Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 237

(ii) Electromagnetic force arises due to the exchange of photons between the charged particles.

(iii) The strong nuclear force arises from the exchange of mesons (p- ) .
(iv) Weak nuclear force arises from the exchange of bosons (W–).

(i) Gravitational force (ii) Electromagnetic force

(iii) Strong nuclear force (iv) Weak nuclear force

Figure. 5.75

Example 1. A man of mass 70 kg is running on a railroad car,

which is going towards right with an acceleration of 2 m/s2. The
acceleration of man with respect to car is 3 m/s2. Find the force
acting on the man.
Sol. Solution in inertial frame :

Figure. 5.76
The acceleration of the man in inertial frame is
r r r
a = éëa man ùû car + ëéacar ûùinertial frame
Figure. 5.78
or a = 3+2 Sol. Let the wedge is accelerated towards left with an acceleration 'a'.
= 5 m/s2.
The FBD of the block in the frame from is shown in figure. The block
From Newton's second law
r r remains at rest with respect to wedge, so along the inclined plane, we
F = ma have
or F = 70 × 5 = 350 N. Ans.
Solution in non-inertial frame : mg sin q – ma cos q = 0
or a = g tan q . …(i)
Perpendicular to the inclined plane, the block is also at rest, therefore
N = mg cos q + ma sin q

mg
= mg cos q + m (g tan q ) sin q = .
cos q
Thus force exerted by the wedge on the block
Figure. 5.77
The acceleration of the man with respect to car is 2 m/s2. mg
= Ans.
Now from Newton's second law, we can write, cos q
F – 70 × 2 = 70 × 3
Example 3. Consider a simple pendulum is hanging in a
\ F = 350 N Ans.
Example 2. A block of mass m is placed on a smooth wedge of accelerated railroad car. Pendulum makes an angle q with the
inclination q . The whole system is accelerated horizontally so vertical. Find valeu of q.
that the block does not slip on the wedge. Determine the force In inertial frame: To an observer on the ground, the forces on the bob
exerted by the wedge on the block. of pendulum are;
238 MECHANICS
Sol.
Sol. (i)

Figure. 5.81
Figure. 5.79 If q1 is the required angle, then
(i) Weight of bob, mg acts vertically downward. T cos q1 = mg cos q … (i)
(ii) Tension in the string T. and mg sin q - T sin q1 = m × 0 … (ii)
Thus for the motion of bob relative to an observer on the ground, Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
q1 = q . Ans.
T sin q = ma, …(i)
(ii)
and T cos q = mg. …(ii)

Dividing equation (i) by (ii), we get

a
tan q = .
g

In non-inertial frame : To an observer inside the railroad car, the Figure. 5.82
forces on the bob are; If q2 is the required angle, then by Newton's second law

mg sin q - T sin q2 = m( g sin q)

which on solving gives, q2 = 0. Ans.
Example 5. A block of mass m is on a wedge of mass M. Wedge M
moves towards left with an acceleration a0. If all surfaces are smooth,
then find the acceleration of the block with respect to the wedge.

Figure. 5.80
(i) Weight of bob, mg acts vertically downward.
(ii) Tension in the string T and
(iii) Pseudo force ma opposite of the acceleration of car. Figure. 5.83
As bob is stationary relative to the observer inside car, so Sol. If a is the acceleration of the block down the plane with respect to

åF
the wedge, then acceleration of the block with respect to the ground will
x = 0 ;
be = ( acosq – a 0) towards right. Let N be the force of interaction
or T sin q – ma = 0 between block and the wedge.
For the motion of the wedge
\ T sin q = ma …(i) N sinq = Ma 0 ...(i)
For the motion of the block
and åF y = 0 N sinq = m(acosq–a0) ...(ii)
or T cos q – mg = 0
\ T cos q = mg. …(ii)
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get

a
tan q = .
g Figure. 5.84
Example 4. A simple pendulum is hanging from the ceiling of After solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
a trolley which is coming down on an inclined plane. Find angle
é ( M + m ) a0 ù
made by the string from the perpendicular of the trolley when a = ê ú. Ans.
(i) it moves with constant speed, ë m cos q û
(ii) when it moves with constant acceleration g sin q.
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 239
Example 6. A block is placed on an inclined plane moving
towards right with an acceleration a0 = g. The length of the inclined
plane is l0. All the surfaces are smooth. Find the time taken by the
block to reach from bottom to top of the inclined plane.
Sol. If m is the mass of the block, then preudo force on the block will
be ma0 towards left. Thus acceleration of the block up the plane w.r.t.
the plane

Figure. 5.87
Sol. Let acceleration of the 2 kg block is a towards right with respect to
Figure. 5.85 cart. The forces on the blocks in accelerated frame are shown in figure.
ma0 cos30° - mg sin 30° The forces mark by dotted arrows are pseudo forces.
a = For 2 kg block; T – 2 × 1 = 2a …(i)
m
For 1 kg block; 1g – T = 1a …(ii)
= a0 cos30° - g sin 30°
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get

=
g ( 3 -1 ). a =
8
m/s2 and T =
22
N.
2 3 3
If t is the time taken, then Acceleration of blocks w.r.t. ground;
1 2 8
l0 = at
2 Acceleration of 1 kg block = m/s2 along downward and 1 m/s2 along
3
2l 0 horizontal
2l 0
or t =
a
= g ( )
3 -1 / 2
Acceleration of 2 kg block; a =
8
+1=
11
m/s2. Ans.
3 3
4l 0 Example 9. A particle of mass m, originally at rest, is subjected
= . Ans.
g ( 3 -1 ) to a force whose direction is constant but whose magnitude varies
with the time according to the relation
Example 7. In the arrangement shown in figure 5.86, the block
é æ t -T ö 2ù
A is of mass m and block B is mass M. Block B is resting on a
F = F0 ê1 – çè ÷ ú
smooth horizontal surface, while friction coefficient between blocks ëê T ø ûú
A and B is m. What maximum force F can be applied so that block
A does not slip over the block B. where F0 and T are constants. The force acts only for the time
interval 2T.
(a) Make a rough graph of F versus t.
(b) Prove that the speed v of the particle after a time 2T has
4F0T
elapsed is equal to .
3m
Sol. Given that
Figure. 5.86
é æt -Tö ù
2
Sol. The maximum friction that can available for block A = mmg. If a is (a) F = F0 ê1 - çè T ÷ø ú
the maximum acceleration that this friction provides to block A, then by êë úû
Newton¢s second law
mmg = ma é æ 0 - T ö2ù
At, t = 0, F = F0 ê1 - ç ÷ ú=0
\ a = mg. êë è T ø úû
For both the blocks move together with acceleration a,
é T -T ö ù
2
F = ( M + m) a t = T, F = F0 ê1 - æç ú = F0
÷
= (M + m) mg. Ans. êë è T ø úû
Example 8. A cart carries two blocks of masses 2 kg and 1 kg
which are connected by a string passing over a pulley, as shown in é æ 2T - T ö 2 ù
figure 5.87. The cart is moving towards right with an acceleration t = 2T, F = F0 ê1 - çè T ÷ø ú = 0
êë úû
of 1 m/s2. Find the acceleration of blocks with respect to ground
and tension in the string. (Take g = 10 m/s2) The graph of F versus t is shown in fig. 5.88.
240 MECHANICS

mg æ dv ö
or cos as = m ç v ÷
3 è ds ø

g
or vdv = 3 cos(as ) ds …(i)

Integrating equation (i), we get

v s
g
Figure. 5.88 ò
0
vdv =
3 ò
cos( as) ds
0
(b) We have acceleration of the particle

F F0 é æ t - T ö ù
2
v
a = m = ê1 - ç ÷ ú v2 g s
m êë è T ø ûú or = sin as 0
2 3a
0

F0 é æ t - T ö
2ù
dv æ v2 ö
or = m ê1 - çè T ÷ø ú g
dt êë úû or ç - 0÷ = ( sin as - sin 0 )
è 2 ø 3a
2T
F0 é æ t -T ö2ù
or v = ò m
ê1 - ç ÷ ú dt
êë è T ø úû v
é 2g ù
= ê sin as ú
1/ 2

0 ë 3a û
2T
é æt -T ö ù
3
é 2g ù
1/ 2
ê çè ÷ø T ú = ê sin a ú . Ans.
F
= 0 êt - T ú ë 3a û
m êë 3 úû 0
Example 11. Figure 5.90 shows a man of mass 60 kg standing
on a lift weighing machine kept in a box of mass 30 kg. The box is
éì æ 2T - T ö üï ìï
3
æ 0 - T ö üï ù
3 hanging from a pulley fixed to the ceiling through a light rope, the
êï ç ÷ T ç ÷ T ú other end of which is held by the man himself. If the man manages
= F0 ê í2T - è T ø ý - í0 - è T ø ý ú
ï ï ï ïú to keep the box at rest, what is the weight shown by the machine ?
m êë î 3 þ î 3 þû
What force should he exert on the rope to get his correct weight on
the machine?
4 F0T
= . Proved
3m
Example 10. A bar of mass m resting on a smooth horizontal
plane starts moving due to the force F = mg/3 of constant magnitude.
In the process of its rectilinear motion the angle a between the
direction of this force and the horizontal varies as a = as, where a
is a constant, and s is the distance traversed by the bar from its
initial position. Find the velocity of the bar as a function of the
angle a.
Sol. Let at any distance s, the a is the inclination of force. From
Newton’s second law, we have

Figure. 5.90
Sol. The FBD is drawn in figure (b). From the FBD :
For man, N + T = 60 g …(i)
For box, T = N + 30 g …(ii)
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
N = 15 g = 150 N
Thus, weight of man as shown by machine is 15 kg. Ans.
To get his correct weight let the man exerts force T ¢ on the rope. He
together with the box move up with an acceleration a. Here we have N =
60g = 600 N.
Figure. 5.89 For man, (N + T ¢) – 60 g = 60 a
or 600 + T ¢ – 60 × 10 = 60 a … (iii)
dv
F cos a = m dt and for box T ¢ – (N + 30g) = 30 a
or T ¢ – (600 + 30 × 10) = 30 a … (iv)
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 241
Solving equations (iii) and (iv), we get Sol. The velocity of the point B in horizontal direction is v.
a = 3 m/s2 The centre of the cylinder is half way between A and B, so its
and T ¢ = 1800 N. Ans. velocity will be
v
Example 12. A light vertical chain is being used to haul up an u = N
2
object of mass M kg attached to its lower end. The vertical pull The velocity perpendicular to line AO, u O
applied has a magnitude of F newton at t = 0 and it decreases q q
v B A
uniformly at a rate of f newton per meter over a distance h through u 'cos q = u = v u¢
2
the object is raised. Show that the velocity of the object after it has mg
v
been raised through a small h metre is given by, \ u¢ = ;
2cos q
2h fh
v= ( F - Mg - ) . 2 r/2 1
M 2 cosq = =
r 2
Sol. Let object be raised through a distance y in time t.
mu '2
Now mg cos q - N =
r
mu '2
\ N = mg cos q -
r
2
æv ö
m ç cos q÷
è2 ø
= mg cos q -
r
mg mv 2
= - Ans.
2 2r
Figure. 5.91 Example 14. A pulley fixed to the ceiling of an elevator car
The instantaneous pull on the object will be (F – f y). By Newton’s carries a thread whose ends are attached to the loads m1 and m2 (m1
second law, we have > m2). The car starts going up with an acceleration a. Assuming the
(F – f y) – Mg = Ma masses of the pulley and the thread, as well as the friction, to be
negligible find :
dv ( F - fy - Mg )
or a = = (a) the acceleration of m 1 relative to the elevator shaft and
dt M relative to car
dv (b) the force exerted by the pulley on the ceiling of the car.
( F - fy - Mg )
or v = … (i) Sol.
dy M
Integrating equation (i), we have (a) Suppose the acceleration of load m 1 with respect to car is a
downward, then acceleration of m2 will be a upward.
v h If their accelerations are a1 and a2 respectively w.r.t. an observer
( F - fy - Mg )
ò0
vdv =
ò
0
M
dy on the ground, then
a1 = (a – a0) downward
After solving, we get

2h fh
v = ( F - Mg - ) . Ans.
M 2
Example 13. A cylinder of mass m and radius r rests on two supports
of the same height (see figure). One support is stationary, while the
other slides from under the cylinder at a velocity v. Determine the force
of normal pressure N exerted by the cylinder on the stationary support
at the moment when the distance between the points A and B of the
supports is AB = r 2 , assuming that the supports were very close to
each other at the initial instant. The friction between the cylinder and the
supports should be neglected.

Figure. 5.92
and a2 = (a + a0) upward
By Newton’s second law, we have
m1g – T = m1(a – a0) …(i)

and T – m2g = m2(a + a0) …(ii)

242 MECHANICS
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get g
\ a = m/s2
(m - m2 )( g + a0 ) 2m1m2 29
a= 1 ; T = m + m ( g + a0 )
(m1 + m2 ) 1 2 Acceleration of the rod relative to ball = 2a – (–a)
= 3a
Displacement,l = 100 cm = 1m.
By second equation of motion, we have
1 2
l = ut + (3a )t
2
1 g
or 1 = 0+ 3´ ´ t2
2 29
\ t = 1.40 s . Ans.
Example 16. In the arrangement shown in figure 5.95 the mass
of the rod M exceeds the mass of the ball. The ball has an opening
permitting it to slide along the thread with some friction. The
mass of the pulley and the friction in its axle are negligible. At the
initial moment the ball was located opposite to lower end of the
rod. When set free both bodies began moving with constant
Figure. 5.93 acceleration. Find the frictional force between the ball and the
( m1 - m2 ) g - 2 m2 a0 thread if t seconds after the beginning of the motion the ball got
\ a = a - a0 = . Ans. opposite the upper end of the rod. The rod length equals l.
( m1 + m2 )
(b) The force exerted by pulley on ceiling of car
F=2T
4 m1m2
= ( g + a0 ) . Ans.
m1 + m2
Example [Link] the arrangement shown in figure 5.94 the mass
of the ball 1 is h = 1.8 times as great as that of rod 2. The length of
the later is l = 100 cm. The masses of the pulleys and the threads,
as well as the friction are negligible. The ball is set on the same
level as the lower end of the rod and then released. How soon will
the ball be opposite to the other end of the rod.

Figure. 5.95
Sol. The situation is shown in figure.
Let T is the force in the thread due to friction between ball and thread.
Suppose A and a are the accelerations of rod and the ball respectively.
By Newton’s second law, we have
for rod, Mg – T = MA … (i)
for ball mg – T = ma … (ii)
Multiplying equation (i) by m and (ii) by M and subtracting equation (ii)
from (i), we get

æ Mm ö
T = çè ÷ ( A - a) . … (iii)
M - mø
Figure. 5.94
From second equation of motion, we have
Sol. Let the acceleration of the mass m 1 is a upward, then the
acceleration of m2 will be 2a downward. From FBD, we have 1
l = 0+ ( A - a )t 2
T – m1g = m1a … (i) 2
m2g– T ¢ = m2(2a) … (ii)
and T = 2T ¢ … (iii) 2l
or ( A - a) = . …(iv)
Solving above equations, we get t2
é 2m2 - m1 ù Now from equation (iii) and (iv), we get
a = ê m + 4m ú g
ë 1 2û 2 Mml
T = . Ans.
Given m 1 = 1.8 m2 ( M - m )t 2
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 243
Example [Link] the arrangement shown in figgure 5.96 neglect Sol. Constraint relations;
the masses of pulleys and string and also friction. Calculate Let y1, y2 and y3 are the positions of pulleys A, B and C respectively at
accelerations of blocks A and B. any instant with respect to a dotted line shown in figure. The total length
of the string
2y1 + y2 + (y2 – y1) + y3 + (y3 – y2) + l0 = l
or y1 + y2 + 2y3 + l0 = l …(i)
where l0 is the length of part of string over the pulleys, which is constant.
Differentiating equation (i) w.r.t. time, we get
dy1 dy2 dy
+ +2 3 = 0
dt dt dt
or v1 + v2 + 2v3 = 0 … (ii)
Also a1 + a2 + 2a3 = 0
Let a1 = a upward and a2 = a upward, then

æ a1 + a2 ö
a3 = çè ÷ = a downward.
2 ø
Since string is same throughout and uniform, the tension in it will be
same every where . Thus
for pulley A;
Figure. 5.96 2T – (T + 1g) = 1a … (i)
Sol. Since string is same throughout, so the tension in it will be same For pulley B;
2T – (T + 1g) = 1a … (ii)
everywhere. Let a 1 and a 2 are the accelerations of blocks A and B
For pulley C;
respectively and T is the tension in the string.
1g – 2T = 1a … (iii)
From FBD
Solving above equations, we get
By Newton’s second law, we have
for block A, m1g – T = m 1a 1 … (i) g, - g , a = g and T = 2 g = 6.53N . Ans.
for block B, 2T – m2g = m2a2 … (ii) a1 = - a2 = 3
3 3 3 3
and for pulley inside dotted box
2T – T = 0 Example [Link] pulleys A and C are fixed while the pulley B
Þ T = 0 is movable. A mass M2 attached to pulley B, while the strings has
\ From equations (i) and (ii), we get masses M1 and M3 at the two ends. Find the acceleration of the
a1 = g and a2 = g. Ans. each mass.
Example 18. In the pulley system shown in figure the movable
pulleys A, B and C are of 1 kg each. D and E are fixed pulleys. The
strings are light and inextensible. Find the accelerations of the
pulleys and tension in the string.

Figure. 5.99 Fig. 5.100

Sol. Constraint relations :
Let at any instant the position of the masses are as shown in fig. 5.63.
The total length of the string
y1 + 2y2 + y3 + l0 = l … (i)
Differentiating w.r.t. time, we get
dy1 dy dy
+2 2 + 3 = 0
Figure. 5.97 dt dt dt
Fig. 5.98 or v1 + 2v2 + v3 = 0. … (ii)
Also a1+ 2a2 + a3 = 0. … (iii)
244 MECHANICS
Suppose a1 is upward and a3 is upward, then Example 21. Find the acceleration of rod A and wedge B in the
æ a1 + a3 ö arrangement shown in figure 5.102. If the ratio of the mass of
a2 = çè ÷ downward. wedge to that of the rod equals h, and the friction between the
2 ø
contact surfaces are negligible.
By Newton’s second law, we have
for block M1 :
T – M1g = M1a1 … (i)
for block M3;
T – M3g = M 3a 3 … (ii)
for block M2;
M2g – 2T = m 2a 2 … (iii)
Solving above equations we get
é - M1M 2 + 3M 2 M 3 - 4 M1M 3 ù
a1 = ê úg ,
ë M1M 2 + M 2 M 3 + 4M1M 3 û

é M M + M 2 M 3 - 4 M1M 3 ù
a2 = ê 1 2 úg,
ë M1M 2 + M 2 M 3 + 4 M1M 3 û Figure. 5.102
Sol. Let in any time the rod displaces down by y, the corresponding
é 3M1M 2 - M 2 M 3 - 4M1M 3 ù horizontal displacement of wedge will be x. From the figure, we have
and a3 = ê M M + M M - 4M M ú g . Ans. y = x tan q. … (i)
ë 1 2 2 3 1 3 û
Differentiating both sides of equation (i), we get
Example 20. Block A of mass m is placed over a wedge of same
mass m. Assuming all surfaces to be smooth, calculate the dy dx
= tan q .
displacement of the block A in 1s. dt dt
or vrod = vwedge tan q …(ii)
Also arod = awedgetan q. … (iii)
Let mass of the rod is m, then mass of wedge, M = hm.
By Newton’s second law :
For vertical motion of rod;
mg – N cosq = marod … (iv)
For horizontal motion of wedge;
N sin q = Ma wedge

æ arod ö
= M çè ÷ … (v)
Figure. 5.101 tan q ø
Sol. Let acceleration of wedge be a down the plane. The acceleration of Solving equations (iv) and (v), we get
block A will be a sinq vertically downward g
For block A; mg – N = m(a sinq) … (i)
arod = 1 + cot 2 q ù
é M
For block B; (N + mg) sin q = ma … (ii) êë m úû
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
g
é 2 g sin q ù
a =ê ú. = é1 + hcot 2 qù
ë1 + sin 2 q û ë û
The acceleration of block A,
aA = a sinq
arod g
and awedge = =
tan q [tan q + hcot q]
é 2 g sin q ù é 2 g sin 2 q ù
q = ê Example 22. A smooth semicircular wire of radius R is fixed in
2 ú
=ê ú sin
ë1 + sin 2 q û ëê1 + sin q ûú a vertical plane as shown in the figure 5.103. One end of a massless
Displacement of the block A in 1 s is 3R
spring of natural length is attached to the lower point O of the
1 2 4
s = 0 + a At
2 wire track. A small ring of mass m which can slide on the track, is
attached to the lower end of the spring. The ring held stationary at
1 é 2 g sin 2 q ù point P such that the spring makes an angle 60° with the vertical.
= 2´ê 2 ú
´ (1) 2
ëê1 + sin q ûú mg
The spring constant k = . Consider the instant when the spring
R
é g sin 2 q ù
is released,
= ê 2 ú Ans.
êë1 + sin q úû
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 245
(i) draw free body diagram of the ring Sol. For the equilibrium of system of loads,
(ii) determine the tangential acceleration of the ring and the
normal reaction. (m1 + m2 ) > (m3 + m4 ) .
The force in the left spring, T1 = m2g.
Let T2 is the force in the right spring then for the equilibrium of load
m3,we have
m3g + T2 – T0= 0. …(i)
For m1 ; m1g + T1 = T0
as T1 = m 2 g
\ m1g + m2g = T0
Substituting this value in equation (i), we get
Figure. 5.103 m3g + T2 – (m1g + m2g) = 0
Sol. In the figure ÐCPO = 60° = ÐOPC , \ OP = R or T 2 = (m1 + m2 – m3)g …(ii)
3R R After cutting the lower thread, the equations of motion for the loads are;
The extension of spring = R– = .
4 4 m1g + T1 – T0 = m 1a 1 … (iii)
mg R mg m2g – T1 = m2a2 … (iv)
\ F = kx = ´ =
R 4 4 T2 + m3g – T0 = m 3a 3 … (v)
(i) Resolving the forces along the radius of semicircle, we have and T2 – m4g = m4a4 … (vi)
N + F cos 60° = mg cos 60° Solving above equations, we get
mg a1 = a2 = a3 = 0
or N + cos 60° = mg cos 60°
4 ( m3 + m4 - m1 - m2 ) g
and a4 = . Ans.
3 m4
\ N = mg N. Ans.
8
Example 24. A 40 kg slab rests on frictionless floor. A 10 kg
(ii) The tangential force
block rests on the top of the slab (see figure 5.105). The static
Ft = mg cos 30° + F sin 30°
coefficient of friction between the block and the slab is 0.60 while
mg the kinetic friction is 0.40. The 10 kg block is acted upon by a
= mg cos30° + sin 30°
4 horizontal forceF. What is the resultant acceleration of the slab
and the block if
(4 3 + 1) mg
= (i) F = 40 N (ii) F = 100 N ?
8

Ft (4 3 + 1) g
Thus tangential acceleration at = = m/s 2 .Ans.
m 8
Example 23. For the system at rest shown in figure 5.104,
determine the accelerations of all the loads immediately after the
Figure. 5.105
lower thread keeping the system in equilibrium has been cut.
Assume that the threads are weightless, the mass of the pulley is Sol. (i) The limiting friction between block and slab
negligible small, and there is no friction at the point of suspension.

Figure. 5.106
flim = ms N = 0.60 × 10 g = 58.8 N
As applied force (40 N) is less than the limiting friction between
the block and slab, so block will not slide over the slab. They will
move together as one unit of mass 40 + 10 = 50 kg by a net force
of 40 N over the frictionless floor.

40
\ ablock = = 0.8 m/s2 = aslab. Ans.
40 + 10
(ii) When 100 N force is applied on the block, the block will slide over
the slab (as limiting friction is 58.8 N). As motion starts, the
(a) (b)
Figure. 5.104 kinetic friction starts acting. The kinetic friction between the block
and the slab
246 MECHANICS

10 5
a= = m / s2 . Ans.
2+3+7 6

Figure. 5.107
fk = m k N = 0.40 × 10 g = 39.2 N.
Thus the acceleration of block
Figure. 5.110
Fnet 100 - 39.2 Now find pseudo force on 2 kg block because of acceleration of 3
ablock = = = 6.08 m/s2 kg block
M block 10
5 5
Fpseudo = 2 × = N
Fnet fk 39.2 6 3
and aslab = = = = 0.98 m/s2. Ans.
M slab M slab 40 As the Fpseudo is smaller than the friction between 2 kg and 3 kg
(that can be 4 N), so 2 kg will move together with other blocks.
Example 25. Find the acceleration a1, a2, a3 of the three blocks (c) When force of 10 N is applied on 7 kg block. Supposing 3 kg and
shown in figure 5.108, if a horizontal force of 10 N is applied on 2 kg blocks move together with 7 kg block. The acceleration of
(a) 2 kg block (b) 3 kg block (c) 7 kg blockTake g = 10 m/s2 10 5
whole system , a = = m/s 2 .
2 + 3+ 7 6

Figure. 5.108 Figure. 5.111

Sol. (a) When force of 10 N is applied on 2 kg block. The limiting 2´5 5
The pseudo force on 2 kg block = = N which is less than
frictional force between 2 kg and 3 kg blocks 6 3
f1 = 0.2 × 2g = 0.2 × 2 × 10 = 4 N. the frictional force between 2 kg and 3 kg block, so they move
together.
Now check whether 2 kg and 3 kg move together over 7 kg block.
5 25
The pseudo force on (2 + 3) kg is = 5 × = N, which is also
6 6
less than frictional force between 3 kg and 7 kg blocks, so all the
5
blocks move together with a common acceleration of m/s2.
6
10 5
Therefore a = a1 = a2 = a3 = = m/s2. Ans.
Figure. 5.109 2+3+7 6
The limiting frictional force between 3 kg and 7 kg blocks that can Example [Link] friction coefficient between the board and the
be
floor shown in figure 5.112 is μ . Find the maximum force that the
f2 = 0.3 × 5 g = 0.3 × 5 × 10 = 15 N
man can exert on the rope so that the board does not slip on the
As applied force 10 N is greater than f1 but less than f2, so 2 kg
floor.
block will slide over 3 kg but 3 kg will move together with 7 kg.
Thus we have;
10 - 4
a1 = = 3 m/s2
2

4
and a2 = a3 = = 0.4 m/s2. Ans.
3+ 7
(b) When force of 10 N is applied on 3 kg block : As the applied force
is less than the friction between 3 kg and 7 kg blocks (that can be
15 N) so the blocks will move together as one unit with an
acceleration Figure. 5.112
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 247
Sol. Let T is the force exerted by the man on the rope. Example 28. Figure 5.114 shows a small block of mass m kept
at the left end of a larger block of mass M and length l . The
Along vertical direction, åF v =0;
system can slide on a horizontal road. The system is started towards
or N + T = (M + m) g or N = (M + m) g – T right with an initial velocity v. The friction coefficient between the
The board will not slip over the floor, if
m
T £ f. road and the bigger block is m and that between the blocks is .
2
For maximum value of T, we have
Find the time elapsed before the smaller block separates from the
T=f = mN
bigger block.
= m [(M + m)g – T]
= m (M + m) g – m T

é m( M + m) g ù
or T= ê ú. Ans.
ë 1+ m û
Example 27. Find the acceleration of the block of mass M in
the situation of figure 5.113 shown. The coefficient of friction
between two blocks is m1 and that between the bigger block and

the ground is m 2 . Figure. 5.114

Sol. Suppose the acceleration of the lower block is a0 towards left
(– a0 toward right). The block m experiences a pseudo force of magnitude
ma0 relative to the block M. Let acceleration of the block m is 'a' relative
to M. The situation is shown in figure.
For the block m;
N 1 = mg …(i)
mmg
and ma0 – = ma …(ii)
2
For block M;
N 2 = Mg + N1
Figure. 5.113 = Mg + mg = (M + m) g
Sol. Suppose block M moves towards right with an acceleration a. The mmg
and m N2 – = Ma0 …(iii)
acceleration of block m in downward direction will be 2a in addition to 2
its acceleration a towards right together with block M. See the FBD. mmg
or m (M + m) g – = Ma 0
For the motion of block m; 2
Along horizontal direction m (2M + m) g
N1 = ma. Þ a0 =
2M
Along vertical direction Substituting the value of a0 in equation (ii), we get
mg – ( m1 N1 + T) = m (2a). …(i) m ( M + m) g
a = .
After substituting value of N1 in equation (i), we have 2M
Now using second equation of motion for the motion of m w.r.t. M, we
Mg – ( m1 ma + T) = m (2a). …(ii)
have
For the block M; 1
Along vertical direction l = 0 + at2
2
åF V = 0;
Þ t =
2l
a
or N 2 = T + m1 N1 + Mg. …(iii)
2l
Along horizontal direction =
æ m ( M + m) g ö
çè ÷ø
2T – (N1 + m 2 N2) = Ma. …(iv) 2M
From equation (i) and (iii), we have 4M l
= . Ans.
2T – [N1 + m 2 (T + m1 N1 + Mg)] = Ma ( M + m)mg
Example 29. A flat car of mass m0 starts moving to the right due
or 2T – [ma + m 2 T + m1 m 2 (ma) + m 2 Mg] = Ma …(v)
to a constant force F shown in figure 5.115. Sand spills on the
Now solving equations (ii) and (iv), we get flatcar from a stationary hopper. The velocity of loading is constant
2 m - m 2 ( M + m) g and equal to m kg/s. Find the time dependence of the velocity and
a= . Ans. the acceleration of the flatcar in the process of loading. The friction
M + m[5 + 2(m1 - m 2 )]
is negligibly small.
248 MECHANICS
Sol. Method I (i) weight of the fallen portion of the chain let F1
From newton’s second law of motion (ii) thrust of the falling part of chain let F2.
Now consider an element of chain of length dy at a height y
from the floor. It will strike the floor with a velocity v = 2gy .
Thus we have,
F 1 = lyg .
Here l is the mass per unit length of chain
dm
and F 2 = vrel
dt
we have vrel = v and dm = ldx
Figure. 5.115
ldx
d (mv) \ F2 = v = v l (v) = l v2
= F dt
dt
The force exerted by chain on the floor,
or m dv + v dm = F dt. ....(i)
F = F1 + F2
Here, m = m0 + m t and dm = m dt
Substituting these values in equation (i) and simplifying, we have 2
= l yg + l v2 = l yg + l ( 2 gy )
dv dt
= . = lyg + 2lg = 3lyg
F - mv m0 + mt
Integrating above equation, we get When upper end is about to hit the floor, y = l
Ft \ F = 3llg = 3 mg. Ans.
v = +C
( m0 + mt ) Example 31. The ladder shown in figure 5.117 has negligible
A t t = 0, v = 0; \ C = 0. mass and rests on a frictionless floor. The crossbar connects the
Ft two legs of the ladder at the middle. The angle between the two
Therefore v = m + mt legs is 60°. The fat person sitting on the ladder has a mass of 80 kg.
0
Fm0 Find the contact force exerted by the floor on each leg and the
dv
and = . Ans. tension in the crossbar.
dt ( m0 + mt )2
ur dm dv
Method II : We have, F external + vr =m .
dt dt
dm
Here, = m ; vr = 0 – v = – v
dt
dv
Above equation becomes F – v m = (m0 + m t) .
dt
dv dt
or =
F - mv m0 + mt
Integrating above equation, we get
Ft
v = . Ans.
m0 + mt
Fig. 5.117
Example 30. A chain of mass M and length l is held vertical,
such that its lower end just touches the floor. It is released from Sol. Let tension in cross bar is T and normal reaction of floor on each
rest. Find the force exerted by the chain on the table when upper bar is N. Consider the vertical equilibrium of whole system, we have
end is about to hit the floor.
Sol. Force F exerted by the chain consists of two components : åF V =0 or 2N – 80 g = 0
\ N = 40g
= 40 × 9.8 = 392 N
Equilibrium of left bar gives, N – Fv = 0
\ Fv = N = 392 N .
Now for rotational equilibrium of the left bar (or right bar)

å t = 0 ; Taking moment of all forces acting on its about its upper end,
we have
T × 1– N × 2 tan 30° = 0
2N 2 ´ 392
\ T= = = 450 N . Ans.
Figure. 5.116 3 3
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 249

Mechanics MCQ Type 1 Exercise 5.1

Level - 1 (Only one option correct)
Laws of Motion, Spring, Constraint Relations πF02 πT 2
(a) u= (b) u =
1. Three forces act on a particle that moves with unchanging 2m 8m

( )
velocity v = 3ˆi − 4ˆj m/s. Two of the forces are (c) u=
πF0T
(d) u =
F0T
  4m 2m
( ) ( )
F1 = 3ˆi + 2ˆj − 4kˆ N a n d F2 = −5ˆi + 8ˆj − 3kˆ N. T h e
6. A force represented as show in figure acts on a body having
third force is :
a mass of 16 kg. The velocity of the body at t = 10 s, if the
(
(a) −2ˆi + 10ˆj − 7kˆ N ) (b) ( 2ˆi − 10ˆj + 7kˆ ) N body starts from rest :

(c) ( 7ˆi − 2k + 10ˆj) N (d) none of these (a) 100 m/s

(b) 50 m/s
2. There are two forces on the 2.0 kg box in the overhead view (c) 49 m/s
of figure but only one is shown. The figure also shows the (d) 39 m/s
acceleration of the box. The second force is nearly : 7. A particle moves in xy - plane under the influence of a force such

that its linear momentum is P ( t ) = A i cos ( kt ) − ˆj sin ( kt )  ,
 
where A and k are constants. The angle between the force
and the momentum is
(a) 0° (b) 30°
−20ˆi + 20ˆj N (c) 45° (d) 90°
(a) −20ˆj N (b)
(c) −32ˆi − 21ˆj N (d) −21ˆi − 16ˆj N 8. A 10 kg monkey climbs up a massless rope that runs over
a frictionless tree limb and back down to a 15 kg package
3. The tension in the spring is : [AMU [Link]. 2005] on the ground. The magnitude of the least acceleration the
5N 5N monkey must have if it is to lift the package off the ground
(a) zero (b) 2.5 N is :
(c) 5 N (d) 10 N (a) 4.9 m/s2
4. In the figure given, the position–time graph of a particle of
(b) 5.5 m/s2
mass 0.1 kg shown. The impulse at t = 2 s is:
(c) 9.8 m/s2
(d) none of these
9. A block of mass 10 kg is placed on smooth horizontal
surface. A variable force; F = 2t, where t is time in second,
is acting on the block at an angle 30° from the horizontal.
(a) 0.2 kg m/ s (b) – 2.0 kg m/s The time when block will leave the contact from the surface
(c) –0.1 kg m/s (d) – 0.4 kg m/s is (g = 10 m/s2)
5. A particle of mass m, initially at rest, is acted upon by a (a) 10 s (b) 20 s
variable force F for a brief interval of time T. It begins to (c) 50 s (d) 100 s
move with a velocity u after the force stops acting. F is 10. Find the tension in the string which connected the blocks
shown in the graph as a function of time. The curve is a as shown in the following figure:
semicircle. Then;

(a) 2 N (b) 3 N
(c) 5 N (d) 10 N

Answer 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (c) 4 (c) 5 (c)

Key 6 (d) 7 (d) 8 (a) 9 (d) 10 (a)
250 Mechanics
11. A load of mass M = 100 kg is supported is a vertical plane tension in one cord are given. The pulling force F is :
by a string and pulleys. If the free end A of the string is [AMU [Link]. 2009]
pulled vertically downward with an acceleration a = 2 m /s2 ,
the tension in string is:
(a) 500 N
(a) 50 N (b) 100 N
(b) 550 N (c) 125 N (d) 200 N
(c) 600 N 16. Two masses , M and m are connected together by a pulley
(d) 1000 N two strings and a stretched spring of force constant k as
shown. Assume that string, pulley and spring all are massless
12. A block of mass M = 8 kg is connected to an empty bucket
and surface below m is smooth. The amount by which the
of mass 1 kg by a massless cord running over an ideal pulley.
spring is stretched :
The coefficients of static and kinetic friction between table k
top and block are 0.5 and 0.4 respectively. Sand is gradually m

added to the bucket until the block just being to slide. The
mass of sand added is: (g = 10 m/s2)
8 kg M

mMg 2mMg
(a) (b)
k (m + M ) k (m + M )
Mg (m + M ) g
(c) (d)
k 2k
(a) 5 kg (b) 6 kg
17. An 80 kg person is parachuting and experiencing a
(c) 7 kg (d) 10 kg
downward acceleration of 2.5 m/s2. The mass of the
13. A string of negligible mass going over a clamped pulley of parachute is 5.0 kg. The upward force on the open parachute
mass m supports a block of mass M as shown in the figure. from the air is :
The force on the pulley by the clamp is given by:
(a) 620 N (b) 740 N
(c) 800 N (d) 920 N
18. A block of mass M is pulled along a horizontal smooth
surface by a rope of mass m. Force P is applied at one end
of the rope. The force which the rope exert on the block is:
P PM
(a) (b)
(a) 2 Mg (b) 2 mg ( M − m) ( M + m)
Pm m
(c)  ( M + m)2 + m 2  g (d)  ( M + m)2 + M 2  g (c) (d) P
    ( M + m) M
   
14. Three blocks of masses 4 kg, 6 kg and 8 kg are hanging over 19. Two blocks, each having a mass M, rest on frictionless
a fixed pulley as shown. The tension in the string connecting surface as shown in the figure. If the pulleys are light and
4 kg and 6 kg block is : (g = 10 m/s2) frictionless, and M on the incline is allowed to move down,
(a) 4 N then the tension in the string will be:
(b) 6 N
320
(c) N
9 8kg 6kg
40 3
(d) N (a) 2.3 Mg sin θ (b) Mg sin θ
9 4kg 2
15. Figure shows four blocks that are being pulled along a Mg
(c) sin θ (d) 2 Mg sin θ
smooth horizontal surface. The masses of the blocks and 2

Answer 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14 (c) 15 (d)

Key 16 (a) 17 (a) 18 (b) 19 (c)
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 251
20. With what minimum acceleration can a fireman slide down f f
a rope whose breaking strength is 3/4th of his weight:
(c) (d)
g
(a) m/s2 (b) g m/s2 t t
4 25. A block of mass 2 kg is given a push for a moment
3 horizontally and then the block starts sliding over a figure
(c) g m/s2 (d) zero
4 horizontal plane. The figure shows the velocity-time graph
21. In the arrangement shown, the pulleys are fixed and ideal, of the motion. The coefficient of sliding friction between
the strings are light. m1 > m2 and S is a spring balance which
the plane and the block is :
is itself massless. The reading of S (in unit of mass) is : v (m/s)
(g = 10 m/s2) 8
S

O t (s)
4
m2 m1
10 kg 20 kg (a) 0.10 (b) 0.20
(a) 100 N (b) 200 N (c) 0.30 (d) 0.40

200 400 26. A 20 kg body is pushed with just enough force to start it
(c) N (d) N
3 3 moving across a floor and the same force continues to act
22. An elevator of mass M is accelerated upwards by applying afterwards. The coefficient of static and kinetic friction are
a force F. A mass m is initially situated at a height of 1 m 0.6 and 0.2 respectively. The acceleration of the body is :
above the floor of the elevator is falling freely. It will hit (g = 10 m/s2)
the floor of the elevator after a time equal to [NTSE -2012] (a) 1 m/s2 (b) 2 m/s2
2M 2M (c) 3 m/s2 (d) 4 m/s2
(a) (b)
F + mg F − mg
27. A block of mass 10 kg is tied with the help of string rests on
2M 2M an rough inclined plane (µ = 0.5) as shown. The frictional
(c) (d)
F F + Mg force on the block is: (g = 10 m/s2)
23. Two weights are suspended from a string thrown over a light
frictionless pulley. The mass of one weight is 2 kg. If a heavy kg
10
weight is attached to its other end, the tension in the string is 0.5
µ=
(g = 10 m/s2) 30°

(a) zero (b) 20 N

(a) 50 N (b) 25 3N
(c) 40 N (d) 50 N
(c) 100 N (d) zero
Friction
28. A 2.5 kg block is initially at rest on a horizontal surface. A
24. A force F = kt is applied to a block A as shown in figure,
6.0 N horizontal force and a vertical force are applied
where t is time in second. The force is applied at t = 0,
when the system was at rest. Which of the following graphs to the block as shown in figure. The coefficient of static
correctly gives the frictional force on block A as a function friction for the block and surface is 0.4. The magnitude of
of time? friction force when P = 9N : (g = 10 m/s2)
F = kt
A

µs > µ k
f f
(a) 6.0 N (b) 6.4 N
(a) (b)
(c) 9.0 N (d) zero.
t t

Answer 20 (a) 21 (d) 22 (c) 23 (c) 24 (c)

Key 25 (b) 26 (d) 27 (d) 28 (a)
252 Mechanics
29. Minimum force required to pull the lower block is 35. A block of mass 5 kg is over 10 kg block. The coefficient
(take g = 10 m /s2 ): of friction between the blocks is µs= 0.5. They are moving
on a smooth horizontal surface by a 60 N force acting
on lower block. The frictional force on 5 kg block is :
(g = 10 m/s2)
(a) ˆ
–15iN (b) 20iˆ N
(a) 1 N (b) 5 N
(c) −25i N (d) 25i N
(c) 7 N (d) 10 N
36. A block A of mass M1 is connected to another block of mass
30. A 5 kg block is pushed along a horizontal floor by a force M2 by a massless string through a spring of force constant k
20 N that makes an angle 30° with the horizontal (as shown as shown in figure. The coefficient of friction between the
in figure). The coefficient of kinetic friction between block A and the table is µ. The pulley is frictionless. When
the block and floor is 0.25. The acceleration of block is: the block B is moving downward, the tension in the string
(g = 10 m/s2) is independent of:

(a) 1 m/s2 (b) 0.56 m/s2

(c) 0.46 m/s2 (d) none
31. On the horizontal surface of a truck (µ = 0.6), a block of (a) M1 (b) M2
mass 1 kg is placed. If the truck is accelerating at the rate (c) k (d) µ
of 5 m/s2, then frictional force on the block will be:
37. A block of mass m = 2 kg is resting on a rough inclined
(a) 5 N (b) 6 N plane of inclination 30° as shown in figure. The coefficient
(c) 5.88 N (d) 8 N of friction between the block and the plane is µ = 0.5.
32. A vehicle of mass m is moving on a rough horizontal road F
with momentum P. If the coefficient of friction between the
tyres and the road be µ, then the stopping distance is:
P P2
(a) (b) 30°
2µ mg 2µ mg
What minimum force F should be applied perpendicular to
2 the plane on the block, so that block does not slip on the
P P
(c) (d) plane (g = 10 m/s2)?
2µ m g 2 2µ m 2 g
(a) zero (b) 6.24 N
33. A block rests on a rough inclined plane making an angle
(c) 2.68 N (d) 4.34 N
of 30° with the horizontal. The coefficient of static friction
between the block and the plane is 0.8. If the frictional 38. A 40 kg slab rests on a frictionless floor A 10 kg block rests
force on the block is 10 N, the mass of the block (in kg) is on top of the slab (as shown in figure). The coefficient of
static friction µs between the block and slab is 0.6, where
(take g = 10 m/s2):
as their kinetic friction coefficient is 0.4. The 10 kg block
(a) 2.0 (b) 4.0
is pulled by a horizontal force of (100 N) iˆ . The resulting
(c) 1.6 (d) 2.5 accelerations of block and slab will be :
34. A block of mass 5 kg is placed on another block of mass 10 100 N
10 kg
kg. A force of 60 N is acting on the 5 kg block in horizontal
direction, if both the blocks move together, then frictional 40 kg
force on 5 kg block is (g = 10 m/s2) Smooth

(a) −10iˆ N (b) 20i N (a) (2.0 m/s 2 )iˆ , 0 (b) (2.0 m/s 2 )iˆ, (–2.0 m/s 2 )iˆ

(c) −40i N (d) 60i N (c) (6.0 m/s 2 )iˆ, (1.0 m/s 2 )iˆ (d) (4.0 m/s 2 )iˆ, 0

Answer 29 (c) 30 (c) 31 (a) 32 (d) 33 (a)

Key 34 (c) 35 (b) 36 (c) 37 (c) 38 (c)
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 253

Variable Mass System (a) 0° (b) 30°

(c) 45° (d) 60°
39. A block of metal weighing 2 kg is resting on a frictionless
plane. If struck by a jet releasing water at a rate of 1 kg/s 41. Two equal heavy spheres, each of radius r, are in equilibrium
and at a speed of 5 m/s. The initial acceleration of the block within a smooth cup of radius 3r. The ratio of reaction
will be: between the cup and one sphere and that between the two
sphere is
(a) 2.5 m / s2 (b) 5.0 m / s2
(c) 10 m / s2 (d) none of the above
Equilibrium
40. The pulleys and strings shown in the figure are smooth and
of negligible mass. For the system to remain in equilibrium,
the angle θ should be:

(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) none

Answer Key 39 (a) 40 (c) 41 (b)

Level - 2 (Only one option correct)

Laws of Motion, Spring, Constraint Relations upward with a uniform acceleration a. Find a neglecting the
fact that no one could do this for long time :
1. A bullet is fired from a gun. The force on the bullet given
by F = 600 – 2 × 105 t where F is in newton and t in second.
The force on the bullet becomes zero as soon as it leaves the
barrel. What is the average impulse imparted to the bullet
(a) 8 N-s (b) zero
(c) 0.9 N-s (d) 1.8 N-s
4 F + (2 M + m) g 4 F + ( M + m) g
2. Find the maximum compression in the spring, if the lower (a) (b)
block is shifted to rightwards with acceleration a. All the M + 2m M + 2m
surfaces are smooth 4 F − ( M + m) g 4 F − ( M + m) g
(c) (d)
M +m 2M + m
m
5. In the device the acceleration of block
a
A is 1m/s2. The acceleration of block B
ma 2ma will be
(a) (b)
2k k (a) 1 m/s2
ma 4ma (b) 2 m/s2 A B
(c) (d)
k k (c) 4 m/s2
3. A particle of mass m is made to move with uniform speed v
along the perimeter of a regular polygon of n sides, inscribed (d) 6 m/s2
in a circle of radius a. The magnitude of impulse applied at 6. A block A has a velocity of 0.6 m/s to the right, determine
each corner of the polygon is : the velocity of cylinder B.
π π
(a) 2 mv sin (b) mv sin
n n A
n n
(c) mv sin (d) 2 mv sin B
π π
4. A painter of mass M stands on a platform of mass m and (a) 1.2 m/s (b) 2.4 m/s
pulls himself up by two ropes which hang over pulley as
(c) 1.8 m/s (d) 3.6 m/s
shown in figure. He pulls each rope with force F and moves
254 Mechanics
7. A bob is hanging over a pulley inside a car through a of 60°, as shown in figure. A force F = 120 N is applied
string. The second end of the string is in the hand of a upward along the incline to the uppermost block, causing
person standing in the car. The car is moving with constant an upward movement of the blocks. The connecting cords
acceleration ‘a’ directed horizontally as shown. Other end of are light. The values of tensions T1 and T2 in the cords are:
the string is pulled with constant acceleration ‘a’ vertically. (a) T1 = 20 N, T2 = 60 N F
The tension in the string is m3
(b) T1 = 60 N, T2 = 60 N T2
m2
m θ a a (c) T1 = 30 N, T2 = 50 N T1
(d) T1 = 20 N, T2 = 100 N m1
60°
Friction
(a) m g 2 + a2 (b) m g 2 + a 2 − ma 12. A block of mass 5 kg is held against wall by applying a
horizontal force of 100 N. If the coefficient of friction
(c) m g 2 + a 2 + ma (d) m(g + a) between the block and the wall is 0.5, the frictional force
8. In the given figure a block of mass m is tied on a wedge acting on the block is (g = 9.8 m /s2)
by an ideal string as shown in figure. String is parallel to
inclined plane. All the surface involved are smooth. Wedge
is spring moved towards right with a time varying velocity
v = t2/2 (m/s). At what time block will just leave the contact
with the wedge (take g = 10 m/s2)

(a) 100 N (b) 50 N

2
m v=t /2 (c) 49 N (d) 24.9 N
M
45° 13. Three blocks of masses 5 kg, 3 kg and 2 kg are placed on
rough surface (µk = 0.1) as shown in figure. A horizontal
(a) 2 s (b) 4 s force of 20 N is applied on 5 kg block. The force exerted
(c) 5 s (d) 10 s by 3 kg block on 2 kg block is:
9. Two blocks each of mass m in the device are pulled by a force
F= mg/2 as shown in figure. All the contact surfaces are
smooth. The acceleration of block A is

(a) 4 N (b) 6 N
(c) 8 N (d) 10 N
B A
14. If µ be the coefficient of friction between the block and the
cart, horizontal acceleration of the cart that is required to
5 3
(a) g (b) g prevent block B from falling is: [KVPY-2014]
4 2
g g
(c) (d)
2 4
10. Three masses m1 , m2 and m3 are attached to a string as
shown in the figure. All three masses are held at rest and (a) µ /g (b) g / µ
then released. To keep m3 at rest, the condition is: (c) g (d) (µ2 + 1) g
(a) 1 m3 = 1 m1 + 1 m2 15. A block is resting on a horizontal plate in the
(b) m1 + m2 = m3 x- y plane and the coefficient of friction between the block
(c) 4 m3 = 1 m1 + 1 m2 and the plate is µ. The plate begins to move in the x-direction
and its velocity is v = bt2, t being time and b being a constant.
1 2 3
(d) + = At what time will the block start sliding on the plate ?
m1 m2 m3
(a) µb / g (b) µ gb / 2
11. Three block of masses m1 = 2.0, m2 = 4.0 and m3 = 6.0 kg
are connected by strings on a frictionless inclined plane (c) µ g / b (d) µg / 2b

Answer 1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (a) 4 (c) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (c) 8 (d)

Key 9 (a) 10 (c) 11 (a) 12 (c) 13 (a) 14 (b) 15 (d)
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 255
16. The coefficient of friction between the block A of mass m
7 8
and block B of mass 2m is µ. There is no friction between (a) (b)
8g 7g
block B & the inclined plane. If the system of blocks A and
B is released from rest & there is no slipping between A & 4 2
B then : (c) (d)
7g 7g

A Variable Mass System

B
θ 21. A plate moves normally with a speed v1 towards a horizontal
jet of water of uniform area of cross section. The jet
(a) 2θ ≤ sin −1 (2µ ) (b) θ ≤ tan −1 (µ ) discharges water at the rate of volume V per second at a
2θ ≤ tan −1 (µ / 2) speed of v2. The density of water is ρ. Assume that water
(c) 2θ ≤ cos −1 (2µ ) (d)
splashes along the surface of the plate at right angles to the
17. In figure the mass of the block M = 1 kg, µ = 0.5 and
original motion. The magnitude of the force acting on the
sin θ = 3/5. The acceleration of the block if F = 10 N:
plate due to the jet of water is:
(a) 4 m/s2 F
(b) 8 m/s2 θ (a) ρVv1 (b) ρV(v1 + v2)
(c) 12 m/s2 M ρV V 
(d) 16 m/s2 (c) v12 (d) ρ   (v1 + v2 )2
v1 + v2 v
18. The blocks of masses m and M are not attached. The
coefficient of static friction between the blocks is µ, but Equilibrium
the surface beneath M is smooth. What is the maximum
22. Find the tension T needed to hold the cart equilibrium, if
magnitude of the horizontal force F required to hold it there is no friction
against M:

m( M + m) g m( M + m) g T 30°
(a) (b)
M µM
M ( M + m) g
(c) (d) m (M + m)g 2
µM 3
19. A body of mass M is kept on a rough horizontal surface (a) W (b) W
4 2
(coefficient of friction µ). A person is trying to pull the body
by applying a horizontal force but the body is not moving. 2 4
(c) W (d) W
The force by the surface on A is F where: 3 3
(a) F = M g 23. Two smooth cylindrical bars weighing W each lie next to
(b) F = µ M g each other in contact. A similar third bar is placed over
(c) Mg ≤ F ≤ Mg (1 + µ 2 ) the two bars as shown in figure. Neglecting friction, the
minimum horizontal force on each lower bar necessary to
(d) Mg ≥ F ≥ Mg (1 + µ 2 )
keep them together is
20. In the figure shown, friction force between the bead and
the light string is mg/4, the time in which the bead looses
contact with string after the system is released from rest
F F

W
(a) (b) W
bead 2
m
W W
(c) (d)
!
3 2 3
m

Answer 16 (b) 17 (c) 18 (b) 19 (c) 20 (b)

Key 21 (d) 22 (a) 23 (d)
256 Mechanics
24. In figure, one end of a uniform beam weighs 222 N is of the cylinders is placed lengthwise on them so that the
attached to a wall with a hinge. The other end is supported system remains at rest. If all three cylinders have the same
by a wire. The tension in the wire is : length, then minimum value of the coefficient of friction
between smaller cylinders and the surface is:
(a) 111 N
2r
(b) 192 N

(c) 222 N r r

(d) none of these 1 1

(a) (b)
2 3
25. Two identical smooth surfaced solid cylinders of radius r are
placed touching along their lengths on a horizontal surface. 1
A third cylinder of same material but twice the radius of that (c) (d) none of these
3 2

Answer Key 23 (d) 24 (b) 25 (c)

Mechanics MCQ Type 2 Exercise 5.2

Multiple Correct Options (c) is an inertial frame because Newton’s laws are
applicable in this frame
1. A body is at rest:
(d) can not be an inertial frame because the earth is rotating
(a) no force acting on it
about its own axis
(b) body is very massive, and therefore it is at rest
6. The force exerted by the lift on the foot of a person is more
(c) there may be many forces, but there net effect is zero
than his weight, the lift is:
(d) none of these
2. A body is in translatory equilibrium: (a) going up and slowing down
(a) resultant force on it zero (b) going up and speeding up
(b) it may be at rest (c) going down and slowing down
(c) it has uniform speed (d) going down and speeding up
(d) it is accelerated 7. The limiting friction depends on:
3. Which of the following systems may be adequately (a) nature of surfaces in contact
described by classical physics? (b) the area of surfaces in contact
(a) motion of a cricket ball (c) normal reaction between surfaces
(b) motion of a dust particle (d) foreign matter between surfaces
(c) motion of electron is an atom 8. Kinetic friction is always
(d) a neutron inside the nucleus (a) less than rolling friction
4. Two protons inside a nucleus exert force on each other. The (b) equal to rolling friction
nature of force is: (c) greater than rolling friction
(a) gravitational (b) electromagnetic (d) less than limiting static friction
(c) nuclear (d) weak 9. Let F, FN and f denote the magnitudes of the contact force,
5. A reference frame attached to earth normal force and the friction exerted by one surface on the
other kept in contact. If none of these is zero:
(a) is an inertial frame by definition
(b) can not be inertial frame because the earth is revolving (a) F > FN (b) F > f
round the sun (c) FN > f (d) (FN – f ) < F < (FN + f )

Answer 1 (a,c) 2 (a, b, c) 3 (a, b) 4 (a, b, c) 5 (b, d) 6 (b, c)

Key 7 (a, c, d) 8 (c, d) 9 (a, b, d)
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 257
10. Two masses MA = 1kg and MB = 2 kg are connected by a
massless spring as shown in figure. A force of 4 N acts on
the 2 kg mass:

(a) when acceleration of A is 1 m/s2

(a) thread will remain loose if m1 < m2
3
the acceleration of B is m/s2 (b) thread will remain loose if plane is smooth
2
(c) thread will remain loose if m1 is smooth and m2 is
4 rough
(b) when acceleration of A is m/s2
3 (d) thread will remain loose if m1 is rough and m2 is smooth
4 14. Small blocks A and B are simultaneously released from
the acceleration of B ism/s2
3 apex of a smooth wedge as shown in figure, select correct
(c) the acceleration of A always be less or equal to the alternative(s):
acceleration of B
A B
(d) none of the above
11. A painter is raising himself and the crate on which he stands
with an acceleration of 5 m/s2 by a massless rope–and–
pulley arrangement. Mass of painter is 100 kg and that of 60° 30°
the crate is 50 kg. If g = 10 m/s2, then
(a) relative acceleration of block B with respect to block
A is zero
(b) magnitude of relative acceleration of block B with
respect to block A is ‘g’ initially
(c) speed of block A and B will be same at the bottom of
inclined plane
(d) time taken A and B to reach the bottom of inclined
plane will be same.
15. Two blocks A and B of the same mass are joined by a light
(a) tension in the rope is 2250 N string and placed on a horizontal surface. An external
(b) tension in the rope is 1125 N horizontal force F acts on A. The tension in the string is
(c) force of contact between painter and the floor is 750 N T. The forces of friction acting on A and B are f1 and f2
(d) force of contact between the painter and the floor is respectively. The limiting value of f1 and f2 is f. As F is
375 N gradually increased:
12. A block is placed on a rough prism. The block will be
stationary relative to prism if acceleration of prism a is:

(a) for F < f, T = 0

(b) for f < F < 2 f, T = F – f
F
(c) for F > 2f, T =
2
(d) none of the above
(a) a = g (1– µ cot α ) / (µ + cot α) towards left 16. A man tries to remain in equilibrium by pushing with his
(b) a = g (µ + cot α ) / (µ + tan α ) right hands and feet against two parallel walls. For equilibrium:
(c) a = g (1 + µ cot α ) / (cot α – µ) towards left
(d) none
13. Two blocks having masses m1 and m2 are connected by a
thread and are placed on an inclined plane with thread loose
as shown in figure. When the blocks are released :

Answer 10 (a, b, c) 11 (b, d) 12 (a, c) 13 (b, d) 14 (b, c)

Key 15 (a, b, c)
258 Mechanics

(a) he must exert equal forces on the two walls aB = 1 m/s

2
aA = 2 m/s
2

(b) the forces of friction at the two walls must be equal B A

(c) friction must be present on both walls P1
(d) the coefficient of friction must be the same between
both walls and the man
17. In the arrangement shown in figure pulley and strings are B

ideal. End A of string connected to pulley P1 is moved

upwards with acceleration aA = 2 m/s2 while end B of
another string shown in figure is moved up with acceleration D

aB= 1 m/s2. Block C of mass 1 kg is moving up with aC=1 m/s

2
1kg
acceleration 1 m/s2. If block D to which string are connected C

symmetrically moves such that its orientations remains same (a) acceleration of block D is 1/2 m/s2 upwards
then (assume g = 10 m/s2) (b) end A is pulled with force of 22 N
(c) mass of block B is 1/2 kg
(d) acceleration of block B is 7/3 m/s2 upwards

Answer Key 16 (a, c) 17 (b, d)

Mechanics Reasoning Type Questions Exercise 5.3

Read the two statements carefully to mark the correct option out of the options given below:
(a) Statement - 1 is true, Statement - 2 is true; Statement - 2 is correct explanation for Statement - 1.
(b) Statement -1 is true, Statement - 2 is true; Statement - 2 is not correct explanation for Statement - 1.
(c) Statement - 1 is true, Statement - 2 is false.
(d) Statement - 1 is false, Statement - 2 is true
1. Statement - 1 Statement - 2
In writing with pen, the force between fingers and pen is The net force on the block is zero.
electrostatics. 6. Statement - 1
Statement - 2 For the motion of electron around nucleus, Newton’s second
Newtons third law applies to all types of forces, e.g., law is used.
gravitational, electromagnetic etc. Statement - 2
2. Statement - 1 Newton’s second law can be used for motion of any object.
A body suspended with the help of three string. To find the 7. Statement - 1
tensions in the strings, three equations are required. A cloth covers a table. Some dishes are kept on it. The cloth
Statement - 2 can be pulled out without dislodging the dishes from the
∑ Fx = 0, ∑ Fy = 0, ∑ τz = 0. table.
3. Statement - 1 Statement - 2
Impulse of force and momentum are same physical For every action, there is equal and opposite reaction.
quantities. 8. Statement - 1
Statement - 2 It is easier to pull a heavy object than to push it on a level
Both quantities have same unit. ground.
4. Statement - 1 Statement - 2
A body under the action of two forces is in equilibrium. The magnitude of frictional force depends on the nature of
Statement - 2 the two surfaces in contact.
The forces must be collinear. 9. Statement - 1
5. Statement - 1 A multistage rocket is needed to launch a satellite.
A block placed on a table is at rest, because action force Statement - 2
cancels the reaction force on the block. A single stage rocket can not produce the required velocity.
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 259
10. Statement - 1 A man standing in a lift which is moving man is only in contact with floor as shown).
upward, will feel his weight to be greater than when the lift
was at rest.
Statement - 2 If the acceleration of the lift is ‘a’ upward,
then the man of mass m shall feel his weight to be equal to
normal reaction (N) exerted by the lift given by 12. Statement - 1
N = m (g + a) (where g is acceleration due to gravity) A cloth covers a table. Some dishes are kept on it. The cloth
can be pulled out without dislodging the dishes from the
Friction always opposes motion.
table because
11. Statement - 1 A man and a block rest on smooth horizontal Statement - 2
surface. The man holds a rope which is connected to block. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
The man cannot move on the horizontal surface. [IIT-JEE 2007]
13. Statement - 1 : It is easier to pull a heavy object than to
push it on a level ground and
Statement - 2 The magnitude of frictional force depends
on the nature of the two surfaces in contact.
Statement - 2 A man standing at rest on smooth horizontal [IIT-JEE 2008]
surface cannot start walking due to absence of friction (The

Answer 1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (d) 4 (a) 5 (d) 6 (c) 7 (b)

Key 8 (b) 9 (a) 10 (d) 11 (d) 12 (b) 13 (b)

Mechanics Passage & Matrix Exercise 1.4

Passages
Passage for (Questions 1 & 2)
At the moment t = 0 a stationary particle of mass m experiences
a time dependent force F = at (τ − t ) , where a is a constant, τ is
the time for which the force acts.
1. The momentum of the particle when the action of the force
stopped:
aτ3 aτ3
(a) (b)
6 5
3. The speed of B, when the string becomes taut :
aτ3 3 u
(c) (d) aτ (a) u (b)
3 2
2. The distance travelled by the particle while the force acted:
3u 4u
4 4 (c) (d)
aτ aτ 4 3
(a) (b)
m 6m 4. The common velocity when A reaches the pulley (assume
4 4
aτ aτ
(c) (d) that B has not yet reached the ground)
12m 24m
4u 4u
Passage for (Questions 3 & 4) (a) (b)
3 3
A particle A of mass 2 m is held on a smooth horizontal table
and is attached to one end of an inelastic string which runs over 4u 2 + 6 gl u 2 + 6 gl
(c) (d)
a smooth light pulley at the edge of the table. At the other end of 3 3
the string there hangs another particle B of mass m. The distance Passage for (Questions 5 to 7)
from A to the pulley is . The particle A is then projected towards The masses of the bodies A and B in figure are 20 kg and
the pulley with velocity u. 10 kg, respectively. They are initially at rest on the floor and are
260 Mechanics
connected by a weightless string passing over a weightless and 8. The time when m1 is lifted off the ground is
frictionless pulley. An upward force F is applied to the pulley. (a) 9.81 s (b) 9.89 s
(c) 8.91 s (d) 9.91 s
9. The time when m2 is lifted off the ground is
(a) 19.62 s (b) 25.50 s
(c) 27.2 s (d) 30.0 s
10. When t = 25 s, what is the acceleration of the masses as
seen by an observer outside?
(a) 2 m/s2, 2 m/s2 (b) 2.69 m/s2, 15.19 m/s2
5. The acceleration a1 of body A and a2 of body B when F is
98 N (c) 15.19 ms2 , 2.69 m/s2. (d) none of these
(a) 0, 0 (b) 3.3 m/s2, 6.6 m/s2 Passage for (Questions 11 & 12)
(c) 3.3 m/s2 , 3.3 m/s2 (d) none of these
In the system shown in figure, M = 13.4 kg, m1 = 1kg, m2 = 2kg
6. Find the acceleration a1 of body A and a2 of body B when and m3 = 3.6 kg. The coefficient of static friction between m1 and
F is 96 N m2 is 0.75 and that between m2 and M is 0.6. All other surfaces
(a) 0.05 m/s2, 1m/s2 (b) 0, 0 are frictionless
(c) 0.05 m/s2, 0 (d) none of these
7. Find the acceleration a1 of body A and a2 of body B when F is
394 N.
(a) 0.05 m/s2, 0.05 m/s2 (b) 9.9 m/s2, 9.9 m/s2
(c) 0.05 m/s2, 9.9 m/s2. (d) none of these
Passage for (Questions 8 to 10)
In figure m1= 1kg and m2 = 2 kg. The pulley is movable. At t = 0,
both masses touch the ground and the string is taut. A vertically
11. The minimum horizontal force F must be applied to M so
upward, time-dependent force F = 2t, where t is the time in second
that m2 does not slip on M is
and F is the force in newton, is applied to the pulley. Calculate
(a) 117.7 N, (b) 120.5 N
(c) 125 N (d) 145.5 N
12. The maximum value of F for which m1 does not slip on m2
is
(a) 125 N (b) 147 N
(c) 165 N (d) 175 N

Answer 1 (a) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (c) 5 (a) 6 (b)

Key 7 (c) 8 (a) 9 (a) 10 (c) 11 (a) 12 (b)

Matrix Matching
13. A light string ABCDE whose extremity A is fixed, has weights W1 and W2 attached to it at B and C. It passes round a small
smooth peg at D carrying a weight of 300 N at the free end E as shown in figure. If in the equilibrium position, BC is horizontal
and AB and CD make 150° and 120° with CB. Match the columns :

D
A

150° 120°
B C E
300 N
w1 w2
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 261
Column I Column II
A. Tension in portion AB, TAB (p) 150 N
B. Tension in portion BC, TBC (q) 173 N
C. Weight, W1 (r) 260 N
D. Weight, W2 (s) 87 N
14. In the device blocks A, B, and C are of masses 4 kg, 5 kg and 15 kg respectively. The coefficient of friction for the contact
surfaces of bodies A and B is 0.4. Match the columns :
B A

30°

Column I Column II
A. Tension in the string connected with body A, TA (p) 21.47 N
B. Tension in the string connected in body B, TB (q) 38.88 N
C. Acceleration of body A, aA (r) 5.8 m/s2
D. Acceleration of body B, aB (s) 6.4 m/s2

Answer Key 13 A→q;B→p;C→s;D→r 14 A→q;B→p;C→r;D→r

Mechanics Best of JEE-(Main & Advanced) Exercise 5.5

JEE- (Main) [AIEE E2005]
1. When forces F1, F2, F3 are acting on a particle of mass m
such that F2 and F3 are mutually perpendicular, then the
particle remains stationary. If the force F1 is now removed
then the acceleration of the particle is [AIEEE 2002]
(a) F1/m (b) F2F3/mF1 a
(c) (F2 – F3)/m (d) F2/m. α
2. A spring balance is attached to the ceiling of a lift. A man
(a) g cosecα (b) g / tan α
hangs his bag on the spring and the spring reads 49 N, when
the lift is stationary. If the lift moves downward with an (c) g tan α (d) g
acceleration of 5 m/s2, the reading of the spring balance 6. A smooth block is released at rest on a 45° incline and then
will be [AIEEE 2003] slides a distance ‘d’. The time taken to slide is ‘n’ times as
(a) 24 N (b) 74 N much to slide on rough incline than on a smooth incline.
(c) 15 N (d) 49 N The coefficient of friction is [AIEEE 2005]
3. A horizontal force of 10 N is necessary to just hold a block
stationary against a wall. The coefficient of friction between 1 1
(a) µk = 1 – (b) µk = 1 − 2
the block and the wall is 0.2. The weight of the block is n2 n

1 1
(c) µs = 1− (d) µs = 1 −
2
10N n n2
7. The upper half of an inclined plane with inclination φ is
perfectly smooth while the lower half is rough. A body
starting from rest at the top will again come to rest at the
(a) 20 N (b) 50 N [AIEEE 2003]
bottom, if the coefficient of friction for the lower half is :
(c) 100 N (d) 2 N
4. A marble block of mass 2 kg lying on ice when given a [AIEEE 2005]
velocity of 6 m/s is stopped by friction in 10 s. Then the (a) 2 tan φ (b) tan φ
coefficient of friction is [AIEEE 2003] (c) 2 sin φ (d) 2 cos φ
(a) 0.02 (b) 0.03 8. Two fixed frictionless inclined planes making an angle 30°
(c) 0.04 (d) 0.06 and 60° with the vertical are shown in the figure. Two blocks
5. A block is kept on a frictionless inclined surface with angle
A and B are placed on the two planes. What is the relative
of inclination ‘α’ . The incline is given an acceleration ‘a’
to keep the block stationary. Then a is equal to vertical acceleration of A with respect to B ? [AIEEE 2010]
262 Mechanics
A is 0.1 and between block B and the wall is 0.15, the frictional force
A applied by the wall on block B is [JEE-(main) 2015]

(a) 80 N F A B
(b) 120 N
60° 30°
(c) 150 N
(a) 4.9 ms–2 in horizontal direction
(d) 100 N
(b) 9.8 ms–2 in vertical direction
(c) Zero 13. A particle of mass m moving in the x direction with speed 2v is
(d) 4.9 ms–2 in vertical direction hit by another particle of mass 2 m moving in the y direction with
9. The minimum force required to start pushing a body up speed v. If the collision is perfectly inelastic, the percentage loss
rough (frictional coefficient µ) inclined plane is F1 while the in the energy during the collision is close to [JEE-(main) 2015]
minimum force needed to prevent it from sliding down is F2. (a) 50% (b) 56%
If the inclined plane makes an angle θ from the horizontal (c) 62% (d) 44%
F
such that tan θ = 2µ then the ratio 1 is[AIEEE 2011RS] JEE- (Advanced)
F2
(a) 1 (b) 2 14. A horizontal force F is applied such that the block remains
(c) 3 (d) 4 stationary then which of the following statement is false
10. A particle of mass m is at rest at the origin at time [IIT-JEE-2005]
t = 0. It is subjected to a force F(t) = F0e–bt in the x direction.
Its speed v(t) is depicted by which of the following curves?
[AIEEE 2012]
v v
F0 F0
mb mb
(a) (b) (a) f = mg, where f is frictional force
t (b) F = N, where N is the normal force
t
v F0 v (c) f does not produce any torque
F0
mb (d) N does not produce any torque
(c) mb (d)
15. A circular disc with a groove along its diameter is placed
t t horizontally. A block of mass 1 kg is placed as shown. The
11. A block B is placed on block A. The mass of block B is less coefficient of friction between the block and all surfaces of
than the mass of block A. Friction exists between the blocks, groove in contact is µ = 2/5. The disc has an acceleration
where as the ground on which the block A is placed is taken of 25 m/s2. The acceleration of the block with respect to
to be smooth. A horizontal force F increasing linearly with disc: [IIT-JEE-2006]
time begins to act on B. The acceleration aA and aB of blocks
A and B respectively are plotted against t. The correctly
plotted graph is: [AIEEE 2012] 4 3
cos θ = sin θ = 25 m/s2
5, 5
θ
(a) (b)
(a) 10 m /s2 (b) 8 m/s2
(c) 5 m/s2 (d) zero
16. Two blocks A and B of masses 2 m and m, respectively,
(c) (d) are connected by a massless and inextensible string. The
whole system is suspended by a massless spring as shown
in the figure. The magnitude of acceleration of A and B,
12. Given in the figure are two blocks A and B of weigh 20 N and immediately after the string is cut, are respectively :
100 N respectively. These are being pressed against a wall by a
[IIT-JEE-2006]
force F as shown. If the coefficient of friction between the blocks

Answer 1 (a) 2 (a) 3 (d) 4 (d) 5 (c) 6 (b) 7 (a) 8 (a)

Key 9 (c) 10 (c) 11 (d) 12 (b) 13 (b) 14 (c) 15 (a)
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 263

g a a
(a) g, (a) (b)
2 gk 2 gk
g 2a a
(b) ,g (c) (d)
2 gk 4 gk
(c) g, g 20. A block of mass m is on an inclined plane of angle θ. The
g g coefficient of friction between the block and the plane is µ
(d) , and tan θ > µ. The block is held stationary by applying a
2 2
force P parallel to the plane. The direction of force pointing
17. A satellite in force - free space sweeps stationary up the plane is taken to be positive. As P is varied from
dM P1 = mg(sin θ – µ cos θ ) to P2 = mg(sin θ + µ cos θ), the
interplanetary dust at a rate = αv. The acceleration of
dt frictional force f versus P graph will look like
satellite is :
[IIT-JEE 2010]
−2 αv 2 − αv 2 f
(a) (b) f
M M
(a) (b)
− αv 2
(c) (d) – α v2
2M
18. Two particles of mass m each are tied at the ends of a f f
light string of length 2a. The whole system is kept on a
frictionless horizontal surface with the string held tight (c) (d)
so that each mass is at a distance ‘a’ from the centre P (as
shown in the figure). [IIT-JEE - 2007]
F 21. A small block of mass of 0.1 kg lies on a fixed inclined
plane PQ which makes an angle θ with the horizontal. A
horizontal force of 1 N acts on the block through its centre
m
P
m of mass as shown in the figure. [IIT-JEE 2012]
The block remains stationary if (take g = 10 m/s2)
a a Q
Now, the mid-point of the string is pulled vertically upwards
with a small but constant force F. As a result, the particles
move towards each other on the surface. The magnitude of !
P
O
acceleration, when the separation between them becomes
2x, is [IIT-JEE - 2007] (a) θ = 45°
(b) θ > 45° and a frictional force acts on the block towards
F a F x
(a) (b) P.
2m a 2 − x 2 2m a 2 − x 2
(c) θ > 45° and a frictional force acts on the block towards
Q.
(c)
F x
(d) F a2 − x2
2m a 2m x (d) θ < 45° and a frictional force acts on the block towards
Q.
19. A piece of wire is bent in the shape of a parabola y = kx2
(y-axis vertical) with a bead of mass m on it. The bead can 22 A block is moving on an inclined plane making an angle
slide on the wire without friction. It stays at the lowest point 45° with the horizontal and the coefficient of friction is m.
of the parabola when the wire is at rest. The wire is now The force required to just push it up the inclined plane is
accelerated parallel to the x-axis with a constant acceleration 3 times the force required to just prevent it from sliding
down. If we define N = 10 m, then N is [Integer]
a. The distance of the new equilibrium position of the bead,
[IIT-JEE 2011]
where the bead can stay at rest with respect to the wire, from
the y-axis is [IIT-JEE 2009]

Answer Key 16 (b) 17 (b) 18 (b) 19 (b) 20 (a) 21 (a, c)

264 Mechanics

In Chapter Exercise
In Chapter Exercise -5.1 After solving above equations, we get
1. Given m = 70 kg, a = 10 ms–2 2ma
∆m = .
The weighing machine gives the reading of the reaction ( g + a)
force, R, which is apparent weight. 4. In the device the acceleration (magnitude) of the blocks are
(a) When lift is moving upwards with a uniform speed, a1 = a
acceleration = 0, and a2 = 2a
∴ R = mg = 70 × 9.8 = 700 N By Newton′s second law, we have T0 T0
(b) When lift is moving downwards with acceleration T0 – Mg = Ma (i) T
= 5ms–2, T0 = 2T (ii)
0

∴ R = m(g – a) = 70 × (10 – 5) = 350 N and Mg – T = M × 2a (iii) T0

(c) When lift is moving upwards with acceleration After solving above equations, we get Mg
= 5 ms–2, g T
∴ R = m(g + a) = 70 × (10 + 5) = 1050 N a = m/s 2 T
5 T
(d) When lift is coming down freely under gravity,
acceleration, a = g, 2g
∴ a2 = 2a = m/s2 Mg
T
∴ R = m(g – g) = 0 5
2. (a) When the monkey climbs up with an acceleration, then 5. Given, mass of helicopter (m1) = 2000 kg
T – mg = ma Mass of the crew and passenger (m2) = 500 kg
∴T = mg + ma = m (g + a) Acceleration in vertical direction, a = 15 m/s2 (↑)
orT = 40 kg (10 + 6) ms–2 = 640 N and g = 10 m/s2 (↓)
But the rope can withstand a maximum tension of 600 (a) Force on the floor of helicopter by the crew and
N. So the rope will break. passengers = m2(g + a)
= 500 (10 + 15)N
= 12500 N
(b) Action of the rotor of the helicopter on the surrounding
air
T
= (m1 + m2) (g + a)
= (2000 + 500) × (10 + 15)
= 2500 × 25
= 62500 N (downward)
(c) Force on the helicopter due to the surrounding air
= reaction of force applied by helicopter
= 62500 N(upward)
mg
6. Kinematics of the problem :
(b) When the monkey is climbing down with an A x C
acceleration, then !
T ℓ y
mg – T = ma
⇒ T = mg – ma = m (g – a) T B
or T = 40 kg (10 – 4) ms–2 = 240 N
The rope will not break. T
(c) When the monkey climbs up with uniform speed, then
T = mg = 40 kg × 10 ms–2 = 400 N [∴ a = 0] Mg
The rope will not break. At any instant,
(d) When the monkey is falling freely, it would be a state
x2 + y 2= 2, ...(i)
of weightlessness. So, tension will be zero and the rope
will not break. in which x and  varies with time, while y remains constant.
3. For the downward motion of the aerostat, Differentiating equation (i) twice with respect to time, we
mg – R = ma ...(i) get
where R is the buoyant force (assuming constant). d 2x d 2l
2x +0 = 2l .
If ∆m is the ballast mass to be dumped from the aerostat, dt 2 dt 2
then
R − ( m − ∆m ) g = ( m − ∆m ) a ...(ii)
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 265
F – mg = ma
d 2x d 2l
Here , is the acceleration of the ring and is the F
dt 2 dt 2 F
acceleration of the block.
So we have
ablock
aring = a 2a
(x / l )
ablock
or aring = ...(ii) mg (m – m1)g
cos α
Dynamics of the problem : Suppose mass m1 is removed from the balloon so that the
From the FBD, we can write; acceleration becomes 2a. Then
F – (m – m1)g = (m – m1)2a ...(2)
Mg − T = M ablock ...(iii)
After solving above equations, we get
and T cos α = maring ...(iv) ma
m1 =
After solving equations (ii), (iii) and (iv) and for α = θ, we ( g + 2a )
get In Chapter Exercise -5.3
1. (a) Force on the 7th coin = weight of the 3 coins lying
 Mg cos θ  above 7th coin, F = 3 mg N (acts vertically downwards)
aring =  .
 m + M cos 2 θ  (b) Eight coin is under the weight of 2 coins above it and
7. The initial extension of the spring its own weight, force on 7th coin due to 8th coin = sum
of the 3 coins = 2 mg + mg = 3 mg N
45
x1 = = 0.1 m (c) Sixth coin is under the weight of 4 coins above it,
450
therefore, reaction = – F = – 4 mg N (negative sign
For the block to move down 0.15 m, the spring will extend shows the reaction is vertically upwards)
by 0.3 m. The final extension of the spring 2. F1 + 1 cos 45° = 2 …(i)
x2 = 0.1 + 0.3 = 0.4 m. and F2 = 2 cos 45° + 1 cos 45°…(ii)
By conservation of mechanical energy, we can write After solving above equations, we get
mg × 0.15 =
1 2 1
2 2
(
mv + k x22 − x12 ) and
F1 = 0.707 N
F2 = 2.121 N.
After substituting the values and solving, we get 3. The FBD is shown in figure. T
v = 1.28 m/s α T
2T cos = F !/2
2 F
!/2
In Chapter Exercise -5.2 T
1. Given, speed of water v = 15 ms –1; area of cross T
section, F
∴ T =
α
a = 10–2 m2 and 2 cos
2
Volume of water coming out per second = a × v = 10–2 ×15 α 1
= 0.15 m3 s–1. For T > F , cos <
2 2
F = dQv = 103 × 0.15 × 15 α
= 2250 N or > 60°
2
 dm  5 × 105 50 ∴ α > 120° Ans.
2. F = vr   = × = 250 N
 dt  100 1000
4. The FBD of the system is shown in figure.
3. Acceleration of t = 0 is
N4
vr dm 2073 1 / m0 W
a= −g= × − 9.8
m0 dt m0 1 N1
N2 45°
= 34.55 – 9.8 = 24.75 ms–2. W
 dm 
4. (i) Thrust, F = vr   = 6 × 103 × 100 = 6 × 105 N N3
 dt 
m0 For equilibrium of upper sphere, we have
(ii) v = vo + vr ln = 0 + 6 × 103 ln 40 = 22.13 × 103 m/s. ∑ Fx = 0; or N1 cos 45° − N 4 = 0 ...(i)
m
5. Let F be the upthrust of the air. As the balloon rises with ∑ Fy = 0; or N1 sin 45° − W = 0 ...(ii)
acceleration a, so
After solving, we get N1 = 2 W , N4 = W
266 Mechanics
Similarly for lower sphere, (a) F = f = µN
N1 cos 45° − N 2 = 0
= 0.25 × ( 8 + 4 ) = 3N
∴ N2 = N1 cos 45° = W
(b) f1 = 0.25 × ( 8 + 4 ) = 3N,
and N1 sin 45° + W = N3
f2 = 0.25 × 4 = 1N
or N3 = 2W Ans.
5. ∴ F = f1 + f 2 = ( 3 + 1) = 4N

(c) T = f 2 = 1N

∴ F = f1 + f 2 + T = 3 + 1 + 1 = 5N

2. (a) To prevent sliding T = 5 g ...(i)

and T = f = µs N
= 0.25 (10 + m ) g ...(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii), we get
m = 10 kg
Let FD be the force of interaction (reaction) between the
(b) When block C is lifted off, the block starts moving.
rollers. Consider the equilibrium of upper roller; we have N
∑ Fx = 0 , or FD − 500 sin 30° = 0 m
or FD = 500 sin 30° = 250 N 10 kg T
f
and ∑ Fy = 0 , or FA − 500 cos30° = 0 T
(10 + m)g
5g
If a is acceleration, then
5g – T ′ = 5a
T ′– fk = 10 a
where fk = 0.20 × 10g
After solving above equations, we get
500 3 a = 1.96 m/s2
or FA = 500 cos30° = = 250 3 N . Ans
2 3. F=8 T T
T
Now consider the equilibrium of lower roller ; 2T cos37° = F
N T
∑ Fx = 0 , or FC cos30° − FD − 500sin 30° = 0 T + T sin 37° ≥ µN F
3 1 N = mg + T cos37° N
or FC × − 250 − 500 × = 0
2 2 ⇒F≥8N
1000 4. For m not to slide over M, acceleration of the triangular
or FC = N
3 block should be g tan θ.
and ∑ Fy = 0 ,
or FB − FC sin 30° – 500cos30° = 0 T T
M+m
m0g
1000 1 3
or FB − × − 500 × =0 If m0 is the required mass, then
3 2 2
1250
mg – T = m0 (gtanθ) … (i)
or FB = N. Ans. and T = (M + m )g tan θ
3
or T = 2g tan θ … (ii)
In Chapter Exercise -5.4 cot θ = 2 … (iii)
After simplifying above equation, we get m0 = 2 kg.
1. The FBD of all the three cases are shown in figure.
5. The FBD of the system is shown in figure.
T
f2 4N T f2 4N f2 If a is the acceleration of the blocks, then
4N
F F
f2
F T m0 g − T1 = m0a ...(i)
8N f 8N f1 8N f1
T1 − (T2 + µm1g ) = m1a ...(ii)
(a) (b) (c)
T2 − µm2 g = m2a ...(iii)
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 267
N1 N2 7. The FBD is shown in figure.
T1 T2 T2
m1 m2 T
!N1 !N2
T1 m1 g m2 g f P
N O
m0 g
After solving above equations, we get f W

 m − µ ( m1 + m2 )   m0 m2 g (1 + µ )  For equilibrium of the sphere, ∑ τ = 0,
a = 0  g, T =   Ans.
 m0 + m 1 + m 2   m0 + m1 + m2 
Taking moment of all the forces about P, we get
N×R− f ×R = 0
6. The FBD of the system shown in figure.
T1 2 kg !×2g f
or = 1
!×2g T2 T2 N
T1 3 kg
or µ min = 1
Thus for equilibrium, µ ≥ 1 Ans.
T2
8. For equilibrium of the cylinder in vertical direction, we
10 g have N N
Equations of motions of the blocks are; 2 N sin α = W
10g – T2 = 10 a ...(i) f
W f
T2 − [T1 + µ × 2 g ] = 3a ...(ii) ∴ N =
2sin α ! !
T1 − µ × 2 g = 2a ...(iii) W
After substituting values and solving, we get The force needed to pull the cylinder along horizontal direction,
a = 5.75 m/s2, T1 F = 2f = 2 µN
= 17.38 N, T2 = 40.5 N W µW
= 2µ × = Ans.
2sin α sin α
Exercise 5.1 Level -1
  6. (d) J = m(vf – vi)
1. (b) For constant velocity, a = 0, or F = 0.
   or 50 × 5 + 75 × 5 = 16(vf – 0)
Thus F1 + F2 + F3 = 0 ∴ vf = 39 m/s.
    dP d
or F3 = −( F1 + F2 ) 7. (d) F = =  A(iˆ cos kt − ˆj sin kt ) 
dt dt
= − (3iˆ + 2 ˆj − 4kˆ) + ( −5iˆ + 8 ˆj − 3kˆ)  = − kA(iˆ sin kt + ˆj cos kt )
 
= −( −2iˆ + 10 ˆj − 7 kˆ) = 2iˆ − 10 ˆj + 7 kˆ N. F .P = − kA(iˆ sin kt + ˆj cos kt )

2. (c) a = –12 sin 30° iˆ − 12 cos 30° ˆj ( Aiˆ cos kt − A ˆj sin kt )
= −6iˆ − 6 3 ˆj . = 0
 
By Newton’s law, we have ∴ angle between F and P is 90°.

20iˆ + F = 2 × ( −6iˆ − 6 3 ˆj ) 8. (a) 15g = 10(g + a)
 ∴ a = 4.9 m/s2.
∴ F = −32iˆ − 21 ˆj N. 9. (d) F sin 30° + N = 10 g F=2t
N
3. (c) As whole spring is at rest, 5N F To leave the contact, N = 0
and so F = 5N. 5N 30°
or 2t sin 30° = 10 g
4. (c) Velocity of the particle just before and just after
t = 2 s are 1 10g
or 2t × = 10 × 10
vi = 1 m/s and vf = 0, 2
∴ J = m(vf – vi) = 0.1 (0 – 1) ∴ t = 100 s
= 0.1 N – s. 10 cos 60° 
10. (a) a = = 1m/s2.
 2 + 3 
5. (c) J = m(u – 0)
πF0 (T / 2)
or = mu and T = ma = 2 × 1 = 2N.
2
11. (b) 2T – 100 g = 100 × 1
πF0T
∴ u = ∴ T = 550 N.
4m
268 Mechanics
12. (c) For 8 kg block, 8 kg 22. (c)
T = 0.5 × 8g 2m1m2 g 2 × 2 × M × 10
and for bucket, 2T = mg 23. (c) T = =
m1 + m2 2+ M
∴ m = 8 kg
Mass of sand added = 7 kg. as M >>2 ∴ T = 40 N.
24. (c)
0−8
T 25. (b) a = = −2 m/s 2
4−0
13. (d) F = T 2 + (T + mg )2 = µg
∴ µ = 0.20.
= ( Mg )2 + ( Mg + mg )2 . 26. (d) fs = µ sN
(10 − 8) g g = 0.6 × 20 g = 120 N
= m/s 2
T=Mg
14. (c) a = mg
120 − 0.2 × 20 g
10 + 8 9 Now a = = 4 m/s2.
Tension in the string 20
27. (d)
T = m(g – a) = 4(g – g/9) 28. (a) flim = µN = 0.4 (25 – 9) = 6.4 N.
External force is 6 N and so block will not move. So
8 320
= 4× g = N frictional force = 6.0 N.
9 9 29. (c) To pull the lower block,
15. (d) ax = F cos 60° F F . F = 0.1 × 1g + 0.2 × 3g
= =
M 2 × 10 20 = 7 N.
0.1×1g
F
Thus 30 = (2 + 1) × 2kg F
20
0.2×3g
∴ F = 200 N.
30. (c) N = 5g + 20 sin30°
16. (a) Acceleration of blocks k
m = 60 N. N
Mg Now, 20 cos30° – f = ma
a=
m+M 3
20 cos30°
f
Tension in the string /spring, or 20 – 0.25 × 60 = 5a
M 2 5g 20 sin30°
mMg ∴ a = 0.46 m/s2.
T = ma =
m+M 31. (a) flim = µN = 0.6 × 1g = 6 N.
T mMg External force (pseudo force) acts on the block is
∴ Extension in the string, x = = = 1 × 5 = 5 N.
k k (m + M )
So, frictional force = 5 N.
17. (a) 85g – F = 85 × 2.5 F
v 2 ( P / m) 2 P2
∴ F = 620 N. 32. (d) Stoping distance, s = = = .
2a 2µ g 2 m 2 µg
 P  33. (a) 10 = mg sin 30°
18. (b) a = 
 M + m 
m ∴ m = 2kg
M P 85g 3
flim = µsmg cos 30° = 0.8 × 2 × 10 × 2 = 8 3 N
The force exerted by rope on the block
60
 MP  4. (c) Acceleration of blocks, a = = 4 m/s 2
F = Ma =  .
 M + m 
15
Mg sin θ g 5 kg 60 N
19. (c) a = = sin θ Now 60 – f = 5 × 4
(M + M ) 2 10 kg
Mg
∴ T = Ma = sin θ or f = 40 N smooth
2
20. (a) mg – T = ma
3mg
or mg – = ma
4 35. (b) 5 kg µs = 0.5
∴ a = g/4 m/s2.
21. (d) The reading of the spring balance will be equal to T, 10 kg 60N
where
smooth
 2m m  400 60
T =  1 2 g = N The acceleration of the blocks, a = = 4 m/ sec2
 m1 + m2  3 15
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 269
So frictional force on 5kg block = ma = 5 × 4 = 20 N 40
36. (c) M2g – T = M2a and aslab = = 4 m/s 2
and T – µM1g = M1a 10
On solving, we get  dm 
39. (a) F =   v=1×5=5N
 M 2 g − µM 1 g  dt 
a =  M + M  , and so
1 2
∴ a = F/m = = 2.5 m/s2.
T will be free from force constant of spring k.
37. (c) Since mg sin 30° > mg cos30° 40. (c) For the equilibrium of the block
The block has a tendency to slip downwards. Let F be
2 T cos θ = 2 Mg
the minimum force applied on it, so that it does not
slip. Then or 2 (Mg) cos θ = 2 Mg
N = F + mgcos30°
or cos θ = 1/ 2 , ∴ θ = 45°.
∴ mgsin30° = µN = µ(F + mgcos30°)
or 1 θ N1
41. (b) sin θ =
mg sin 30° (2)(10)(1/ 2)  3 2
F= − mg cos 30° = − (2)(10)  
µ 0.5  2  Thus, N1 sin θ = N2 N2

or F = 20 – 17.32 = 2.68 N N1 1
∴ = = 2.
38. (c) fk = 0.4 × 10 g = 40 N N2 sin θ
100 − 40
ablock = = 6 m/s 2
10
Exercise 5.1 Level -2
1. (c) The time in which force on the bullet becomes zero, 5. (b)
600
0 = 600 – 2 × 105 t ⇒ t = = 3 × 10–3 s
2 × 105
t t
Impulse = ∫0 Fdt = ∫0 (600 − 2 × 105 t )dt B
P
A

2 3×10 −3
= 600t − 2 × 105 t = 0.9 N-s. Acceleration of pulley P = acc of block A
2 = 1 m/s2
0
2. (b) The pseudo force on the block is, F = ma. So acceleration of block B, = 2 × acc. of pulley P
= 2 × 1 = 2 m/s2
1
If x be the compression, then Fx = kx 2 6. (c) 3xA + xB =  (constant)
2
1 2 ∴ 3vA + vB = 0
or max = kx
2 or vB = – 3 vA
2ma
⇒ x = . = – 3 × 0.6 = – 1.8 m/s.
   k
3. (a) J = m(v f − vi ) 7. (c)

= 2 mv sin θ/2 = 2mv sin π/n. θ

v ma T
a

v mg
2π
θ= n The tension in the string when it was not pulled.

= ( ma )2 + ( mg )2
4. (c) For the painter,
Now the string is pulled with constant acceleration a,
2 F – Mg = Ma
so extra tension in the string, = ma
For platform
2T – mg = ma, here T = F
Thus not tension ( ma )2 + ( mg )2 + ma
Adding above equation, we get 8. (d)
9. (a) For the system as a whole,
 4 F − ( M + m) g 
a =   . mg
M +m = 2 m(ax)
2
270 Mechanics
∴ ax = g/4 16. (b) The acceleration of the block along the incline is g sinθ,
mg and so its horizontal component will be ay = g sin θ cos
For block A, = may θ also vertical component ay = (g sin θ) sin θ
2
For A; Mg – N = mav .... (i) N
∴ ay = g/2.
2 2 and µ N ≥ maH ....(ii) f
 g  g After simplifying, we get
Thus aA = a x2 + a 2y =   +  
 4  2 θ = tan–1 (µ)
θ
5
= g 17. (c) N = Mg – f sin θ ...(i)
4 and f = µN ...(ii)
10. (c) T0 = m3g ....(i) T0 N Fsinθ
Also T0 = 2T ....(ii) m3 Fcosθ
T0 f F
m2g – T = m2a ....(iii)
mg
and T – m1g = m1a ....(iv) T T
After solving, we get,
T
m1 Now (F + F cos θ) – f = Ma ...(iii)
T After solving above equations, we get
4 1 1 m2
+ a = 12 m/s2.
m3 = m1 m2 18. (b) F – N = ma ....(i)
11. (a) If a is the acceleration of blocks, then and N = Ma
120 − 12 g sin 60°  F 
a= ∴ a =  ....(ii)
12  M + m 
 3 µN
120 − 120 
=  2  m/s2 F m N
M
12 mg

( )
= 10 − 5 3 m/s2 For block m remains stationary w.r.t M, then
µN = mg ....(iii)
Now T1 = m1a + m1g sin60° Solving above equations, we get
 m( M + m) g 
( )
= 2 × 10 − 5 3 + 2 × 10 ×
2
3
19.
F = 
(c) Explained in theory. 
µM .

Similarly T2 = 60 N 20. (b) mg – 2T = ma1, T
T T
mg – T = ma2
12. (c) The limiting friction (acts upwards), a2
Here, T = mg/4,
flim = µN = 0.5 × 100 = 50N.
after solving above equations and a1 mg
The external force (acts downward)
1
= mg = 5 × 9.8 = 49 N.  = (a1 + a2 )t 2 , wewill get the mg
Since external force is less than limiting friction, 2
∴ friction force = 49 N. answer
V 
13. (a) If a is the acceleration of the blocks, then F = ρ Av2 = ρ   ( v1 + v2 ) .
2
21. (d)
20 – µN = 10 a  v
F1
or 20 – 0.1 × 10g = 10 a 3 kg 2kg 22. (a) W cos 30° = N,
∴ a = 1 m/s2. f and T = N sin30°
Now F1 – f = 2 a 3
∴ T = Wcos 30° sin 30° = W.
or F1 – 0.1 × 2g = 2 × 1 4
∴ F1 = 4 N.
14. (b) mg = µN = µ ma 23. (d) 2N cos30° = W,
g 30° W
∴ a = . W N
µ N = F
3
15. (d) frictional force =pseudo force
and N sin 30° = F
or µmg = ma
dv W 1
= m = m × 2bt or × = F,
dt 3 2
W
µg or F = .
∴ t = . 2 3
2b
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 271
24. (b) About hinge, Στ = 0 N1 N1

 N2 N
or 222 × sin 60° = T sin 30° ×  θ
1

2 f
θ
mg
60° T sin 30°
2N1 sin θ = 4 mg
2mg
222 N ∴ N1 = ...(i)
sin θ
222 3
∴ T = = 192 N. Now for the equilibrium of lower cylinder,
2
N2 = N1 sinθ + mg ...(ii)
r 1
25. (c) sin θ = = , cos θ = 8 / 9 and f = N1 cosθ
3r 3 or µN2 = N1 cosθ ...(iii)
If mass of smaller cylinder is m, then mass of bigger After solving above equations, we get
one will be 4m. For the equilibrium of upper cylinder, 1
µ = .
3 2
Exercise 5.2
1. (a,c) For a body at rest, it has either no force or no net force. 4
  a = = 4/3 m/s2.
2. (a,b,c) For translational equilibrium, F = 0, or a = 0 , 2 +1
and so body is at either at rest or moves with constant 11. (b, d) For painter,
velocity. T N
3. (a,b) Object of size > 10–6 m can be described in classical
physics. So (a,b) are correct. T
4. (a, b,c) Protons, on being charged particles experience both
gravitational and electromagnetic force in addition to N
nuclear force. 50g 100g
5. (b,d) Explained in theory.
(N + T) – 100g = 100 × 5 ...(i)
6. (b,c) In case when lifting is going up with some acceleration
For crate,
N ′ = m(g + a) > mg.
T – (N + 50 g) = 50 × 5 ...(ii)
Also when lift is coming down with retardation
After solving above equations, we get
N ′ = m (g + a) > mg
T = 1125 N
7. (a, c, d) Explained in theory
N = 375 N.
8. (c, d) Kinetic friction is always less than limiting friction
12. (a, c) Minimum value of a:– For this the sliding tendency
but greater than rolling friction (least value).
is down the plane and friction acts up the plane:
9. (a, b, d) F FN
µN
N
f
mamin
mg amin α mg
As F = FN2 +f 2
, so
N = mg cosα + mamin sin α ...(i)
F > FN and F > f.
and mg sinα = µN + mamin cos α ...(ii)
Clearly ( FN – f ) < F < ( FN + f ) After solving above equations, we get
10. (a, b, c) When acceleration of A is 1m/s2, experiences a net g (1 − µ cot α )
amin =
force 1 × 1 = 1N. Now acceleration of block B (µ + cot α )
1N 1N
4N Maximum value of a : In this case the sliding tendency
of the block is up and so friction will act down the
4 −1 3
a2 = = m/s2. plane. After calculations, we get
2 2
g (1 + µ cot α )
At the instant of maximum extension of the spring, amax = .
(cot α − µ )
both the blocks will move with same acceleration and
so
272 Mechanics
13. (b, d) For smooth plane, both the block will move with Now T – f = ma
same acceleration, and so there is no relative motion F −2 f 
or T–f = m 
between the blocks.  2m 
14. (b, c)The speed of block of smooth inclined plane is
∴ Τ = F/2.
v = 2 gh , and so v A = vB 16. (a, c) For the equilibrium, the situation is shown in FBD.
Acceleration on smooth inclined is given by, a = g sin θ. For horizontal equilibrium
Σ Fx = 0,
3g g
aA = g sin 60° = , and aB = g sin 30° = or N1=N2 = N.
2 2 Also f1 = f2.
aR = ( 3 g / 2)2 + ( g / 2)2 = g. f1=µN1 f2=µN2

N1
N2
15. (a, b, c) For F < f , the block A will not move and so T = 0.
For f < F > 2f, the block A has tendency of motion, and
so string becomes tight, then Mg
F = T + f ⇒ T = F – f. 17. (b, d) By constraint
For F > 2 f, both the blocks start moving with constant
aB + 4a A = 2aC + 3aD
acceleration,
7
F −2f f m T ⇒ aD = m/s 2
a = 3
2m
2T – 10 = 1 ⇒ T = 11/2 N

Exercise 5.3
1. (a) When we press the pen with the finger, the force not enough for practical purpose.
between fingers and pen is frictional force, which is 10. (d) If the lift is retarding while it moves upward, the man
electromagnetic in nature. shall feel lesser weight as compared to when lift was
2. (b) To get tensions in the strings, we need three force at rest. Hence statement 1 is false and statement-2 is
equations. true.
3. (d) Impulse and momentum are different quantities, but 11. (d) The man can exert force on block by pulling the rope.
both has same unit (N–s). The tension in rope will make the man move. Hence
4. (a) For the body to be in equilibrium under two forces, we statement-1 is false.
have 12. (b) Statement 1 : Cloth can be pulled out without
  dislodging the dishes from the table because of inertia.
F1 + F2 = 0,
Therefore, statement – 1 is true.
 
F1 = − F2 Statement 2 : This is Newton’s third law and hence
true. But statement 2 is not a correct explanation of
5. (d) The net force on the block is zero, but action cannot statement 1.
cancel the reaction because these two act on different 13. (b) It is easier to pull a heavy object than to push it on a level
bodies. ground. Statement-1 is true. This is because the normal
6. (c) Newton’s second law can not be used for any object. reaction in the case of pulling is less as compared by
pushing. (f = µ N). Therefore the frictional force is
7. (b) Due to inertia the dishes remain at their position and
small in case of pulling.
fall on to the table. statement-2 is true but is not the correct explanation of
8. (b) Explained in theory. statement-1.
9. (a) A single stage rocket can give nearly 4 km/s, which is
Exercise 5.4
Passage for (Questions 1 &2) τ
1. (a) For F to be zero, at 2 τ at 3
= −
0 = at (τ –t), 2 3
0
∴ t = τ 3
Pf – Pi = J aτ
= .
τ 6
or Pf – 0 = ∫0 F dt
F at (τ – t )
τ 2. (c) Acceleration, a = =
or Pf = ∫0 at (τ − t ) dt m m
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 273

dv at τ − at 2 4u 2 + 6 g 
= or v = .
dt m 3
v t  at τ − at 2  Passage for (Questions 5 to 7)
or ∫0 dv = ∫0  m  dt 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c)
 
 at 2
The downward load= (20 + 10)g
at 3 
 τ−  = 294 N.
 2 3  The pulley system can be lifted only when F > 294 N.
or v =
m
 at 2 at 3  Thus in case (a) and (b) the accelerations of the blocks
 −  will be zero.
dx  2 3  For F = 394 N : If a0 is the acceleration of the system
Now =
dt m as a whole, then
 at 2 at 3  394 – 2T = 0 × a0
x τ  −  ∴ T = 197 N
or ∫0 (dx) = ∫0  m 3  dt
If a is the acceleration of each block with respect to
 m 
pulley, then with respect to ground their accelerations
aτ 4 are
∴ x =
12m a1 = ( a0 − a ) ↓ a0
Passage (Questions 3 & 4) and a2 = ( a0 + a ) ↑
T T
A 20g – T = 20 ( a0 − a ) ...(i)
T
ut and T – 10g = 10 ( a0 + a ) ...(ii)
T
B After solving above equations, we get
1 gt2
2 a0 = 4.925 m/s2, a = 4.97 m/s2 10 g
∴ a1 = 0.05 m/s2, a2 = 9.9 m/s2
1 2 20 g
3. (d) In time t, ut = gt Passage for (Questions 8 to 10)
2
8. (a) For m1 to be lifted off T = m1g
2u and F = 2T
F = 2t
or t = .
g or 2t = 2m1g
Velocity of block B in this duration ∴ t = m1g = 1 × 9.81 T T
2u = 9.81 s
vi = 0 + gt = g× = 2u.
g 9. (a) For m2 to be lifted off T
When string gets taut, then T = m2 g m2 m1
For block A, and F = 2T m 1g
2 m ( vf – u) = J
or 2t = 2 × m2 g
and for block B,
m(v f – 2u ) = – J ∴ t = m2 g = 2 × 9.81 = 19.62 s
10. (c) At t = 25 s, F = 2 × 25 = 50 N
∴ 2m(vf – u) = – m(vf –2u)
For the pulley,
4u
or vf = . 2T – 50 = 0 × a0 ,
3
where a0 is the acceleration of the pulley.
4. (c) When string becomes taut, both the blocks will move
∴ T = 25 N
with constant acceleration If a is the acceleration of the block w.r.t. pulley, then
mg a1 = ( a + a0 ) ↑
a = = g/3.
m + 2m and a2 = ( a − a0 ) ↓
Now v2 = v 2f + 2 a × ( – ut) By Newton′s second law, we have
1( a + a0 )
 4u 
2
g 2u T – 1g = ...(i)
=   + 2 ( − u × ) and 2g – T = 2 ( a − a0 ) ...(ii)
 3 3 g
Substituting T = 25 N and solving equations (i) and
16 2 2 g  4u 2
= u + − (ii), we get
9 3 3
a = 6.25 m/s2
4u 2 6 g  and a0 = 8.94 m/s2
= +
9 9
∴ a1 = 6.25 + 8.94 = 15.19 m/s 2
274 Mechanics

a2 = 8.94 − 6.25 = 2.69 m/s 2 = (13.4 + 1 + 2 + 3.6 ) × 7.35

Passage for (Questions 11 & 12) = 147 N
Suppose a0 is the acceleration of the system corresponding 13. A→q;B→p;C→s;D→r
300N
to force F. The FBD of the system shown in figure. A
150° 120°
Given M = 13.4 kg, m1 = 1kg, m2 = 2 kg, m3 = 3.6 kg B C
µ1 = 0.75 and m2 = 0.6 TBC TBC

11. (a) For no slipping between m2 and M, we have w2

w1
m1
(m1+m2)a0
m2 T T Applying Lami’s equation, we have
T TBC W2 300
!2(m1+m2)g = =
T sin150° sin120° sin 90°
TAB W1 TBC
m3g and = =
a0 sin 90° sin150° sin120°
After simplifying, we get
T − µ 2 ( m1 + m2 ) g + ( m1 + m2 ) a0  = 0 TAB = 173 N, TBC = 150 N, W1 = 87 N, W2 = 260 N.
14. A→q;B→p;C→r;D→r
or T − 0.6 (1 + 2 ) × 9.8 + (1 + 2 ) a0  = 0 N2
!N2
N1
or T = 17.64 + 3a0 ...(i) TA
TB
For block m3 : !N1
4g
T − m3 g = 0
5g 30°
or T = m3 g = 3.6 × 9.8
= 35.28 ...(ii) TB TA

From equations (i) and (ii), we get

a0 = 5.88 m/s2 15g

Thus F = ( M + m1 + m2 + m3 ) a0 aA = aB = aC
= (13.4 + 1 + 2 + 3.6 ) × 5.88 N1 = 4g, N2 = 5g cos 30°
= 117.7 N TA – µN1 = 4aA,
12 (b) For no slipping, between m1 and m2, we have TB + 5 g sin 30° – µN 2 = 5a B
m1a0 = µ1m1g and 15g – (TA + TB) = 15aC
∴ a0 ' = µ1g = 0.75 × 9.8 = 7.35 m/s . 2 After solving above equations, we get
This acceleration is greater than a0, so the block m2 aA = aB = 5.8 m/s2.
together with m1 will move backward relative to M. TA = 38.88 N,
TB = 21.47 N.
Thus F = ( M + m1 + m2 + m3 ) a0'

Exercise 5.5
1. (a) When F1 , F2 and F3 are acting on a particle then 3. (d) For the block to remain stationary with the wall
the particle remains stationary. This means that the f=W
f = µN
resultant of F1 F2 and F3 is zero. When F1 is removed,
F2 and F3 will remain. But the resultant of F2 and F3
10N 10N 10N
should be equal and opposite to F1.
  
i.e. | F2 + F3 | = | F1 | W
 
| F2 + F3 | F µN = W 0.2 × 10 = W ⇒ W = 2 N
∴ a= ⇒ a= 1
m m 4. (d) u = 6 m/s, v = 0, t = 10s, a = ?
2. (a) For the bag accelerating down v = u + at ⇒ 0 = 6 + a ×10
⇒ a = −6 = −0.6m / s 2
T
mg – T = ma Bag a
mg 10
mg

f = µN
∴ T = m( g – a ) = 49 (10 – 5) = 24.5 N
N
10 The retardation is due to the frictional force
 Laws of Motion & Equilibrium 275
∴ f = ma ⇒ µN = ma ⇒µmg =ma 9. (c) N2

2
a 0.6

F
N1 F1
⇒µ= = = 0.06 f2
g 10
mg sin !
5. (c) From diagram, mg cos !
g cos
ma mg sin θ ! mg
f1 mg cos θ
mg
N θ
For the upward motion of the body
! mg sin θ + f1 = F1
(pseudo ma ! or, F1 = mg sin θ + µmg cos θ
force) mg cos! For the downward motion of the body,
+ ma sin! mg mg sin !
mg sin θ – f2 = F2
For block to remain stationary, orF2 = mg sin θ – µmg cos θ
mg sin α = ma cos α ⇒ a = g tan α
F1 sin θ + µ cos θ
6. (b) g sin θ − µg cos θ ∴ =
F2 sin θ − µ cos θ
d θ tan θ + µ 2µ + µ 3µ
n ⇒ = = =
g si d tan θ − µ 2µ − µ µ
45° 45°
smooth rough 10. (c) Given that F(t) = F0 e −bt
When surface is When surface is dv
smooth rough ⇒ m = F0 e −bt
dt
1
d = ( g sin θ)t12 , d = 1 ( g sin θ − µg cos θ) t22 dv F0 −bt
2 2 = e
dt m
v t
2d 2d F0 −bt
m∫
t1 = t2 =
g sin θ , g sin θ − µg cos θ ∫ dv = e dt
0 0
According to question, − bt  t
F0  e
n
2d
=
2d
v=  
m  −b 
=
F0 
mb 
(
− e −bt − e −0 
 )
0
g sin θ g sin θ − µg cos θ F0 
µ, as applicable here, is coefficient of kinetic friction ⇒ 1 − e −bt 
v=
mb  
as the block moves over the inclined plane.
11. (d) The acceleration of blocks:
1  1   
n=  cos 45° = sin 45° =  F f B F=kt
1 − µk  2 Till F ≤ flim, a =   f
 m A + mB  A
1 1 1
n2 = or 1 – µk = 2 or µ k = 1 − f
1 − µk n n2 For F > flim, aA =
mA
(constant)
7. (a) If v is the speed of the block
 kt − f 
after moving a distance  on
!
and  aB = ,
smooth inclined φ
!
 mB 
which increases with time.
v2
= 0 + 2 (g sin φ) 
12. (b) Normal forces on block A due to B and between B and wall
The retardation on the rough inclined will be F. Friction on A due to B = 20 N
a′ = (µ g cos φ – g sin φ) ∴ Friction on B due to wall = 100 + 20 = 120
Thus 0 = v2 – 2 a’ ×  1 1
or 0 = 2g sin φ – 2 (µg cos φ – g sin φ) 13. (b) Einitial = m (2v) 2 + 2m (2v) 2 = 3mv 2
2 2
∴ µ = 2 tan φ. 1 4 4  4
8. (a) mg sin θ = ma E final = 3m  v 2 + v 2  = mv 2
2 9 9  3
∴ a = g sin θ 4
where a is along the inclined plane 3−
3 5
∴ Fractional loss = = = 56%
∴ vertical component of acceleration is g sin2 θ 3 9
∴ relative vertical acceleration of A with respect to B is 14. (c) For the rotational equilibrium, torque f
2 2 g
g (sin 60 − sin 30] = = 4.9 m / s 2 i n v e r t i c a l produced by f and torque produced by
2 N must be equal.
F N
direction
W
276 Mechanics
15. (a) N1 = 25 sin θ, a
2 3 ∴ tan θ = … (i)
∴ f1 = µN1 = × 25 × = 6 N . g
5 5 But y = k x2. Therefore,
2 2 dy
f2 = µN2 = mg = × 1 × 10 = 2kx = tan θ … (ii)
5 5 dx
= 4N. f2
f1
a a
Now from Newton’s second law From (i) & (ii) 2kx = ⇒ x=
25m/s2 g 2kg
25 cos θ – (f1 + f2) = ma
25N 20. (a) As tan θ > µ, the block has a tendency to move down
4 N1
θ the incline. Therefore a force P is applied upwards
or 25 × – (6 + 4) = 1 a
5 along the incline. Here, at equilibrium P + f = mg sin θ
∴ a = 10 m/s2. ⇒ f = mg sin θ − P
16. (b) Before the string is cut the situation is shown N
f
N
in figure. P
T = mg mg sin!
!
mg cos! P !
When string is cut, the unbalanced force on A is T. mg sin! f
mg cos!
mg
T mg g mg
∴ Acceleration of block A = = = !
2m 2m 2
!

Now as P increases, f decreases linearly with respect

mg
The acceleration of B = =g to P.
m When P = mg sin θ, f = 0.
17. (b) In force free space, momentum of satellite remains
When P is increased further, the block has a tendency
constant, and so
to move upwards along the incline.
d (mv)
mv = k or =0 Therefore the frictional force acts downwards along
dt the incline.
dv dm dv Here, at equilibrium P = f + mg sin θ
or m dt + v dt = 0 or M + v × (αv) = 0
dt ∴ f = P – mg sin θ
dv αv 2 Now as P increases, f increases linearly w.r.t P.
∴ = –
dt M This is represented by graph (a) .
18. (b) The acceleration of mass m is due to the force T cos θ 21. (a, c) The forces are resolved as shown in the figure.
∴ T cos θ= ma F When θ = 45º, sin θ = cos θ
Q
T cos θ T T cos θ
⇒ a= ... (i) a
R
m Tsinθ Tsinθ a
1N
θ
T sin θ
also, F = 2T sin θ θ Tcosθ θ sin θ
F x x cos θ
⇒ T= ... (ii) 1N
2sin θ FIXED θ
P
From (i) and (ii) The block will remain stationary and the frictional
 F  cos θ F F x force is zero. When θ > 45º, sinθ > cosθ
a =   = =
2sin θ  m 2m tan θ 2m a 2 − x 2 Therefore a frictional force acts towards Q.
  22. 5
a2 − x2
tan θ 
 x 
 
F1 θ
19. (b) Y mg sin θ mg cos θ
The forces acting on the Ncos θ f mg
bead as seen by the ob- θ
N 45°
server in the accelerated ma P Nsinθ The pushing force F1 = mg sinθ + f
frame are : (a) N ; (b) mg F1 = mg sin θ + µ mg cos θ = mg (sin θ + µ cos θ)
mg
; (c) ma (pseudo force). θ
The force required to just prevent it from sliding down
Let θ is the angle which X F2 = mg sin θ – µN = mg (sin θ – µ cos θ)
the tangent at P makes Given , F1 = 3F2
with the X- axis. As the bead is in equilibrium with ∴ sin θ + µcos θ = 3(sin θ – µ cos θ )
respect to the wire, therefore ∴ 1 + µ = 3(1 – µ) [ sin θ = cos θ ]
N sin θ = ma and N cos θ = mg ∴ 4µ = 2 ∴ µ = 0.5 ∴ N = 10 µ = 5