[CLASS XII- PHYSICS - PRACTICAL] 2024-2025
Note :
The record to be submitted by the students at the time of their annual examination has to include:
1. Record of at least 8 Experiments [With 4 from each section], to be performed by the students.
2. Record of at least 8 Activities [With 3 each from section A and section B], to be performed by the
students.
3. The Report of the project carried out by the students.
EXPERIMENT – 1
Aim: To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential difference versus current.
Apparatus: A metallic conductor (coil or a resistance wire), a battery, one way key, a voltmeter and an ammeter of
appropriate range, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper, a scale.
V
Formulae Used: The resistance (R) of the given wire (resistance coil) is obtained by Ohm’s Law R
I
Where, V : Potential difference between the ends of the given resistance coil. (Conductor)
I: Current flowing through it.
R
If l is the length of resistance wire, then resistance per cm of the wire =
l
Observation:
(i) Range:
Range of given voltmeter = 3 v
Range of given ammeter = 500 mA
(ii) Least count:
Least count of voltmeter = 0.05v
Least count of ammeter = 10 mA
(iii) Zero error:
Zero error in ammeter, e1 = 0
Zero error in voltmeter, e2 = 0
Ammeter and Voltmeter Readings:
Ammeter Reading I (A) Voltmeter Reading, V (v) V
Sr. No. Observed R
Value Observed Value I
1 50 500 mA 16 16x0.05=0.8 1.6
2 35 350 mA 11 0.55 1.57
3 32 320 mA 10 0.50 1.56
4 19 190 mA 6 0.30 1.58
5 10 100 mA 3 0.15 1.5
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Mean R = 1.56
Length of resistance wire: 28 cm
Graph between potential difference & current:
Scale: X – axis : 1 cm = 0.1 V of potential difference
Y – axis: 1 cm = 0.1 A of current
The graph comes out to be a straight line.
Result: It is found that the ratio V/I is constant, hence current voltage relationship is established i.e. V I or Ohm’s
Law is verified.
Unknown resistance per cm of given wire = 5.57 x 10-2 cm-1
Precautions: Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range.
The connections should be neat, clean & tight.
Source of Error: Rheostat may have high resistance.
The instrument screws may be loose.
EXPERIMENT – 2
Aim: To find resistance of a given wire using Whetstone’s bridge (meter bridge) & hence determine the specific
resistance of the material.
Apparatus: A meter bridge (slide Wire Bridge), a galvanometer, a resistance box, a laclanche cell, a jockey, a one-
way key, a resistance wire, a screw gauge, meter scale, set square, connecting wires and sandpaper.
Formulae Used:
(i) The unknown resistance X is given by:
(100 l )
X= R Where,
l
R = known resistance placed in left gap.
X = Unknown resistance in right gap of meter bridge.
l=length of meter bridge wire from zero and upto balance point (in cm)
XD 2
(ii) Specific resistance ( ) of the material of given wire is given =
4L
Where,
D: Diameter of given wire
L: Length of given wire.
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Observation Table for length (l) & unknown resistance, X:
Resistance from Unknown Resistance
Sr. Length Length (100 l)
resistance box
No. AB = l cm BC = (100-l) cm X = R.
R (ohm) l
1 2 41 59 2.87
2 4 60 40 2.66
3 6 69 31 2.69
4 8 76 24 2.52
Table for diameter (D) of the wire:
Circular Scale Reading
Observed diameter
Sr. Linear Scale No. of circular
Value D = N + n x L.C.
No. Reading (N) mm scale divisions
n x (L.C.) mm mm
coinciding (n)
1 0 34 0.34 0.34
2 0 35 0.35 0.35
3 0 36 0.36 0.36
4 0 35 0.35 0.35
Observations:
Least count of screw gauge: 0.001 cm
Pitch of screw gauge: 0.1 cm
Total no. of divisions on circular scale: 100
Pitch
Least Count =
No. of divisions on circular scale
LC 0.001 cm
Length of given wire, L = 25cm
Calculation:
For unknown resistance, X:
X1 + X 2 + X 3 + X 4
Mean X = 2.68
4
D + D 2 + D3 + D 4
Mean diameter, D = 1 0.035 cm
4
D 2
Specific Resistance, X . 1.03 10 4 cm
4L
Result: Value of unknown resistance = 2.68
Specific resistance of material of given wire 1.03 10 4 cm
Precautions: All plugs in resistance box should be tight. Plug in key, K should be inserted only while taking
observations.
Sources of Error: Plugs may not be clean.
Instrument screws maybe loose.
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