Republic of the Philippines
JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte
SIOCON CAMPUS
JRMSU-SC-CED-018
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Lesson 2: Basic Concepts of Mathematical Language: Sets, Functions, and
Binary Operations
Functions
- A function 𝒇 assigns each element x of set A to a unique element, y of set B. In
symbols 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
f
Set A
Set B
Example:
Which of the following is a function?
a. 𝐴={(−2, 4), (−1, 1), (1, 1), (2, 4)}
b. B={(4, −2), (1, −1), (1, 1), (4, 2)}
a. 𝐴 = {(−2, 4), (−1, 1), (1, 1), (2, 4)}
Solution:
Set A is a function, since every first element in any ordered pair (x, y) is assigned with exactly one
element.
-2
1
-1
4
1
2
Republic of the Philippines
JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte
SIOCON CAMPUS
JRMSU-SC-CED-018
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Notes:
(x, y) = ordered pairs
x = also called the ‘domain’ first element / first coordinate in ordered pairs
y = also called the ‘range’ second coordinate in ordered pairs
From previous example:
Domain – the set of all first coordinates
𝐷 = {−2, − 1, 1, 2}
Range – the set of all second coordinates
𝑅 = {1, 4}
b. B = {(4, − 2), (1, − 1), (1, 1), (4, 2)}
Solution:
Set B is not a function since 1 is paired with two numbers (-1 and 1), and 4 is paired with -2 and 2.
-2
1 -1
4 1
𝐷 = {1, 4}
𝑅 = {−2, −1, 1, 2}
Tip: Just remember that to correctly identify a function the only thing you need to check is the
DOMAIN. If the domain has only 1 pair of range (LOYAL), it is a function. Meanwhile if the
domain is assigned to 2 or more ranges (NOT LOYAL), then it is not a function.
Remember: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) or 𝑓(𝑥) = y
Example 2: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 is a function.
Here’s why:
1. Let us say that x (the DOMAIN) can be any whole numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
2. When we substitute these numbers to x to the equation, then,
𝑓(0) = 03 𝑓(1) = 13 𝑓(2) = 23 𝑓(3) = 33
𝑓(0) = 0 𝑓(1) = 1 𝑓(2) = 8 𝑓(3) = 27
3. the RANGE are: 0, 1, 8, and 27
4. the Ordered Paires are: (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 8) and (3, 27)
5. Since the Domain (x) is only paired to one Range (y), then the equation is a function.
Republic of the Philippines
JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte
SIOCON CAMPUS
JRMSU-SC-CED-018
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
TRY THIS!
Identify which is a function and NOT a function. Write F if it is a function, and NF if it is not a
function.
Republic of the Philippines
JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte
SIOCON CAMPUS
JRMSU-SC-CED-018
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Binary Operations
- an operation that takes two input elements from a set and gives a unique result
that also belongs to the same set. It is denoted as ∗
(𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘), ⨀ (𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑡), ⋆ (𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟, 𝑒𝑡𝑐. )
Example: Let set of integers Z = {…, −2,−1, 0, 1, 2,…}
Operation: a ⋆ b = a + b In this example the binary
Given a = 3, b = 5
operation is denoted as star
Then, 3 ⋆ 5 = 3 + 5
"⋆". Moreover, 3, 5, and 8 all
=8
elements of Set Z.
A set S is considered to be closed under a binary operation " ⋆ “, if for every s and t in S, s ⋆ t ∈ S.
Previous example: (Addition of Integers)
Let set of integers 𝑍 = {… , − 2, −1, 0, 1, 2, … }
In this example Set Z is closed
Operation: a ⋆ b = a + b
under binary operation (basic Given a = 3, b = 5
addition “+”), because any Then, 3 ⋆ 5 =3+5
number you add from the set of =8
integers will always result
another integer.
Example: (Division of Integers)
Let set of integers 𝑍 = {… , − 2, −1, 0, 1, 2, … }
In this example Set Z is not Operation: a ⋆ b = a ÷ b
closed under binary Given a = 3, b = 5
operation (basic division “÷ ”), Then, 3 ⋆ 5 =3 ÷ 5
because although you can = 3/5 or 0.6
divide 6 and 3 to get 2, which
are all integer, not all
combinations will remain true
like 3 divided 5, which resulted
0.6, which is not in the set of
integers.
Republic of the Philippines
JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte
SIOCON CAMPUS
JRMSU-SC-CED-018
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
TRY THIS!
Write your answer (explanation or solution depending on what is asked in the problem) in the space
provided.
1. Given the binary operation ⨀ defined by a ⨀ b = a + b + 1. What is the result of 4 ⨀ 3?
2. Let the binary operation ⋆ defined by a ⋆ b = a + b + 1. Calculate 5 ⋆ 2.
3. Given the binary operation ⨀ defined by a ⨀ b = ab + a + b. Find 6 ⨀ 4.
4. Let the binary operation ∗ be defined on the set of natural numbers 𝑁 by 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 – 𝑏. Is the
operation closed on 𝑁? Explain.
5. Let the binary operation ∗ be defined on the set of integers Z by 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 x 𝑏. Is the operation
closed on Z? Explain.