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[ 12]
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6. g~CS 'Y~ ~§Q6Q «!~~ «tYlg Qrt;> '<IQ6Q~1 ~~~ I
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(Q) A,B (3 C Q 'iJl«;llll;;' !CJl'.Jl~6Yl - 11 , 4 (3 2 626Q, 6Qg Q'1_£i C'.J«;ll4 ~g£iQ Yl~Q@l ?
( ~) PQ = 8, QR= 5 (3 RP= 3 626Q, P, Q (3 R Yl<U6Q 6Qg Q'1_£l ~gtj ~QQ Yl~Q@l ?
(Q) A Q 'iJl«;illl;;'-3 , A-C-B, BC= 2 (3 C Q 'iJl«;lll~ -4 626Q, B Q 'Sl«;illl;;' (3 AB 6Q6G?

( £1) A (3 B Q 'iJl«;illl;;' !CJeJl~6Yl -11 (3 21 626Q, AB Q Yl~Q'i_Q 'Sl«;illl;;' 6Q69 (3 A 01£1 '<121Q
~QGI 6Q6G?

(~)A Q 'iJlgll;;' -5 (3 AB Q Yl<UQ'i_Q 'iJl«;llll;;' 0 626Q B Q 'Sl«;llll;;' 6Q6G ?

7. A, L «IQ'iiil6Q~I Q8Q'iJ '<IQ Q'i_ '<IQ A Q 'iJl«;illl;;' 5 ~6~ I A 01£12 '<JQQ ~Q91 Q~~
0

6Q6GI~ Q'i_ L Q86Q C'.JQ~g 62Q (3 6«1Yll«;ill;;'Q 'f}l«;illl;;' 6Q6G 62Q ?

8. §~Q~g 8Q~~~ QQl2Q61 Yll<U916Q ~~IC'.J I

1.5 6QIQ (3 6QIQ-~Q~IQ {Angle and Angle-measure)

'<I «t?tQ6Q C'.Jl6Ql~I QQQI ~Q6J_ ('Jl691 ~41~§Q ~Q~ 'q],_6J..~£t_tii GeJ4 «t?tQ6Q ~l~QI
~IQ~YQ I 9121 6i?Q~ 'QGlQ 6~~· C3 '~QQ6Q'c111Q £JI~' I .

QGlQ 6~~- {Convex Set) :

~·cu: '(JQ 6~G: s Q 6~ 6Qlt;l~ ~Q~ Q'l, A (3 B £JIQ ~~ AB c s ~'(J' 6969 s ~ '()~
QQQ 6~G: ~i?l~l'<J I QQli?Qt;1: 6Q'cl11'cl1g, Q~, ~QQ6Q'cl11 - '<1~16~ ~~6~ Q61Q 6«1~ I
'
~1Gl~4 - 5 ~~~Im c<'JY19~ 0~ '<JG Q6l~ 6«1£1, I

[ 14]
 ®~
:_0-
.. -. . . --~···.
.
·
~
~

(Q) (~) (£1) (Q) (~)

(0Q 1.18)
-<J911~ rn.1bJ.. (Gi'),(~)C3(~)6Q ~Q~g 0Q mies 6~ 6§161~ 'f(Q~ Q'-2_ ~1Q1 §~fo 6Q~1~~
0Q 91<U6Q QQ~IQ~ I 69l1J.. '<l«l~ 0Q6Q ~Qbl 6<a~ ~§Q QG'lQ C'.J£1§ I 911Q '<JQe.11 (£1) (3 (Q) 6Q
~Q~9 0Q mg ~q~4 ~62 I 69l1J.. 6«1 "(Q~ 6«1£1, Q@Q ~2§ I

6£11~-<J 6«1£1, Q@Q ~62 - '<121 ~91161 QQQI OIQ ~191Gl 6«12 6<:a£1, ~~q'iil '<IQ~ "(Q~ Q'-2_
6Q~IQ'<i'IGi OQQ, 6~0QQ 6«1911Q_.Q «1°6~1~ 6Q~I~~ 6<:a£1, 91~6Q «J~tll b2_60 Q2 81bl_Q<:!Q I
'<l2 QIQ61b)_ '<IQ Q'-2_ Q~~ 6«1£1, (3 ~Q6«1£1, rnJ Q@Q6«1£1, 6QIQ ~261 QQl~l'<J I

91~94: ~Q~ Q6'lQ6((]~Q 6~~ '<J{jl\ Q6'l~'<I~_, Yll~ '<l 0 6XJIQ Q6'lQ6'<1~ g 621Q'tll6Q I

~1{il\1~4 7 - '<IY16'Q - QQI~ ~1Ql~4 (Plane-SeparationPostulate) :

Y169QQ L «1QQ6Q~I~ P «1Y19Q6Q ~Q§g I '<l919QQ 6~Q Q'-2_ ~§Q '<12 «IQQ6Q~l6Q
g1Qi§' 6«1911Q-r_ 'f(Q~ 6«1£1, HI (3 H2 6Q Q(!i)f!) QQl~IQOIQQ ; 6~0Q

(ii) 'f(Q~ ~[Link], Q'-2_ A (3 B ~e.11~691 HI (3 H2 6Q Q26Q, .. /

L
~ ~ B H2
AB L «1QQ6Q~IG16~Q QQQ I ( Q~ 1.19)

91~: Q06Ql'ii) <;J1Qlrl4bl_ '<121 ~91161 QQl~IQ OIQQ 6~ HI (3 H2 ~694Q ()Q@-<J 6Ql~'<J
~61'i_QY 6«1~ 6«19116Q ~616~Q1, W1"19, 6§161~ 6Ql~'<J ~ 'cf!QRH 1 (3 H 2 6Q Qi? 'tllQQ QIQ I
(3

(-<JGal rn4<s Q~ ()Q~ ~QQQ'91 QQtllQQ I q~Q_QQ ~91161 tll04 't]Q'<]Q WJl~'ii) ~62' I)
< - < ---< , -
'<IQ96°Q~I 'tll~: '<l919Q - QQl~Q <;J1Gl~4 ~IQI g~g HI (3 H2 6«lb1, ~Qb1\il_ '<]QQ6Q~I LQ
- - < - - < < <
6Qlb1'<J 6£11b1'<J tll.q] Gl_21~1'<J I A (3 B Q'-2_ ~~g e!QI rn~~Q\il_ ~eJl~60 L Q A- rncqi (3 B- 'tll.q]
Gl_21~1'<l I
< ~
9J6gQ~ - '<J{il\ <CJQ96Q~IQ 'tll~~Q Q6'l9, 2'JQ~gtf ~ tJQ6~1 6<CJ~ tJ~~ I '<JQQ6Q~IQ
QQQ rn4\ii 2'Je$<a916'9 (Half Planes) \il,21~1-<l I 6Ql~'<J '<lQQ6Q~I ~IQI ~~fo ~~«109Q ~Q~\il_
- < 9 -,-< < .
«1QQ6Q~IQ QtJQ19 tll.q] 91.U Gl_21~1'<l I {(JQQ6Q~l\il_ 9121~1QI QEijg ~~{(Jfl9Q ~QQ ~IQ (edge)
Gl.21~1-<l I

[ 15]
 ( 1) L '<1QQ6Q~I p ~Wl996Q ~Q~g 626Q ~1Qld4 - 7 Q 8QY11(;1 ~£1.8 '<1Yl99~ G6g1~
~61~~ . ~616~Q1 (3 Q~g 6'<1~' L , H 1 (3 H 2 6Q Q~~ '-''<l,
.,._,
~eJIO' p = Lu H, u H 2
(2 ) Q(;)Q ~~'<1Yl09 H 1 <3 H 2 ~6li~ 6'<1~, 621Qe!QI~ 6~ 6'1Tu1(5 ~~'<1Yl99 Q8Qll 6~1~'<J
~~ L QOQYl 6~ 6Qlt;1~ Q'{_ '<12 c.a 06~IQ QQ '<1Q~6Q~1£i-<l ~~~ QQl~IQ 81QQ I -<J21Q 8Q611Yl
~~O ~Q81QO ~'<l 6~, 6£11£1-<J '<1Yl09Yl 6~ 6Ql61~ Q'{_ Yl~6<ti'Q ~'<1°~4 '<1QQ6Q~I ~Q~O I 69~
'<1~199 ~1Qld4Q OQ611Yl ~£1.0 '<1Q96Q~I Q~ '<1Yl99 Yl~ OOQi'~
- QQl\;X;I QIQ6Q 8QQ41q
(continuum) ~6~; ~efo, '<1Yl996Q Yl~ 6Ql6J(5 ~I~ (gap) ~IQ I

( 3) ~681~ Q6~1£i OeJ4 '<1Yl09 - QQl~g ((J1Qld4 '<1121~46Q ~Q81Q9 ~'<J I

(i) ffi~ ~ '<1~ Q8~ L '<lQQbOOI Q~ '<1~

AB 6Q~I~~~ C Q'{_6Q 6~Q Q6Q I ~Q C Q'{.£' A <3 B
A\_c
Q'{_~Q 01~ ~eJQ, ~'<J, 696Q A (3 B Q'{_~Q L Q Q8Q1g
Ol46Q ~~g 626Q I ( Q~ 1.20 ~00) (~~ 1.20)

(ii) Yl6~Q L '<lQ~Q~I (3 AB -<JQ '<lYlO~Q ~~g I AB Q 6£1@-<J ~l~~B, L Q86Q

~~g <3 ~~4 ~l~Q'2_A, L Ql216Q ~~g I 6g6Q B-C -A Qf!.I B -A-C 626Q, C Q'2_L Q
A - rn46Q Q ~~g 626Q I ( ~ 1.21 600)

llL llL
B B
(Q~ 1.21)
•C
(iii) A (3 B Q'2_L Q Q8Qlg mtJE>Q B (3 C Q'{_L Q Ae

WQ19 mtJ6Q ~Q~g 62E>Q A <3 C Q'{.~Q L Q ~mrn~E>Q L

~~g 626Q I ( Q2 1.22 600)
B• (9~ 1.22)
g86QI~ 9eJ4 ~§Q ~1?l§Q ~~YJ..~ Q8'al8~1 81Q ~94~ ~GJ.~~tij I .8Q001 '<1°~1 (3 ~~1~6Q
'<J~~Q QIJQ21Q QQl~Q I

6Ql'1Q t<J•1111: Q6~1~ ~eJ~ Q'2_ A, B C3 C "Q '<JQ '<JQQ6Q~l6Q tJ9~6' ~~~~, 6~9

L
-+ -+
BA ~ BC Q t<J•E)"IQ~ ABC 6Qltil ~~l"l'<l (3 Q~ 6Qltil~ LABC '<16~ ~IQI ~QI~ QQl"l'<l I

6~b', 8QQl~l()Q ~l()YJ ()Q<Q1 81QQI ; LABC = BA u et

~QI 6Qltil 6~~ '<Jl~IQtil tJl~Qq Qilfi ~Q~ 6~~Q~1 Q~Q <C1•6"1Q I
B C
(9~ 1.23)
[ 16]
 ~~~: (I) A , B (3 C §6gl~ 6~Q6Qgj1 Q'{_ I 69GJ. ~1Ql~4-4 C'J~~IQ1 '<IY116g '<IQ gQ~
<aRGQGQ C'JQ~G, ~121~ABC <aRGQ ~21~1'<1 I [Link] YI~ '<12 <ClYIGQGQ C'JQ~g I

(2) B ~ LABC Q ~l~Q'i (Vertex) BA (3 st ~ LABC Q QI~ (Side) fil.21~1'<1 I

< - <
&(ii'l€1Q ('J~6Q~ " 9i?6Q~:

tc! Q A- rncqj ~ Q C- [Link] 6~Q~ LABC Q ~'Y6Q~ (interior) Gt_21~1'<1 I

LABC Q C'J~6Q~6Q f.[QI ~694Q Q'{_fil_LABC Q ~'YB~ Qq_ (interior Point) fil.21~1'<1 I
QGl ~~6Q P, LABC Q 6£11£1'<1 C'J~'il Q'{_ C'J6£1 I '<128£1 C'J<C1°~4 Q'{_fil_ 6gQ 6Ql61Q C'J~6Q~ QQg I

C'J~6Q~6Q gf.[QI Q'{_Yllg-r_ 6gQ £109 6<C1£1,Gt_ 6Ql61Q 9~6Q~ (exterior) Gt_21~1'<1
Wb<l\\l6Q-1;1111ii'l.ll611161Q 9lit~ Qq-(ex~erior point) lj_21fill"l I /. A

QGl Q~6Q Q, LABC Q 6£11£1'<1 Q28'i2 Q'{_ I B ~

~ c
QGlQ 6'<l~Q '<1°!llll (3 <ClYIGQ QQl~g ~1Ql~4 G:IQI §6Y)I~ ( Q~ 1.24)
gay bl_§Q ~§rnQG ~'<I :
( 1) 6Ql61Q C'J~6Q~ '<IQ QGlQ 6'<1£1,; RI~ 6Ql61 QI G'l21Q QQ6Q~ QGlQ 6«1~, ~62 I
(2) 6£11£1'<1 6Ql61, G'l21Q C'J~6Q~ (3 Q26Q~ - '<12 §6g1£1 t:lQVJQ C'J616~Q1 6«1~, ; C'JeJ1g,
'<IYll~ Y1~6l_ 6§161~ ~g£1 6«1£1, Y1~6Q QICllQ61 Q'{_ g1Q' I

B~
~ ~ ~
( 3) P, LABCQ '<IQ C'J~B'il Q'{_ 626Q B Gt_ ~I~ BP Q
('Jg4 '<JY!~ Q'{_ LABC Q C'J~'il 626Q I 6«128Q
A (3 C Q Y1~001 6~ 6§161~ Q'{_ YI~ LABC Q C'J~Bll 62Q I (QQ 1.25)
( 4) ~§6a'Q1 ¥1£1£1194 (Cross-bar theorem)
~ ~ - ~
P, LABC Q '<JG C'J~8ll Q'{_ 626Q BP, AC liI_ 6~Q Gi'QQ I
8QQQ1 q~ YJ..~Gi' ~Y1161 Yllg~6Q '<12 Q881QYQ ty6QIQ Gi'Ql~Q I BP Q~ ~8Q AC
6Q~liGlil_ 6ii'Q QQ~ , g121 ~Q6J. Q8Q§ Gi'Q 81QQ I Q881QY§Q q~ YJ._~Q ~Y1161 810Y 8Q<CIQ6Q
C'J~~~ ~62 I
6Ql€1Q £JQY11€1 (Measure of an Angle) :

VJ1Ql'34-8 6~1~1~Q VJ1Ql'34 (Protractor Postulate)

-..-c
~6Q4Q 6Ql€1 <(Ji? '<IQ ~Qfi ~~l~Q 91~9 <(J 0 Qt41 <(] 0 ~~ " '<Ji?I~ <C'l 0 ~il 6(ii'l€1Q £JQAl€1
~i?l~l'<J I LABC Q 8QY11611il_mLABC 62_68 ~~ti' QQl~l'<I '<JQ0 '<121 g()~I~ <CIQ rn~g Q()Q I

[ 17]
 A
(i) 0 mLABC < 180 p

(ii) o < e 180 626\ill ~ Q 6~ 6Ql61~ rn~6Q 6GJIQ9

01Q 6Ql~'<l Q~ ~ ~Q~Xi, 6~8Q mLQBC = 0 62Q I '"---~B;__---+c

( 0 - ('.!£11 «11CJIQ6198 6Ql61 8Q0161 81Q Q4~9 ~'<l 26
I) ( {;\Q l. )

(iii) L ABC Q ~~6~'516Q p 6~ 6QJ61~ '<JQ Q~626\ill mLABC = mLABP + mLPBC

62Q I ( '<l2 ~1Ql~4Q .... QQ 6Ql61 8Q0161 §~fo QQ81£)_~QI ~~ QI Q(110.~ 6~1£11~Q
<.a61 8Q61
~21~1'<l I)
~~9ii: 6~1£11~Q ~lQl~YbQ
1. (i) 0 < e < 180 81Q Ql: ()QIGI 018~ §'Q]ml8 ~21fll'<l I flQ LABC Q Yllt:l x ~'(]
( 0 < x< 180), 696Q ~160 6\ill~ rnLABC = x0
(ii) 0 < e < 1t ( 81Q '<JQ ~t:]Q()00. «;] 0 ~41 (3 -<l21Q ~1«1~ 01g 3. 141 5, 2
; ID1941Q)

'<l 6~Q6Q Ql: 6Ql6101t:l~ 6Q§~1g, 018 ~21~1'<l I -<l !,JQIQ 6GJllG1018 «11CJIQG198 Q~9Q 91GlQ
~l6\illl~g1()Q ~9 Ql6Q Q4QSf;9 ~'<l I
(iii) o< e < 200 6i?~Q Q'i 6~1~ Y11~~ 6~~, Y11~ ~2uc11-<1 1
2. Q86QI~ 0~Q4 ~~f110.1

1t 6Q§QI~ = 180 6'~1 = 200 6~~, I '<l«l~ 6QIG1 018Q -<lQQ 0~£1 §'Ql1 '(]QQ «llCJIQGl
.• C'JIQ~%?91 81Q Q~~ QIQ()Q QllQ~g ~'<! I
I 0 = 60' (60 ~§~) l' = 60" (6<Cl()Qig)
~ ~ <
3. ~Q~ 6'1'1~Q ~QYll~ <Clfllg 6i?6Q, 6<Clfll~ <Cl9<C1YI 6'1'1~ ~i?ISCJl'<I I
mLABC = mLPQR 626\ill LABC C3 LPQR <CJQ<Cl0 ~C'J~ (3

'<l21'l_ «116~§g 9810.()Q LABC:: mLPQR 6Q~l~l'<l I

~ +---+ <~ ~
1. ~Q A (3 D, BC Q <CJY181~ c.Q. Q Q~ (3
mLABC > mLDBC ~'<!, 696Q D, LABC Q C'J~B~ ~ 629

I '<121Q OOQ19 g~ 0.U <a94, C'JeJl9, A <3 D, fit Q <a0rn@g .

8
(3 mLABD > mLDBC 6QE>Q, BD LABCQ ('J~E)~Q ~g
~ < ~
(~~ 1.27) C

62Q I

[ 18]
 2. G'Qlt;l ((']~~~4QQ (Angle Bisector) :

6Qlb'IG{.Q (,J1Ql~Y (3 Q86QI~ 9fJY ( J ) b.l_ 'Q21 Q§81Q9 ~'Q 6£1 LABC Q ('J~E)Q~E>Q Q~g
- - ~ -- -- I ~ -
6£11£"-Q ~ I~ Q~ BD Q2~ , 6£18QQ mLDBC = mLABC ('JE)b' I BD~ LABC QA<a~~~©Q
2
(bisec tor) <ll.21£JM I / /'D

'i?Gl ~~E>Q ob, LABC Q <a~~~©Q (3 mLA BD = mLDBC ('.16£" I ~

~~ B ( ~g l 28) C
Q~~ g~IQ 6~1~ (Types of Angles): ~ ·

I . 8Q~IG1 6\;lQE)Q E>QIGI ~§Q §~ QGIQ6Q Q\;l~ I 6£11~-Q 6\ii'IGIQ 8Q~IG1 :

90° ~ Qq E>Q6Q G'IQl'i <fl.~6Qlt;l, 90° QQ Q~I~ E>26Q Q~6Qlt;l (3 90° 'l_ ~~Q 62E>Q
'i96Qlt;l 'i21~1'<1 I

2. ~~qQQ (3 OQqQQ E>Qlt;l (Complementary and Supplementary Angles) :

( i) ~~ 6\ii'IGIQ 8Q~IGIQ <a~ij 90° 626Q 6«1~1~ 8QVJQ ('J~OO 6Qlt;l (Complementary
angles ) ~21£JM I

(ii)~~ 6\ii'IGIQ 8001GJQ ca~ij 180° 626Q 6«1~1~ 8QVJQ 8~\ii' 6\ii'IGI (Supplementary
angles ) <ll.21£JM I
3. Q~i?G' 6Qlt;l (Adjacent angles) :
~Q~ E>'i?161Q 6Ql~'<J Ql~IQ61 91~ (3 6(ii'l61 ~QQ ~~491~ ~Q~ Ql~IQ61 91~Q 9£JQ1G'
< - -- -
£l1~6Q 9~6' 626Q, 6Q~1~-r. Q~2G' 6Ql61 'i21~1'<1 I QGl Q~6Q LAOB (3 LAOC, LPSQ
(3 LQSR <a~2g ('.!£'~ I Q!aY QQ 6£1, ~g <a~2g 6\ii'IGJQ ~~6Q'51 ('J616~Q1 I

Z.
Q

.. B 0 c
S R
(Q~ 1.29)

( <fl_Q~I: ZJIQ£.l. '<IQ~E)Q~IQ rn~ QeJI GJ..21£11Qe/QI I E)gE)Q AB (3 .AiJ '<IY'llg~Q Q~Q 81~
...... <- +----> <""""'
QI Q8Q1g 8 1.q) Q26Q AB Q Q~Q 81.q]Gl_ 2 ~~l'<l I)

'<llCJIQ61 Ql~Q QtJQJg rn~E>Q Q~g QI~ ~QGl_ «t~2g 6Ql61 Yllg~Q ~~8<Q 91~ (exterior
Sides) Gl.21£11'<1 I

[ 19 J
PM-03/11 /16
 4
· gG'm 6 ~ 1 ~ (Vertically Opposite angles) :

6QI~'(] 6Ql61Q Ql~~~Q Q~Qm Q~ Y!Kil~ ~IQI QOG' 6Q16lli1 Q~ 6Ql61Q iygm 6Ql61
li1 l~I'(] I \i'Q ~Q6Q LAOC (3
2
LBOD, 8QQQ iygm ~£'~ I A C

'<lf16~1~ '<l~~G' 6~66'1~ '<! ra1 : 0

£lQ~Q QA, (Mutually perpendicular) 6Q~I C3 Q~ :

~Q~ £lQQQ ~~6U'~1 6Q~I ~IQI '<lei 62Ql?J91 ~IQ6~1Q o ~ B

- - • (£1~ 1.30)
fl~~ 6~~'<1 6Ql~'<I 6~1Q '<lf16~1Q 626Q 6Q~l~Q '£JQ~Q QR' ~~~ I
~ ~ ~ ~ B
AB (3 C D 8QQQ lii'lA. - '(]211i11(]6~G' ~IQI AB .i CD 61ii'l~l~I'(] I
~ ~ -+ --+
AB .i CD ¢:::> AB .i CD 0 D
< ~ ~ -+ --+
~ell\;', AB (3 CD 8QQQ lii'lA. 6261ii'l A B (3 C D
8QQQ lii'lA. 626Q, ·2'.Jg4eJI ~62 I
A(~~ 1.31)
6Q~l~GQ '<lfl~~G~ QR : 6Ql~'<I 6Q'c1ll'c11GQ f1~9q 6~Q ~~6' C3 '<191 g§ 'iiilf1
6~Ql?J91 '<IQ96Q~I~ 6Q~l~GQ <afl~~G~ QR (Perpendicular bisector) ~i>llCll'<I I

~ ~ - - D
~Q6Q ED , AB Q l(]Yl~~GQ lii'lA. I

'!£~94: (i) AB ()Q~l~G iy§ lii'lA. Q2QIQ w!J 629~ A B

AB, l(]Q~6Q~I iy§ lii'lA. I

(ii) 1(] &lll~~l.Q1 l(]Y!()Ql61Q ~QQI~ 8QQQ lii'lA. I
0
. E (~Q 1.32)
- <
1.6 £JQ£JQQ
.... C3 ~gm 6Ql'1 '<l~QE>Q ~E>a1~g1a 6'2J4:

7.
£JQqQQ 6~1~ <aR~1Q 6'2J4:
- - <- -
(a) 6Ql~'<I Q~Q ~1~9q ~g4 '<l~ 6Q'iltl6Q ~9'i6'
626Q 6~Q ~~<a~ 6~1~ Q~~ ~§, 6<ClY116g £1Q~Q A C B
gQqQ~; ~ei1~ 6<aY11g~Q £JQY11~Q <aYl'i 180° ~6~ 1

(b) ~Q16' ~Yl ~~<a~ 6"1~ OO~Q OOqQQ mLACD + mLBCD = 1800

6~Q, 6'<lY11W ~'i 91i ~Q £1Q~Q ~Q16' Q~ ~~I (~~ 1.33)

Q86QI~ 9el41i1 £1QqQ" Q£1£11~4 (Supplementary Theorem) ~21~1'<.1 I '<l21Q <yYllGI
810Y 8Q~Q ~~q~ ~62' I q~ Q.~Gi' ~Y11Gl6Q '(]~IQ Q~~ QIJWIQ ~'Q I £1Q001 Q£1£11<t;il!Q ~YllGI

-<JQ 9eJ4 986Q eJICJIQ9 I

[ 20]
 Q£J£JIQ'f - 2

~~ ~QQ6Q~I £JQ~Q~ 6~ fii'bQ Q~~ 6~el91 gg1£J 6_,161 911~ £JQ91161 ~911g I

(If two lines intersect, then the measures of the vertically opposite angles
formed thereby,are equal)
~ ~ ~ ~
QG): AB (3 CD 8QGlQ'i. 0 Q~6Q 6U'Q {ii\Q~ I
A D
gl91161ll: mLAOD =·mLBOC, mLAOC = mLBOD
~ <~ ~ ~
gYll61: 0 A Q ~1~Q~ 0, CD Q86Q ~Q<SG\ I

:. mLAOC+mLAOD= 180° (£JQ~Q{iil Q£J£JIQY)

~ ..-~ ~ ~
OC Q ~1~Q~ 0, AB
Q86Q ~Q<S9 I
:. mLAOC+mLBOC= 180° (£JQ~Q{iilQ£J£JIQ~)
69~mLAOC + mLAOD = mLAOC + mLBOC
:. mLAOD = mLBOC
6«1Q£JQ ~~161 {iilQl~IQ £JIQQ mLAOC = mLBOD ( ~911~9)

~~cg'11Q~1 - 1(b)
((ft') 9g1g
1. Q8Q~g £J~QQQ «1°121 6Q~ I
6Ql61Q ~~6Q~, «!~~ 6Ql61, ~91~ 6Ql61, £JQ~QQ 6Ql61, ~~Q 6Ql61 I
2. 98 ~~~~QQ Q@Q Q~ I
(i) 6Ql~'<J 6Ql61Q 6Q691~ QI~ eJM ? (ii) 6Ql~'<J 6Ql61Q 6Q69@ ~1@Q~ ell'<J ?
< -- < --
(iii) 6Ql61Q ~~6Q~6Q 6Q691~ Q'l_eJl'<J? (iv) 6Qlt;1(3'@1Q~'ii'006~Q6~00~et<I?
- - - \:I - <
3. g86Q Q~l~IQ~QI 91QQl6J_ 6QQ ~~Q Q@Q 6'<1~, ~I~ :
(i) 6Q~l~IU, (ii) Q~, (iii) 6Q~I, (iv) 6{iill61, (v) 6Ql61Q ~(:J6Q~, _(vi) '<1919Q,
~ <
(vii) 6QIG1Q QQGQ~

4. §6g@ '<'IQQGQ~I £1QQQ'l_ 6~QQ6l_e!91Q '<JQ ~ ~'1'g QQ I G'QGQ ~~GI_ GQ~ \JG'1a
6QIG1 6~1~1 ~~'i GQ~ I
5. ~~ '<'IQQGQ~I £1QQQGI_ GQl~'<J Q'l_GQ G~Q {iil6l_e!QIQ 9~~'<1 ~'1'g QQ I G'Q6Q 9~6J_
'<1~~ £1Q~QQ 6Ql616~1~1~~'i 6Q~ I

[ 21]
6.
XY '<lQQ()~~IQ ~Q1g 81~6Q M (3 N ~~ ~ QQ I ~~g «1QQ£Q~IQ N-81~6Q C ~
'(jQO M- m~Q B ~ ~ QQ I ~ Yll~Y16Q ool~ 6~. BM (3 NC 6Q~l~~~Q «l~Q~IQ
Q8Q1g 81~6Q Q~Q I
7.
§~ ~'&l~~QQ Q@Q O~ I ~1Qct>l4Q ~EiQ Q~ ~~g QQ I
(i) x Q~ ~ Q86Q ~Q~g g626Q (3 A - O - 8 626Q mLXOA + mLXOB 6Q6~ ?

(ii) ~ l3 Cb Q Ei~QQ~ 0 626Q LAOCQ cyrn8 6Ql61 6Q~£' ?

(iii) C, LAOB Q W~~ Q~ mLAOC = x (3 mLAOB = y 626Q mLBOC 6Q6~ ?
(iv) ~§ '<JQ<j;;IE)Q~I 8QYJQ~ Ei~Q Q6Q QQ~ 62Qe!QI 6Ql61 ~~ ~~G}_ ~0 6Q@'<J 6QIG1Q
8QY1161 30° ~'(], E)gE)Q '(J21Q cygm 6QIG1Q 8Q8QQ
c:...
6Ql61Q 8QY1161 6QE)g 62Q ?

(~) 9QIQ

8. (i) mLABC= x (3 LAOB Q ~~QQ

... c:...
6QIOO 8QY1161 2x0 626Q x Q Y11g ~6Q ~QI~ QQ I
(ii) 6Ql~'<l 6QIGIQ 8QY1161, '<l21Q [Link] 6Ql61Q 8QY1161Q ~Q~GIG)_ 18° ~t.!_Q 626Q
6Gi'l61~Q 8QY1161 6Q69 {;).ijQ QQ I
(iii) 6Ql~'<l 6QIGIQ 8QY1161, ~121Q 8Q8QQ
c:...
6QIG1Q 8QY1161Q '<JQ 8~Y1l0 ~ 626Q 6QIGl§Q
8QY1161 ~Q Gi'Q I
(iv) ~§ '<l~ [Link] 6QIGIQ 8QY1161Q ~~81~ 4:5 626Q 6QIGl~QQ 8QYllG1 ~Q QQ I
(v) 6Ql£1'<l 6Ql61Q £1QY1161, 9121Q 8Q~Q 6QIGIQ 8QYll61 OIG).20° Qyt 626Q, 6QIGl~Q
8QY1161 §~fa QQ I
(vi) ~Q~ '<1~2~ .8QQ_QQ 6Ql61Q 8QY1161Q ~~Q 30° 626Q 6Ql6ll(j!QQ 8QY1161 ~Q QQ I
(vii) ()Q@'<J 6Ql61Q £1QY1161 ~121Q ~~Q_QQ 6Ql61 8QY1161Q '<JG? 8l!!Yll 0 ~ 626Q, 6~161~Q
8QY1161 §ti}Q GQ I
9. §f]Q ~~~~Q ~~Ql6Q x Q Yll~ 6G6\;' 62Q ~Q QQ I p

L.
Q
Q (2x- 30)0

3,. p (>-4)· :.+s)· (x+20) 0 •

M 0
(x+ \0)0

N
A 0 B
s ( g)
( Q ) (~ )
(~Q 1.35) D

zO
10. 00~~6Q ~ (3 tb QJQ~6Q~l~Q8QVJQ~ yO
A
.... 6W QQ§ I mLCOE =90° 626Q
O Q~6Q B

x, y (3 z Q Yll~ §t1}Q (ii'Q I c E

(Q~ 1.36)

[ 22]
 Q
H H _
I I. QQ 9g6Q PQ (3 RS ~QQ 6ii'QQfi2_ 0 (3 mL POC= 75° 626Q,
a, b '<lQ c Q Yllg ~4Q QQ I
0

p
(£!) QQIQ (~~ 1.37) c
12. ~Y1161 oo 6~, ~~ ~gitl 6Ql61Q «lYl~~Q '<IQ QQ~Q~I QtJQ'S ~~ OOQlg Q~626Q I
13. ~Y1161 QQ 6~, ~g~ «1~2g tJQQ_QQ 6'i1>161Q «lYl~~~Q Q~~Q tJQ~Q ~§ ~A. I
14. rn4cs ~~6Q LAOE '<IQ LEOB ~Q~ «1~2g tJQQ_Q61 6Ql61 c
0
D

~ -
(3 OC, LAOE~ QYJ~~IQ Gi'6Q I mLCOD = 90° 626Q

A +-~~~O~~~~B

(~~ 1.38)
H H - ~
15 . AB (3 CD tJQQQ~ 0 Q5!'6Q 6ii'Q QQ~ I mLAOC Q
- ~ H - '
~~~~~Q OX I ~~161 QQ 6~ XO 6Ql61 BOD ~ ~~~~~ Q6Q I

16. DA,otJ,ot '<IQ QYJg~E)Q ci~g Q~ I 6Q61Q Q~ CJ~Y Q~ ~Q~ ~IQI Q0£1 6Ql61Q
CJ~6Q~6Q Q~g g62' I ~Y1161 QQ 6~, mLAOB + mLBOC + mLCOA = 360°
~ B
~ ~
17. mqics ~~6Q OE ' LAOB Q QYJ~~!Qlii' Q~
< - -
I
~ -
~
OF' OE Q QtJ~lg Q~ 626Q,
~

Q~1CJ6~, mLBOF = mLAOF

.A
(~~ 1.39)
1.7 ~m100 ((]QQ6Q~I (Parallel Lines)
VJ 0 r.a1: '<JQ ~Yl6'96Q ~9~6' ~~ ~2J~ ((]QQ6Q~I '1~ £1Q~Q~ 6~ Q~ ~2JI§, 66'69
6VJYll~ VJYllOO ((]QQE>Q~I ~21'11-<l 1·~~ VJYllOO VJQQE>Q~l6Q ~~~ Q~ §at 6Q~I~~~.:
YI~ '<JYll~Q ~21'11-<l I

L, (3 L 2 6Q~l~Q ~Q «1911~Q ~CJ~ ()g()Q ~6~~6Q L 111 L 2 6Q~l~l'<I I

Q &lll~~IQ1 L 1II
0
L2 626~ L211 L, 62Q I

~1~1~4 - 9: VJYll~Q ~1Ql'14 (Parallel Postulate) :

6Ql~'<l VJQQ6QcallQ 9~8i '<JQ Qq Y1~6~Q G'li?lgg VJYll~Q 6i?Gl~~I 6~9Q Yll~
6Ql~'<l '<JQQ6Qcall ~~6' I

[ 23]
 ~ m~~4 : [Link] Q~6J.. i;cw11~Q ~1Qlrl4'ii ((Jl?~Q Q8Q§
~Q6\?Q I L, Q QQ8l} P Qr(( 91~6'1i'Q 6~69 ((JQ~E;Q~I
~~o'
~
()'<] '<]~ Yl~~ L,.. ~g1 ~IQ 6"161((1£1 L I ((JQ '<lrn~Q
~21

--------~LI

~ (QQ 1.40)
~ •~ • : '<1Yll~Q ~1Qlrl4 ~1~§ ~1~6Q 6£11£1-q ~§ ~61~~~ ~1Qlrl4 I ((JY'!9~ Q86Q ~~9
'<l~ QIQ'ii '<lQ~Q~IQ -qQY,I~ ~cl 6QIQ '2]1?61 QQ 6~Q ~I~§ ~16Ql£'<n'I QQl~M, Oll?l'ii
QQ~gio ~41~~ 'iil?l~l-q I ~IQ6)_ 'iil?l~IQ~ ((JQ~Q~I Qr(( rnWQ 6'<1£', I 60~ -ql;llQ ~<n'41<n'4
~6<n'Q cyQIQ ~cl Yl~ '<l~Q I 6'<1 '<1~ ~cl'ii E;<;i'Q QQ~ ~QIQ ~61QQ~g1Q ~41~§ (Non-
Euclidean Geometries) Yl~ «Jij 6l?IQ~ I ~121Q ~6QIQ Yll?l'ii%1 ~~Q<n' ~IQ ~l?b!Q 8Q'<1Q6Q
~Q1~1-q I -q '<1~ ~41~G6Q '<lYll~Q ~1Qld4 '2]l?611Q ~62' I

8QQQ1 Q881Qll QY'll~Q ~1Qld4 Q86Q ~ICJIQGI I

fi'ICCI~ - 3

'<IQ <CJ~~Q ~~G' C3 CQ~Q 01~ ~el~ Ei~~ <CJ~ <CJQ9EiQ~I ~~ '<I~ <CJQ9EiQ~I <CJ~
<CJ~l~Q, 6<CJ~IEig CQ~Q <CJ~I~ I

(Distinct coplanar lines parallel to a given line are parallel to one another)

Q6l: L 1• L 2 C3 L3 -qQ QY'IO'lii'6Q ~~g ~eJ'ii', QQ~Q~I I

LI
L2 II LI . L3 II LI
L2+--------- --
-==-P
gl~IQ4: L 2 II L 3 L3 +---------- - - -
(~ 1.41)

: • 6((1Y116g ~Q!4JQ~ 6~Q QQE)Q I Y16~Q L2 (3 L3 Q 6~00'2_ p ' LI II L2 621Q?,!Ql6)_ L,

(3 L2 C'.JG16~Q1, 6G't?I.P. LI Q W8i Q'{_ I
L Q Q28l2 Q'{_ p Yl~ 6QQ ~Q~ ~eJQ, E)Q~I L2 (3 L3 'LI ((12 ((J~l~Q. ~I~ '<l~l~Q c.<J1G?l~4
I

~~~10.1 '<121 ~<ami1 I

('W!IOO)
1.8 <CJfll'iQ <CJQ'lj,)GQ~I ~ 6<CJfll~Q 6~ (Parallel Lines and their transversals) :
6Ql~'<l [Link]~Q~I qQ QI G'E>G'l~~Q <CJf11'iQ 6Q~I~ 6~ ~Q 6'121~ <a91~ <CJf1100
GQ~I fllgqQ 6 ~Q (transversal) ~2Ucll'<l I
[ 24]
 ~g§ ~Wll~Q 6Q~I~ 6£11§'<1 6~00 6~006G, 6{(]Q ~106£11§ 6'1'161 ~ij ~_'<l, Ei«JYll~ 6{(]1G'I
6{(]1G'I QQ ~Q~QIQ g1Y16Q g10g QQl{(]l'<J I {(]eJI - '<JQl~Q 6Gi"l61 (alternate angles) (3 ~~6J...8
6'1'161 (co11Tesponding angles) I Q@ Q~6Q «l 0 Q~ 6'1'161 Yllgl;iQ ~~6Q~ ~§Q I £J.. 8 8tl4G
<(] 0 ~41G:IQI Q~g QQl{(]IQ~ I '<JQl~Q (3 ~~6J...8 6~Q6Q 6Gi"l61 6{(]1G'I ~§Q 626G :
E
'<JQIGQ 6'1'161 (Alternate angles) A 2
4----~~--~~~~-+B
(i) LAGH (3 LGHD (~G6Q~ 3 (3 6) 4
c 5 H 6 D
(ii) LBGH (3 LGHC (~~6Q~ 4 (3 5) 4-~~~---.---~~~

7 8
~~6J...8 6'1'161 (Corresponding angles)
(Q~ 1.42) F
(i) LEGB (3 LGHD (~~6Q~ 2 (3 6) (ii) LDHF (3 LBGH (W~6Q~ 8 (3 4)

(iii) LEGA (3 LGHC (~G6Q~ 1 (3 5) (iv) LCHF (3 LAGH (~G6Q~ 7 (3 3)

~~8~ 6{ii'l6f {Interior Angles) C3 Q~S~ 6{ii'f6f {Exterior angles)

Q@Q~6Q 3,4,5 (3 6 G:IQI Q~g W~6Q~ Q~~ 6'1'161~~61 ~~8~ 6Ql61 6121{(]1'<1 (3 eJQ~~
6Gi"l61Yll~ Ws~ 6'1'161 Gl_2f{(]l'<J I ~eJIG, LAGH, LBGH, LGHC (3 LGHD 62Q~§ ~~8~ 6'1'161
(3 ~gy QIQ6£tl§ 6'1'161 Q28~ ~~§ I
- f--+ +---+ f--+ ~
96~~ ~~Qll : AB (3 CD «JYll~Q g 621Qe,/6Q rn.J 6«lY!lgl;iQ 6~QQ EF G:IQI ~~
62Qe,/QI ~106£11§ 6Gi"IG1Gl_ Q£16QI~ Y169 '<JQl~Q, ~~6J...8 9eJI W~8~ (3 Q28~ 6~Q6Q g10g
Gi"Ql{(]l'<J I
E
.... '<JQ~ 6Q~IQ 6U'QQ '<J0.~1Q
QQ§
A
6Q69Gi" lllll9Q4 Q@.Q :
&l2J4 -1 : QQ~
.... ~Yll~ ~QQ6Q~I C3 6Ql~'<I

6~Q{ii' ~IQI ~ij 6i?G'l?J91

(i)
::'I -
6~6Q161~ '<IQl~Q 6Ql61 6~1"1 ~Yl£1QYll61 Q~~ ~~~,
- -- - (~~ 1.43) F

~eJl9, 00 ~Q6Q mLAGH = mLGHD (3 mLBGH = mLGHC

(ii) 6~6Ql61~ 2'.!~~£1 6Ql61 6~'"' ~YI£1QYil61 Q~~ ~2'.I~, ~afo, Q@ ~~6Q
mLEGB = mLGHD, mLDHF = mLBGH, rnLEGA = mLGHC (3 mLCHF = mLAGH
"' < < -
(iii) 6~"1 2'.l~li 6Ql6l~QQ ~~6Q~ 6~Q(i.'Q '(](ii' £11~6Q ~Q~g, 6~Yil6~ £1Qli3Q

£1QqQQ, <!'.[Link], mLAGH + mLCHG = 180° (3 mLBGH + mLDHG = 180° ~6~ I

[ 25]
 Q86QI~ ge.J4Q Q8Q1g Q~ H~.J «Jg4 ~6~ I g121 ~Y]6Q Q~IQQI I

G'2.J4 - 2 : ~Q~ '<IQ~6Q~I (3 6'<l~lg~Q 6Q@~ 6~QQ ~IQI ~~ 62Qel_QI

(i) 6f(]6Q!Gl~ '<JQl~Q 6QIG1 6fCll~I f(]Q Ql~8Q~IG1 Q~ei ~~§

QA.I (ii) 6f(]6QJG1~ ~~~8 6QIG1 6fCll~I f(]Q Ql~8Q~IG1 Q~ei ~~§
QA.I (iii) 6f(]Q ~~8'6
6QIGl~QQ ~~6~~ 6~00Q '<JQ ~1~6Q ~~g, 6Ql~l6g fCJQ ~[Link]
8Q9-._QQ ~~§; 6g6Q Ql~~ 6Q~l~Q '<l~l~Q ~~§ I E
A
~ ~~~Q~4 QQ I

Q86QI~ gei4 ~~f(]IQ1,

c+-~~~--"~~~~D

(i) mLAGH = mLGHD (Q<Q; 1.44)

F
QA.I mLBGH = mLGHC ~ ~ II Cb
(ii) mLEGB = mLGHD QI mLDHF = mLBGH QI mLEGA = mLGHC

~ +---+
QI mLCHF = mLAGH ~ AB II CD
~ +---+
(iii ) mLAGH + mLCHG = 180° QA.I mLBGH + mLDHG = l80° ~ AB II CD

Q86QI~ ge.i4 ~QQ 'Y~IGI QQQIQ ~QllQ~g ~Q£.l_ W6~ OO~lg rnQ' 6QI~~ <;,J1Ql~4
'<IA.1&6Q <ye.J6YI ~QQg 62QI I.

'<JQ <aYIG'96Q tl9~G' ~Q§ ((]QQ6Q~I~ '<JQ 6~W ~Q§ 9q6Q 6~QQ6Q, SU~
~§ t.1~~£J 6Ql"Q £JQYll" <aYll~ ~'<J, 66'69 '<IQQE>Q~I ~Q§ <aYll~ 6i?69 I '<Ji?IQ
9£JQ16' ~§ YI~ <aG'4 I G'li?I 6i?Q~-
~£J£Jl~ - 4

.
QQ§ <aYll~ ((]QQ6Q~I~ '<J~ 6~QQ 6~W6Q, 6fU 6~"~ QQ§ tl~Q£J 6Ql"Q
£JQY11" <aYll~ ~:<J I
~ ~~

-<J2 Q~~ 6~1~1~Q-<;,J1Ql~4, ~~~~ 6QIG1-<;,JIQ1~4

~ ,..$'
(3 '<l~l~Q-<;,J1Q1~4 '<1121f(]46Q ~~1(,lg .
621~1QQ I '<J016Q ~YllGI Q~lf(]IQ g12 I

[ 26]
 Q£l£ll~ - 5
~Q~ ~YllOO ~QQ6Q~IGi '<IQ 6~QQ 6~QQ6Q g6gt1Q 6'11~1 '<1~100 6Ql~Q
£JQY11~ ~Yll~ ~'<I I
(If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of alternate
angles are of equal measure.)
Q6l : L 1 11 L2 '<IQ" L3 6'<lY116g 6ii'QQ I
LI C3 L3. L2 C3 L4 ~
.... 6~~
. '<IQ~Ql61 ~ I

~IYll~'l : mL I = mL3 '<IQ" mL2 = mL4

gYll~ : L3 ~~ L2 Q '<1~29 8Q~QG 6Gl61Gi
L5 ~IQI Q~9 QQl~IQ I
Q~ 1.45)
L1 II L2 62'2.. mL5 = mLl (~~~86Ql61)

§~ mL5 = mL3 ('Y9186Gl61).

:. mLl = mL3
6'<l28Q !JY1161 QQl~IQ816Q 6~, ~gtj6~1~1 '<JQl~Q · 6Ql61Q 8QY1161 '<lYllg
C'.JZJfo, mL2 = mL4 ('YY11~9)
Q£]£]1Qlf - 6

'<JQ ~Yl6'96Q ~91 ~Q~ ~QQ6Q~IGi '<IQ 6~ ~Q~ 9q_6Q 6~QQ6Q, '1~
~Q~ '<IQl~Q 6Ql~Q £JQYll~ ~Yll~ i'<I, 66\69 '<IQ96Q'iltl ~Q~ '<IYll~Q I

(H a transversal intersects two coplanar lines and a pair of alternate angles

are of equal measure then those two straight lines are parallel.)

QGI : '<JG '<l919~6Q elQI LI (3 L2 ~Q~ QQQE>QGI L3 ~IQI flZJl~6Y1 P (3 Q ~'{.6Q

66'09 621Qii'~ I LI (3 L2 '<IG6fll~I '<IGl~Q6Gl61 '<IQ mL 1 0
= mL2 I

glYll~lf : LI II L2
gYll~ : L2 Q ~918 6GIGIG!_ 3 ~IQI £11~9 GQlfllQ - - - - - + - - - - L ,
~~ I .46 6Q mL2 = mL3 ( ~91£:1 6Gl61)
mL2 = mLJ (QG)) :. mL3 = mLl
§~ '<l9116g C'.JSi~86Gl61 I
: . L 1 II L2 ( C'.JSi62._£:16Gl61-<;J1GlkJlf) ( ~H~9)

[ 27]
PM-03/11 /16
6Ql6'1~QQ £JQY116'1Q «JYiij 180° 1
(If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then the sum of the measures
of two interior angles on the same side of the transversal is 180°.)
Q6l : LI II L2 '<IQ 0
L3 6ii'QQ LI (3 L2 Q ~eJIQ6Y1
... ~

P (3 Q Q~6Q 6ii'QQ6Q I
L3 6ii'QQQ '<IQ Gl~<a 2'.1~8<a6QIG1 L2, LI '<]Q 2'jgY81~<a ~~sea ()QIGl L4, L3 I
0

~IY116'1Y : mL l + mL2 = 180° '<IQ 0

mL3 + mL4 = 180°
L4 Q Q£'19 6QIG1~ 5 «i:IQI 01?ix;i QQl~IQ I
~Ylltl : ( ~Q 1.47 6Q) mL2 + mL5 = 180°
Cca~2x;i 9£\~QQ) .
L1 II L2 62~ mL5 = mLl (~~~9 6QIG1)

:. mL2 + mLl = 180°

()'<128£\ QY11Gl QQl~IQ816Q ()~, mL3+mL4=180° (~100)

Q£J£JI~ - 8
-<JQ '<1YIG'96Q ~91 ~Q~ '<1Q96Q<d11~ '<IQ 6~QQ ~Q~ 9'2_6Q 6~_.6Q, SU~
6~QQQ -<JQ £Jl~'i ~~a<a 6Ql6'1~QQ £JQY116'1Q '<JY!ij 180° ~'<l, 6b'69 <CIQ96Q'l\11~Q
<aY!l~Q I
(H a transv~rsal intersects two coplanar lines and the sum of the measures
of a pair of interior angles on the same side of it, is 180° then two lines are parallel.)
Q6l : -<JQ '<IY19Q()Q [Link] Lt (3 L2 '<JQQ6Q~l«i:Q~ L3 G~QQ ~eJl~G~ P (3 Q Qq_GQ
6~Q lit£)_~ I
L3 6~QQQ '<llirtll~'S '<lGG~l~I ~~sea GQIGl«i:Q L 1 '<JQ 0
L2 I
mLl + mL2 = 180°
~IYll"Y : LI II Lz
~Yll" : ( ~~ I .48 GQ) mL2 + mL3 = 180°
('<lq2g ~QQ_QQ 6GIG1)
mL2 + mLI = 180° (Q6l)
.: mL2 + mL3 = mL2 + mLI ~ mL3 = mLl·
' ~~ 1.48)
Q~ '<l~l69 ~~£1.~6QIG1 I :. Lt II Lz (~~bl£l E>GIGI ~1GI~~) (Cf,JY11~g)

[ 28]
 ~~~1~~1 - l(c)
(~) QQIQ

I. §8Q~Xi Q~£j_~Q 61n1, QI ~~ 61nl~ :

(a) L 1II L 2 (3 L)I L 1 626@ L 1II L 1
(b) LI ..L L 2(3 L2..L L3626@ LI ..L L)
(c) L 1 =L2 6Q6@L 1ll L 2 (~~g1: L 1=L2 Q ~cl 6QQ~ L 1 (3 L 2 6Q~l '<JQ ~~~ I
'<l911~Q ((JQQ6Q~I '<l 0 1llil Q4QQIQ QQ)
(d) ~Q~ '<l911~Q '<JQQ6Q~I '<JQ '<l919Q6Q ~Q~Xi I
~ ~ ~ ~
(e) LABC (3LDEFYl<$Q AB II ED (3 BC II EF 6261nlmLABC=mLDEF62Q I
L)
2. rn4<s ~~ 1.49 6Q Li II L 2 (3 Li 6((]Y!lg~Q
6ii'QQ . I 6ii'W~6Q Q~~6Ql61~~Q I, 2, 3 ........8
((] 0 ~41 ~IQI ~~g I mL3 = 65° 626@, ~~
6Ql61£j_~QQ OQY1161 ~Q QQ I
(~~ 1.49)
3. [Link]'S ~~ l.50 6Q L1 II L2 '<JQ L3'1 L §~GJ.
0

§f_lQ~g 6Ql61£j_~QQ OQ91161 ~Q QQ ~~'Slg~~'l_

Q._Q61 QQ I .__J.j-_!.f2-----i~

6Ql61~~QQ OQ91161 iQ 00 ~~'SI~~~ Q._Q61 QQ I

L2
mLx= , mLz= +------=-r::---~
mLp= , mLq= (~~ 1.50)
mLr= , mLs=

< - - -
4. rn~~ ~ 1.51 6Q L, II L 2 I ~~~ Qll921Q QQ
a, b, c, d ~IQI ~~g 6Ql61~~~Q OQYll61 iQ QQ I

A
5. [Link]~ ~ 1.52 6Q AB II 0
CD '<JQ AD II BC I~~
x,y,z Q Yllg iQ ~Q I

c
[ 29]
 R
p

s
Q (QQ 1.53)
7· QQ 1.54 6Q 'Y6b'%r QQ ~Q6~1~1 QJYll~Q 6Q~l~IQI £109 '<JQ 'Y6b'4Q QQ6Q
0
~Q~
0
6Ql61Q £lQY1161 QJ 6Q~Q OOl~IQ~ I
(i) ~ 1.54 (a) b,l. x ~ y Y1~6Q ICls:J.1& ~Q QQ I
(ii) QQ 1.54 (b) b,l.a ~ b Y1~6Q Qls:J.I& ~Q QQ I

(QQ l.54)

('iJt) ~QIQ B ...

A
8. (i) tll4ll Q~ 1.55 6Q mLABC =74°, mLEDC =38°
--+ --+
mLBCD = 36° I ty0161QQ 6~, DE II BA I ..

E
(ii) m4i 9~ 1.55 6Q mLABC = 600, mLEDC = 38°
--+ --+ <
A
-QQ DE II BA 6~Q 001~ 6~, mLBCD = 22° I
0

E
<~ ~--+ .
9. (i) tll~ll 9~ 1..56 6Q LACD Q ICJYl~~GQ CE '<JQ
0

AB <Cli? <C1911~Q 626Q, 'YY1161 00 6~, mLA=mLB

(ii) tll~'Q 9~ 1.56 6Q ct II AB , mLECD=700 -QQ
0
::--~~~~~"'--..n._~. D
mLA=500 626Q OOl~ 6~, mLACB =600 I (9~ 1.56) c
IO. tll~'Q 9~ 1.57 6Q L1 II L2 ~ L1, L2 Q 6~00 LJ
(i) mL2 =2mLJ 626Q, LI C3 L2 Q tJQ0161 ~Q 00 I

(ii) mL2 =3mLl E>~6Q, LI C3 L2 Q tlQ0161 ~Q QQ I

(iii) mLI : mL2 = 2: 3 E>iX>Q, LI C3 L2 Q tlQY'llGl ~Q

QQ I
(~~ 1.57)
[ 30]
 L,
I I. rn4cs ~~ 1.58 GQ L II Li I LJ GU'QQ L1 (3 Li B
«JQ9GQ~IG:QGl_ fJeJl~60 A (3 C Q'{_GQ 65'006Q I 0
L BAC Q '<10~~~Q (3 LACD Q c;a0~~~Q ~QQQGl_
D
0 ~GQ GU'OOQ~ I ool~ GfJ, mLAOC = 90°
(~~ l.58)

~ ~
12.(i) mqics ~~ 1.59 GQ
<
AB II CD ' mLOAB = 135°,
mLOCD = 145° 62GQ LAOC Q ~Q01€1 ~Q QQ I

rn4<s ~GQ ~ II~, mLXA0=6D°, mLYCO 0

'60~
0
(ii) : ")f. A : ~
= 7<Jl G2GQ ool~ GfJ, mLAOC = 1300
70°
4-~~1~~-1---~~~~

Y C D

(Q) 9QIQ
13. GQl~'<l ((]Q9GQ~I ~~ ~Q~ «101~Q ((]Q9GQ~l'l_ 6U'006Q 'Y01€1 QQ GfJ,
(i) 6fJ6§1Gl<a '<JQl~Q GQIGl ~Q~Q ~~8'<10~~~QG:Q ~QQQ ((]01~Q I
(ij) GfJG§JGl<a ~~~~ 6QIG1 ~Q~Q W~8Q0~~~QG:Q ~Q~Q «101~Q I
14. ~ABC Q rnLB =mLC, BC Q2 «101~Q QQ ~~g ((]Q~Q~I AB (3 AC 'l_ fJeJl~60
P (3 Q ~GQ 6U'Q QGQ Q~I~ GfJ, rnLAPQ = mLAQP I
15. GQ@'<J GQIGlQ <((QQIS( ~~ '<JQ 6QIG1Q 'iQQIS( ((]2 «101~Q 626Q 'Y01€1 QQ 6fJ, GQIGl~Q
«10~Q01€1 Q~~ QI ~QQ_QQ 626Q I
16. 6Q1£l'<l <aQ9GQ~I ~Q~ «101~Q <aQ9GQ~l'l. 6W QQ 6«le!0~~ 6~~ 6Q@'<J cy§ QA.
626Q, 'Y01€1 QQ GfJ 61121 ~~~ cyg 0~ QA. 629 I

1.9 ~~ 6Ql'1 '<IQ- '<Ji?IQ ~i 6Ql'1 (Angles of a triangle and its exterior angles):
Q£1£11Q'f - 9
6Ql~'<1 2~~ e~Ql'1Q £1Qf11'1Q <afl~ 180° I
(The sum of the measures of the three angles of a triangle is 180°)
QQ : ABC 6Ql€1~ 6Ql£1'<l ~~~ I

tylfllQf : mLA + mLB + mLC = J800

[ 31]
 A E
~~ : A Q~ Yi~ E;Qg b°it 2'.J~g Gi'Q 6fl8QGi'
t--t t--t <-
DE 11 BC 'GQ" D - A - E (A , D (3 E Q Yl~QGl1Q'i)

'GQ" D Q~ At Q B 81~6Q 2'.JQ~G 62Q I

~Yll(.1 : 2'.J~g 2'.Jq_f!l~1 8 , L DAC Q ~~6Q~6Q 2'.JQ~G I
m L D A B + m L BAC =mLDAC (~~ 1.60)
( 6~1~1~Q - ~1Glf54) .... (i)
~ < ~
A Q ~1~Q~ A , DE Q86Q 2'.JQ~G I
m L DAC + mL CAE = 180° ('<1~2G t:JQQ_QG 6Gl61) ... ... (ii)
( i) (3 ( ii ) bl_ ~9QI, mLDAB + mLBAC + mL CAE = 180° .. .... (iii)
· t--t ~ -
D E II BC (3 AB 6'<1Yllg~Q 6U'QG I
m L DAB =mLABC ('GGl~Q) .. .... (iv)
- - ~ ~
6'<128Q DE II BC (3 AC 6'<1fllg~Q 6U'QG I
:. mLCAE = mLACB ( 'GGi'l~Q) ...... ( v)
(iii ), (iv) (3 (v) GJ. ~QQI, mLABC + mLBAC + mLACB = 1800
2'.J<'Jfo, dABC 6Q, mLA + mLB + mLC"' 180° (W!~G)
C'.Jq_~~I~ : 1. 6Ql~'G '<1Y16Ql611 ~q~ 'i_~6Gl61~Q [Link] · 2'.J~Q_QG I "'
2'.J~~~I~ : 2. 6Ql~'G ~q~Q 6Ql~G£1. 2'.l~Q '<1Y16Ql61 QI ~6Ql61 QQ81QQ g12 I
C'.J~~~I~ : 3. 'GQ QG)ljjil ~~q~Q QIQ6Ql61Q 8QY1161Q '<JYlij 360° I
~~Yl 6'2]6116Q ~6Y1Y116g 8Q1!alYJ.._ljjilQ ~Y1161 Yll~Y16Q 2'.J~~fii'I~ : 3 Q «lG%1I ~8QQ,~
QQQJIQ~ I 2'.JIQJ 'G21Q q~YJ.._ljjilQ ~Y1161~'1. \iillQQI I A D
< ,r-.
~6l : ABCD 'GQ ~q~ I
~IYll(.11.f :- -m~-ABC + mLBCD + mLADC + mLBAD =36()0
~--g : ABCD ~q~Q BD QI$] 2'.J~g GQ I
dADB 6Q mLABD + mLBDA + mLBAD = 1800 ........ (i) ei--:-(_--- ----J c
' ~~ 1.6 1)
6QJQ8Q dCBD 6Q mLCBD + mLBDC + mLBCD =1800 ....... (ii)
(i) (3 (ii ) £1. (mLABD + mLCBD) + mLBCD +
(mLBDC + mLBDA) + mLBAD = 1800+ 1800 ........(iii)
ABCD~~ QQljjil 621Qe!QIGJ.B, LADCQ ~~6006Q (3 D, LABCQ ~~6'3~Q ~~G' I
mLABD + mLCBD = mLABC (3
mLBDA + mLBDC =mLADC (E><yl~l~Q - <;J1Gl~4) .•...•..• (iv)
(iii ) (3 (iv) Gl 9j§QI, mLABC + mLBCD + mLADC + mLBAD
= 180° + 180° = 360° (~100)

[ 32]
 ~~~ Q~8'i6{ii'l61 (Exterior angle of a triangle)
Q_QbJ.. G._6Ylrn6g ~~~Q Q28'i16Ql61 Q 8Q6Q ~l~lr I ~IQ Qllil_ Y16g£1QIQQI I
0

((]
0
U1 : ~~~Q ~~8'i6{ii'l61Q ((]~~G'€1QqQQ 6Ql61~ ~~~Q QQ8'i 6{ii'l61 ~21fll'<l I
'C - ~ - - ~
81.q]'il \;'~6Q CB bl Q8Q1Q b!cq\ CP 626@ LACB bl
'<IQ Q~2g 8QQ_QQ L ACP ~Q2Jl'<I I
- - ~ -
6Q28Q CA Q Q8Q1Q Qcq\ CQ 626@ LACB bl
- ~
~gy p
'<IQ Q~2Q8QQ_QQ LBCQ ~Q2Jl'<I I
(~~ 1.62)
~
BP (3 AQ
~ -
bl 61rQQ~ C 62G._ LACP (3 LBCQ '<IQ 6~1~1 QQ18
Q

6Ql61 I 8'~6Q 6Q"'QQ 8QY1161 QYllg I

0
Q &lll~~IQl L\ABC Q ~l~Q~ C 6Q ~ij 62Qf.!QI Q28~ 6Ql61"'Q LACP (3 LBCQ I
Q~YQQ L\ABC Q LPCQ '(]Q Q2scs 6Ql61 ~62 I
L\ABC Q LB (3 LC lil_A 016Q f.!QI Q28'i} 6Ql61Q W~'i} ~QQ6ll 6Ql61 (Remote interior
angles) lil_21~1'<1 I 6'<128Q LC (3 LA lil_B 016£! eJQI Q28'i} 6Ql61Q ~~8'i} ~QQ6'll 6Q16l
'<IQ LA (3 LB ~ c 016£! f.!QI Q2scs 6Ql61Q ~~8'i} ~QQG'll 6Ql6l lil_21~1'<1
0

0
I
~~~£! 6Q1£1-<1 Q~6£l GQ~ Q2scs 6Ql61£l £JQY116l -<1Q -<121£i ~~s~ ~£lQ@1 6Ql6l~Q£l 0

- < - - < -
· 8£lY116l 91~6Q f.!QI '<1°8Qlil_ G._691 8Ql~IQ_~Q Q9116l 911~916£! ~161'<11£llr I Q@911g ~~

Q€1€11~lf - 10
2~'G?Q 6QJ61~ '<J{ii' Q28'i 6{ii'l61Q €1QAl61 '<l~IQ 2'.J~~ ~QQ~i 6Ql6l~QQ £lQAl61Q
((JAij <tl2 <tlAI~ I
(The measure of the exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
measures of its remote interior angles.)
~ : dABCQ C ~6Q Qi28~6Ql61 LACD I
'<l21Q ~~8~ ~QQ@1 6Ql61~Q LA '<IQ LB A
0

grAl61lf : mLACD =mLA + mLB

gAl61 : dABC 6Q
mLA + mLB + mLC = 180° (Qt181QY - 9)
§~ mLC + mLACD = J80° ( Q~2g tJQ~QGi')
:. mLA + mLB + mLC =mLC + mLACD B C D
mLA + mLB =mLACD
~ ( ~~ 1.63)
("JeJ19, mLACD =mLA + mLB

[ 33]
 tl~~I~: 1
~~ 6Ql€1~ ~i 6Ql€1Q £JQf11€1, '<l~IQ gE>G"IQ 2'.l~i 6Ql€1 £JQf11€1 01~ ~ I
Q8tJIQll - I 0 Q Qfllt.16Q Q28l} m L ACD = mLA + mLB
El~tU_ m L AC D, m L A !3 mL B Q6~4Q 01~ ~%'IQ I
..
tl~~~I~: 2

~~~ 9~i 6Ql€1fll~~Q ~Qf11€1Q <aflij. 360° I

A A BC Q E>Ql~Q Q'i_ A, B, c OIE>Q ~[Link]~Elfl At, BA (3 ~ Q Q8Q1X>' Q~ 2'.J~R QQQI

~IQI QQ~ Q2a<Q 6Qlt.1QQQ 8Qfllt.l '<lflij 360° 6QIQ Qfllt.l QQ81QQI I
mLACD = mLA + mLB, E

mLBAE =mLB + mLC !3

mLCBF = mLA + mLC I
:. mLACD + mLBAE + rnLCBF
= 2 (mLA + mLB + mLC) D
c
(~Q 1.64)
=2 x 1800 = 3600 ( 'Yfl!OO)

rJ~~1~g1- t(d)
("') 9QIQ
I. §~ Q§~~Q fl~~ q~ Q§ 81~()Q 'x' ~~ '<JQ 0
OQ, g§ 81~6Q '.,/' ~~ Q~ I
(a) ()§161~ Qq~ ~~ 6QIGIQ OQfllGI '<lflij ~gm 6QIGIQ OQfllGI Ql2 Qlfllg 626~ Qq~g
((]fl()Ql611 I D
(b) G§l61~ Qq~ ~ GQIGlQ OQfllGI ((JM ~gm GQIGIQ OQfllGl 01~ ~Q 626Q, QqW
~()Q1611 I D
cc) §q~ E>Q@'<l Q2sl] E>QIGIQ oof11G1 '<l21Q ~~sea ~Q611 E>QIGl~QQ OQfllGiQ «lYiij ·«12
00~1 D
( d) E)Q@'<J §q~Q ~g6~6Q 6Q@'<J 'i_~QIGl Q~IQQ I D
( e) §q~ g§E)Ql61Q OQflfGIQ {clflij «lWI 1800 I D
(f) E)Q@'<J «lf16Ql611 ~q~ 'i_~6QIGl~Q OQ~QQ OQ~Q I D
(g) ~q{i?Q 92s'S6QIG1 «1~1 '<IQ 'i_96QIG1 I D
(h) ~~ ~~6QIOO aOOIGl '<121Q ~6G'%i' ~~CS ~Q6ll 6.Qf61Q 8QY11G1 01~ ~Q I L
[34]
2. t_~I~ @61 QQ I
(a) 6Q@'<l '<1~6Ql611 §qll'Q i~6Ql61~Q rn.1£.l_ 6Q@QQ £JQ~l61 30° 626G, 2'.1~4~Q £lQY1161
....... I
(b) ~q\l'Q 6Q@'<l Q2syi6Ql61Q £JQY1161 130° 1'<l21Q '<lQ 2'.lasyi ~QQ~1 61i1161Q £JQY1161 75°
6~Q, 2'.l~ 2'.lasyi ~QQG1l 6Ql61Q .£JQY1161------- 1
(c) ~ABC 6Q mLA = 55° '<JQ mLB = 75° 6Q6Q LC Q £lQY1161------- I
0

(d) 6"161~ ~q\l'Q 6Ql61Yll~_,,.Q £lQY1161Q '<1Ylij ------- I •

(e) ~ABC 6Q mLA =90°, mLB = 2 mLC 626Q LC Q £lQ~l61------ I
(f) ~ABC 6Q AB =AC , mLA = 60° 626G mLB =-------
(g) 6~@-Q ~q\l'Q ~1cB6Ql61Q £lQY1161 120° '<]Q ~~4 ~Q6Ql61Q £lQYll61 '<1~1~ 626Q, ~694Q
0

'<1~~Ql61Q £lQYllG1 ------ I

(h) ~ABC 6Q AB =AC, mLB = 30° 626G LA Q £lQ~l61-------- I
3. §~6Q Q2'.Jl~IQf,!QI ~694Q 0Q6Q 'x' 0~9 6Ql6iQ £1Q~l61 'aQ QQ I

125°

130°
(i) (ii)

(vii)
(iv) (v) ( 0Q 1.65) (vi)
A
(~)~~IQ

~ ABC Q ~~B'S '<JQ Q'i 0 I Q~j~ 6~,

mLBOC=mLBAC+mLABO+mLACO

XO
.,__.,......<--,____ _~ (~~ 1.67)
A B

[ 35]
R-03/
 A
6. ~ ABC GQ LA Q QY'l~~~Q AD, BC ~
D Q~6Q 6ii'0Q6Q I
0~iC'J6(1, mLABC + mLACE = 2mLADC
e'----~---,..--~E

7. L\ ABC 6Q mLB = 900 I BD .lAC I QY1161QQ6~, A

mLABD =mLACB '<JQ mLBAD =mLDBC I
0

au--------c
A (9~ 1.69)

~c
8. L\ABC 6Q DE 11 BC, mLABC = 60° '(!Q 0

mLDEC = 135° 6~6Q, LA Q £1QY11G1 ~Q QQ I

(Q) 9QIQ
(~~ 1.70)
9. ~Y11G1QQ 6(1, 6§1G1~ Qq9Q Q6614'1' 6(11~16QIG1Q £lQY1161Q' ((J~ij, ~91Q6QIGIQ £l§rnG1
' ,.1
Olbl_ ~~Q 6~Q, Qq~£1 ~~6Ql611 I
10. ~ABC 6Q mLABC =mLACB, LBAC Q ~Yl~~GQ BC ~ D Q'l6Q GQ'0 Q6Q I QY11G1
GQ6(1,AD, BC Q§ QA. I E:
I I. ~ABC 6Q LB Q C'J~8Q~~~GQ '<JQ° C Q'l6Q QQ~
Q28'fl6QIG1Q QY'l~~GQQ 6Q'Q Q'( E 626Q, QY11G1 ' -' '
I
QQ 6(1, mLBEC =2 mLA I B o
- ·-
c (~~
- 1.7.1)
12. ~C 6Q LABC (3 LACB Q ~~8QY'l~GG't{Q £1QVJQ~ 0 ~6Q G~' QGQ, QY11G1 li1'Q

6(1, mLBOC =90° + 2I mLA I

I 3. L\ABC 6Q LB (3 LC Q Q~8QY'l~~GQ't{Q £1QVJQ~ 0 Qq_6~~Q'Q Q6Q, ~YllGI GQ6(1
I
mLBOC = 90° - 2 mLA I

14. rn4'fl 9~6Q PS, LP Q QY'l~~GQ '<JQ 0 PT .iQR

I
QY1161 QQ 6(1, mLTPS =2<mLQ - mLR)
Q----T~
. ~~~~--R
(Q~ 1.72)
15. L\ABC 6Q OC QYl~Q'2_ Q '<lQBQ =AQ 626Q, ~Y11G1GQ6(1, LBAC «1Y16Gillt;J I
0

I6. ~ABC Q 0 '<IQ ~~ll Q'2_ I (!~ mLOAB = mLOCA ~'<l, ~~161 QQ 6(1,
mLAOC + mLBAC =180° I
[ 36]
•••