) If
we say that f is twice differentiable at o, then it means second order derivative
exists at a.
Absolute Maximum Value: Let f(x) be a function defined in its domain say Z ⊂
R. Then, f(x) is said to have the maximum value at a point a ∈ Z, if f(x) ≤ f(a), ∀
x ∈ Z.
Absolute Minimum Value: Let f(x) be a function defined in its domain say Z ⊂
R. Then, f(x) is said to have the minimum value at a point a ∈ Z, if f(x) ≥ f(a), ∀
x ∈ Z.
 Questions
1. The total cost associated with the product of units of an item is given by .
Find the marginal cost when 3 units are produced, where the marginal cost
we mean the instantaneous rate of change of total cost at any level of output.
2. The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 9 cm3/s. How fast is its
surface area is increasing when the length of an edge is 10 cm.?
3. The volume of a sphere is increasing at the rate of 8 cm3/s. Find the rate at
which its surface area is increasing when the radius of the sphere is 12 cm.
4. Prove that the function is increasing on R.
5. The length of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm minute and the
width is increasing at the rate of 4 cm minute, when = 8 cm and = 6 cm, find
the rate of change of the (a) perimeter and (b) the area of rectangle.
6. The two equal sides of an isosceles triangle with fixed base b are
decreasing at the rate of 3 cm/ sec. How fast is the area decreasing when the
two equal sides are equal to the base?
7. Find the intervals in which the function f is
(a) strictly increasing (b) strictly decreasing.
8. Find the intervals in which the function f, given by f
Is (i) strictly increasing (ii) strictly decreasing.
9. Show that the function given by is always an strictly increasing function in .
10. Find the points of local maxima, local minima and the points of inflection
of the function f. Also, find the corresponding local maximum and local
minimum values
11. Find the intervals in which the function is
(a) strictly increasing (b) strictly decreasing
CHAPTER 7 :INTEGRALS
Basic Concepts:
1. Antiderivative (or Primitive) : A function ∅(𝑥) is said to be antiderivative or
primitive of a function 𝑓(𝑥) if ∅′(𝑥)= 𝑓(𝑥).
We conclude that a function has infinitely many antiderivatives.
That is ∅(𝑥) be an antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥), then ∅(𝑥)+𝐶 is also antiderivative of
𝑓(𝑥), where C is any constant.

Indefinite Integrals : If f(x) is a function then the family of all its

antiderivatives is called Indefinite Integral of f(x). It is represented by:
∫𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (read as indefinite integral of f(x) with respect to x)
3. Methods of Integration:
(i) Integration by substitution
(ii) Integration by Partial Fractions.
(iii) Integration by Parts

Integration by substitution : The given integral ∫ f (x) dx can be transformed

into another form by
Changing the independent variable x to t by substituting x = g (t).
Consider I = ∫ f (x) dx
Put x = g(t) so that
By differentiating find dx/dt and
We write dx = g’(t) dt
This change of variable formula is one of the important tools available to us
in the name of integration by substitution. It is often important to guess what
will be the useful substitution. Usually, we make a substitution for a function
whose derivative also occurs in the integrand.
Integration by Partial Fractions :
𝒑(𝒙)
A rational function is defined as the ratio of two polynomials in the form ,
𝒒(𝒙)
where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials in x and Q(x) ≠ 0. If the degree of P(x) is
less than the degree of Q(x), then the rational function is called proper,
otherwise, it is called improper. The improper rational functions can be
reduced to the proper rational functions by long division process.
Properties of definite Integrals