Session_1
Hydrology
By___Minal Hasan (Asst. Prof. SETGOI, [Link] - IIEST, Shibpur )
Introduction
of
Hydrology
Hydrology……….
Engineering Hydrology
Run off = Precipitation - Losses
Infiltration Evaporation Evapotranspiration
Engineering Hydrology
Measurement of rainfall – Symon’s rain gauge,
Average rainfall over an area by arithmetical mean
method, Thiessen polygon method and Isohyetal method
Run off - factors affecting it.
Chapter _01
Introduction of
Of
Hydrology
Hydrology Definition
Introduction
Hydrology means Science of Water. Hydrology deals with occurrence, circulation , movements ,
• Definition of Hydrology distribution and circulation of water above the ground and below the ground or even in the
atmosphere.
Hydrology concern with the water in stream and lakes , Rainfall , snowfall, snow and ice on
land, Water Water below the surface and the water present in the pores of soil and rock.
Meteorology
Geology
Mathematics
Fluid mechanics
Physics
Hydrology Broad Subject Chemistry
Statistics
And many other
Applied Science
Hydrology
Definition
Introduction
• Definition of Hydrology Hydrology
Scientific Hydrology Engineering Hydrology
Or
Theoretical Applied Hydrology
and academic
aspect study Estimation of water resources of a region
Study of different processes of component
of hydrological cycle such as
• Precipitation
• Evapotranspiration
• Evaporation
• infiltration, and
• Run off and their interactions.
Hydrology Related problems like Drought, Flood, Flash
flood
and Strategies to combat them
Hydrology
Introduction
Objective of study Hydrology
• Definition of Hydrology
• Objective of study Hydrology
To estimate the Yield (Runoff) from the
Drainage Basin ( Catchment)
Hydrology
Introduction
Applications of Hydrology
• Definition of Hydrology
Design of Hydraulic Structures
• Objective of study Hydrology
• Applications of Hydrology Flood Control and management
Drought management
Navigational Canal
Irrigation water Management
Hydropower plant
Municipal and Industrial water supply
Ground water Quality management
Hydrology
Global Water Resources
Introduction
• Definition of Hydrology
The total water available in Earth = 1360 million km³
• Objective of study Hydrology
• Applications of Hydrology
• Global Water Resources Global Water Resources
Freash
Water
2.8 %
Saline
Water
97.2 %
Hydrology
Global Water Resources
Introduction
• Definition of Hydrology Fresh Water (2.8 %)
• Objective of study Hydrology
• Applications of Hydrology
Fresh Water
• Global Water Resources
70
60
50 68.7 %
40 Icecaps &
Glaciers
30
30.1 % Ground
20 Water
10 0.3 % Surface 0.9 %
water OTHERS
0
Hydrology
Global Water Resources
Introduction
• Definition of Hydrology
• Objective of study Hydrology
• Applications of Hydrology
• Global Water Resources
Surface Water 0.3 %
Series1
87 %
Lakes
11 %
Wetlands 2%
Rivers
1
2
3
Hydrology
NOTE POINTS
Introduction
• Definition of Hydrology • Out of total fresh water, the percentage of surface water is
• Objective of study Hydrology available is 0.3 %
• Applications of Hydrology
• Percentage of earth covered by Oceans 71 %.
• Global Water Resources
• NOTE POINTS • Percentage of total saline water 97 %.
• The total quantity of fresh water in the form of liquid is 1%.
• The average precipitation in the world is 100 cm.
• The average annual precipitation of India is 119.4 cm.
Hydrology Hydrologic Cycle
Introduction
• Definition of Hydrology
• Objective of study Hydrology Water Cycle
• Applications of Hydrology
• Global Water Resources
5 1
• NOTE POINTS
• Hydrologic Cycle
4 2
3
Hydrology Hydrologic Cycle
Introduction
• Definition of Hydrology
• Objective of study Hydrology
• Applications of Hydrology
• Global Water Resources
• NOTE POINTS
• Hydrologic Cycle
Note : This is Exactly NOT Hydrologic Cycle
Driven to land Area Sun Bigger cloud formation
Interceptional loss Rain Drop evaporation
Heat energy
Precipitation / Rainfall Cloud Formation
snowfall
Transpiration Evaporation
Ground surface
Surface Runoff
infiltration
Ocean / water body
Deep percolation
Ground water table
Hydrology Hydrologic Cycle
Introduction
• Definition of Hydrology A cycle where water may be in any of three state – i.e. liquid
• Objective of study Hydrology
state, Solid State ( i.e. ice /snow ), Gaseous state (vapors ), and
• Applications of Hydrology
various degree of motion or dynamic aspects of water also
• Global Water Resources
noticeable like- Evaporation from water body ( ocean / pond
• NOTE POINTS
• Hydrologic Cycle /lake ), formation of cloud, Rainfall, snow fall, hail, Stream
flow, Ground water movement, Infiltration, Deep percolation
and interceptional loss is called Hydrologic Cycle.
Hydrology Components Hydrologic Cycle
Introduction
• Definition of Hydrology
• Objective of study Hydrology Transportation components Storage components
• Applications of Hydrology
• Global Water Resources
Precipitation Surface storage (lake , pond ,river)
Evaporation Soil moisture
• NOTE POINTS Infiltration Ground water
• Hydrologic Cycle Transpiration
Runoff
• Components of Hydrologic
Cycle
Ground water movement
Hydrology
Note Points
Introduction
• Definition of Hydrology
• Total water resources is constant.
• Objective of study Hydrology
• Sun is the only source of driving energy
• Applications of Hydrology
• Global Water Resources • Human activity interference affect the Hydrological cycle
• NOTE POINTS
• Hydrologic Cycle
• Note Point
Hydrology
1st Part 2nd Part 3rd Part
Precipitations Different losses in catchments Runoff calculations
Mean precipitation calculations Infiltration Hydrograph
Precipitation data study Evaporation Maximum flood Estimation
Frequency analysis Evapotranspiration Flood Routing
Well Hydraulics
River Gauging
Session _2
Hydrology
Minal Hasan
Asst. Prof. SETGOI
[Link] - IIEST, Shibpur
Hydrology
About Precipitation
Precipitations
• About Precipitation
Precipitation denotes all form of moisture that comes to the ground from
atmosphere.
Rain fall, Snow fall, Drizzle, Sleet, Dew, Hail etc
Hydrology
Intensity of Precipitation
Precipitations
• About Precipitation
It is the ration between depth(P) of Rainfall with Time (t)
• Intensity of Precipitation
P P = Total rainfall
i
t t = Time period of rainfall
dp
i Unit
dt cm / hr (or) mm/hr
Hydrology Different forms of Precipitation
Precipitations
• About Precipitation
# Based on the intensity of the rainfall
• Intensity of Precipitation
• Forms of Precipitation i) Rain or Rainfall
Size of Raindrop = 0.5 mm to 6mm
Type of Rainfall Intensity
Light Rain Trace to 2.5 mm/hr
Moderate Rain 2.5 -7.5 mm/hr
Heavy Rain More than 7.5 mm/hr
Hydrology Different forms of Precipitation
Precipitations
• About Precipitation
ii) Drizzle : Drop float in the air
Very low intensity
• Intensity of Precipitation
Water drop size < 0.5 mm
• Forms of Precipitation intensity < 1 mm/hr
iii) Snow : Fine Ice crystal
Size < 1mm
Ice crystals, combine to form flakes.
iv) Sleet : ice crystals (Frozen Rain)
crystal Size 1 mm to 5mm
v) Hail : Lump of ice crystal
Lump size > 8 mm
Hydrology
Types of Precipitations
Precipitations
• About Precipitation
• Intensity of Precipitation 1. Convective Precipitation
• Forms of Precipitation
• Types of Precipitation 2. Orographic Precipitation
3. Frontal Precipitation
4. Cyclonic Precipitation
Hydrology Sun
1. Convective Precipitation:
Precipitations Adiabatic Cooling
• About Precipitation
• Intensity of Precipitation
• Forms of Precipitation
• Types of Precipitation Sun Radiation
Moist Air
Ground Heating
Hydrology 1. Convective Precipitation:
Precipitations
• About Precipitation
• Intensity of Precipitation
• Forms of Precipitation
• Types of Precipitation
Hydrology 1. Convective Precipitation:
Precipitations
• About Precipitation • Occur due to the heating of ground and Temperature difference
• Intensity of Precipitation
between moist air and its surroundings.
• Forms of Precipitation
• High intensity rainfall for a short duration.
• Types of Precipitation
Example : rain occur in Summer season, or Pre- monsoon rain.
Hydrology
1. Orographic Precipitation:
Precipitations
• About Precipitation
• Intensity of Precipitation
• Forms of Precipitation
• Types of Precipitation
Windward Side Leeward Side
Hydrology
2. Orographic Precipitation:
Precipitations
• About Precipitation • Due to topographical barriers in front of moist air.
• Intensity of Precipitation
• Rainfall occur in windward side only
• Rain shadow are in leeward side.
• Forms of Precipitation
• Moderate intensity rains occur for long period of time.
• Types of Precipitation
For example : Himalaya's Rain
Western Ghats
Hydrology
3. Frontal Precipitation:
Precipitations 1. Warm air frontal Precipitation
• About Precipitation
• Intensity of Precipitation
• Forms of Precipitation
• Types of Precipitation
Cold Air
Warm Air
Hydrology
3. Frontal Precipitation:
Precipitations
• About Precipitation
• Intensity of Precipitation
• Forms of Precipitation
1. Cold Air frontal Precipitation
• Types of Precipitation
Warm Air
Cold Air
Hydrology
3. Frontal Precipitation
Precipitations
• About Precipitation Front : it is the interface between two distinct air masses.
• Intensity of Precipitation
• Forms of Precipitation
i. Warm air frontal Precipitation
ii. Cold air frontal Precipitation
• Types of Precipitation
Example : Rain during rainfall season.
Hydrology
4. Cyclonic Precipitation
Precipitations
• About Precipitation
• Intensity of Precipitation
• Forms of Precipitation
• Types of Precipitation
High Pressure Low Pressure
Ocean / water body
Hydrology
4. Cyclonic Precipitation
Precipitations
• Due to large pressure difference ground and large water body.
• About Precipitation • Note : a large area of low pressure region also known as depression.
• Intensity of Precipitation
• During cyclone , wind direction at Northern hemisphere (NHS) inward and anti clockwise
• Forms of Precipitation
• Types of Precipitation