Medical Terminology: A Living Language

Seventh Edition

Chapter 6
Blood and the Lymphatic and
Immune Systems

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Blood at a Glance
• Red blood cells and plasma in the blood transport substances in the body.

• White blood cells fight infection.

• Platelets initiate the blood clotting process.

• Blood components include:

– Plasma
– Blood cells—erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

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Blood Illustrated

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Anatomy and Physiology of Blood
• The average adult has about five liters of blood.

• Blood is a mixture of cells floating in watery plasma.

• There are three types of blood cells:

– Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
– Leukocytes (white blood cells)
– Platelets

• Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.

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Plasma
• About 55% of the blood is plasma.

• Plasma is 90–92% water and 8–10% dissolved substances.

• Proteins are among the dissolved substances.

– Albumin transports fatty substances.
– Gamma globulins act as antibodies.
– Fibrinogen is a clotting protein.

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Erythrocytes
• Erythrocytes are red blood cells.

• They are enucleated biconcave disks.

• Adults have about 35 trillion red blood cells.

• Hemoglobin gives these cells their red color.

– It is a pigment containing iron.
– It is responsible for transporting oxygen.

• Red blood cells live 120 days and are removed from circulation by the liver.

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Leukocytes (1 of 3)
• Leukocytes are white blood cells.

• They are spherical with a large nucleus.

• White blood cells provide protection against pathogens.

• There are two types:

– Granulocytes have granules in cytoplasm.
– Agranulocytes do not have granules.

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Leukocytes (2 of 3)
• There are three types of granulocytes:
– Basophils release histamine and heparin to damaged tissue.
– Eosinophils destroy parasites and increase during allergic reactions.
– Neutrophils engulf foreign material and dead cells via phagocytosis.

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Leukocytes (3 of 3)
• There are two types of agranulocytes:
– Monocytes engulf foreign and damaged cells via phagocytosis.
– Lymphocytes provide protection during the immune response.

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Platelets
• Platelets are the smallest formed element of the blood.

• They are platelike fragments of larger cells that have broken apart.

• Platelets are critical to blood clotting.

– They agglutinate at a site of damage.
– They release substances that contribute to clot formation.

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Blood Typing
• Each person's blood is different from the blood of others.
– Marker proteins on the surface of erythrocytes cause these differences.

• Blood typing must be done before a blood transfusion.

– This test determines whether donor blood is compatible with recipient blood.
– The ABO and Rh systems are key.

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Blood Typing: ABO System (1 of 3)
• There are two possible red blood cell markers, A and B.
– Blood with the A marker is type A blood.
 Type A blood produces anti-B antibodies.
 Anti-B antibodies attack type B blood.
– Blood with the B marker is type B blood.
 Type B blood produces anti-A antibodies.
 Anti-A antibodies attack type A blood.

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Blood Typing: ABO System (2 of 3)
• There are two possible red blood cell markers, A and B.
– Blood with both markers is type AB blood.
 Type AB blood produces no antibodies.
 It will attack no other blood types.
– Blood with no markers is type O blood.
 Type O blood produces both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
 It will attack all other blood types.

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Blood Typing: ABO System (3 of 3)
• Type O blood has neither A nor B markers.
– It is not attacked by antibodies in other blood types.
– As such, it is the universal donor type.

• Type AB blood has no antibodies.

– It cannot attack other blood types.
– As such, it is the universal recipient type.

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Blood Typing: Rh Factor (1 of 2)
• There are two possibilities for Rh factor, Rh-positive and Rh-negative.
– Blood with Rh factor is Rh-positive.
 It does not make anti-Rh antibodies.
– Blood without Rh factor is Rh-negative.
 It makes anti-Rh antibodies

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Blood Typing: Rh Factor (2 of 2)
• Rh-positive blood has no antibodies.
– It cannot attack Rh-negative blood.
– As such, it can receive either type.

• Rh-negative blood has antibodies.

– It will attack Rh-positive blood.
– As such, it can receive only Rh-negative blood.

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Blood Formation
• Hemopoiesis
– Occurs in blood islands in fetus
– Occurs in red bone marrow in born humans

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Blood Stoppage
• Hemostasis
– Three Phases
 Vasospasm
 Platelet plug formation
 Coagulation
– Final common pathway
• Fibrinogen converted into fibrin by thrombin

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Additional Combining Forms (1 of 3)
Combining Form Definition
bas/o
chrom/o
coagul/o
cyt/o
eosin/o
erythr/o
fibrin/o
fus/o

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Additional Combining Forms (2 of 3)
Combining Form Definition
hem/o
hemat/o
leuk/o
lip/o
lymph/o
morph/o
myel/o
neutr/o

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Additional Combining Forms (3 of 3)
Combining Form Definition
phleb/o
sanguin/o
septic/o
thromb/o

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Additional Suffixes (1 of 4)
Sufffix Definition
-apheresis
-crit
-cyte
-cytic
-cytosis
-emia
-globin protein

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Additional Suffixes (2 of 4)
Sufffix Definition
-ia
-ic
-ion
-logy
-lytic
-oid
-oma
-otomy

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Additional Suffixes (3 of 4)
Sufffix Definition
-ous
-penia
-philia
-philic
-plastic

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Additional Suffixes (4 of 4)
Sufffix Definition
-rrhage
-rrhagic
-tic

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Additional Prefixes (1 of 2)
Prefix Definition
a-
an-
anti-
auto-
contra-
dys-
homo-
hyper-

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Additional Prefixes (2 of 2)
Prefix Definition
hypo-
mono-
pan-
poly-
trans-

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Anatomical Terms (1 of 2)
Term Definition
pertaining to a WBC that attracts a
basophilic
basic pH stain
pertaining to a WBC that attracts a
eosinophilic
rosy red stain
erythrocytic pertaining to a red blood cell
fibrinous pertaining to having fibers
hematic pertaining to blood

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Anatomical Terms (2 of 2)
Term Definition
leukocytic pertaining to a white blood cell
pertaining to a WBC formed in
lymphocytic
lymphatic tissue
pertaining to a WBC with a single
monocytic
large nucleus
pertaining to a WBC that attracts
neutrophilic
neutral pH stain
sanguineous pertaining to blood
thrombocytic pertaining to a clotting cell or platelets
thrombotic pertaining to a clot

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Medical Specialties
Specialty Definition
The branch of medicine specializing
in treatment of diseases and
hematology
conditions of the blood. Physician is
a hematologist.

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Signs and Symptoms
Term Definition
to convert a liquid to a solid, as in blood
coagulate
clotting

dyscrasia general term for disease affecting blood

collection of blood under the skin as a
hematoma result of blood escaping into tissue from
damaged blood vessels
hemorrhage blood flowing out of a vessel

a hard collection of fibrin, blood cells,

thrombus and tissue debris that is the result of the
blood-clotting process

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Figure 6.4
Electronmicrograph showing a blood clot, composed of fibrin, red blood cells, and
tissue debris.

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Blood Pathology
Term Definition
genetic disorder; blood fails to clot
hemophilia
due to lack of one clotting factor
excessive level of lipids in the
hyperlipidemia bloodstream; risk factor for
atherosclerosis
pancytopenia having too few of all blood cells
having bacteria or their toxins in the
septicemia bloodstream; also called blood
poisoning

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Erythrocyte Pathology (1 of 3)
Term Definition
group of conditions characterized by a
reduction in number of RBCs or the
anemia
amount of hemoglobin; results in less
oxygen reaching tissues
severe anemia; red bone marrow stops
aplastic
making sufficient blood cells; may
anemia
require bone marrow transplant
erythrocytosi
condition of having too many RBCs
s
erythropenia condition of having too few RBCs

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Erythrocyte Pathology (2 of 3)
Term Definition
hemolytic
results from destruction of RBCs
anemia
destruction of RBCs when a patient
hemolytic
receives an incompatible blood
reaction
transfusion
results from insufficient amount of
hypochromic
hemoglobin in RBCs; RBCs are unable to
anemia
transport sufficient oxygen
iron-
results from an insufficient amount of
deficiency
iron to make hemoglobin for RBCs
anemia

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Erythrocyte Pathology (3 of 3)
Term Definition
pernicious insufficient absorption of vitamin B12;
anemia (PA) unable to make enough RBCs
polycythemi condition of having too many RBCs;
a vera blood is too thick and flows sluggishly
genetic disorder where RBCs take on
sickle cell
abnormal sickle shape; become more
anemia
fragile leading to hemolytic anemia
genetic disorder in which the body is
thalassemia unable to produce functioning
hemoglobin

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Figure 6.5
Comparison of normal-shaped erythrocytes and the abnormal sickle shape noted in
patients with sickle cell anemia.

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Leukocyte Pathology
Term Definition
cancer of white blood cell-forming portion of
red bone marrow; results in large number of
leukemia
abnormal and immature WBCs circulating in
bloodstream
leukocytosis condition of having too many WBCs
leukopenia condition of having too few WBCs
lymphocytic type of leukemia in which the abnormal WBCs
leukemia are lymphocytes
myeloid type of leukemia in which the abnormal WBCs
leukemia are granulocytes

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Platelet Pathology
Term Definition
thrombocytope
condition of having too few platelets
nia
condition of having too many
thrombocytosis
platelets

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Clinical Laboratory Tests (1 of 3)
Test Definition
automated machine that analyzes different
blood analyzer
characteristics of a blood specimen
incubation of blood to identify bacteria and
blood culture and
determine the best antibiotic to use against
sensitivity (C&S)
them
set of tests that includes RBC count, WBC
complete blood count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white
count (CBC) blood cell differential, and platelet
count
erythrocyte
determines the rate at which RBCs settle in
sedimentation
a test tube
rate (ESR)

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Clinical Laboratory Tests (2 of 3)
Test Definition
hematocrit
measures volume of RBCs
(HCT, Hct, crit)
hemoglobin
measures amount of hemoglobin present
(Hgb, hb, HGB)
platelet count determines the number of platelets
prothrombin time measures how long it takes for blood to
(pro-time, PT) coagulate and form a clot
red blood cell
measures the number of red blood cells
count (RBC)

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Clinical Laboratory Tests (3 of 3)
Test Definition
red blood cell examines RBCs for abnormalities in
morphology shape

white blood cell measures the number of white blood

count (WBC) cells

white blood cell

determines the number of each variety
differential
of white blood cell
(diff)

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Medical Procedures
Procedure Definition
sample of bone marrow removed by
bone marrow
aspiration and examined for diseases
aspiration
such as leukemia and aplastic anemia
incision into vein in order to withdraw
phlebotomy blood for testing; also called
venipuncture

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Figure 6.6
Phlebotomist using a needle to withdraw blood.

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Therapeutic Procedures (1 of 2)
Procedure Definition
autologous collection and storage of patient's
transfusion own blood prior to actual need
artificial transfer of blood into the
blood transfusion
bloodstream
patient receives red bone marrow
bone marrow
from donor after patient's own bone
transplant (BMT)
marrow has been destroyed
homologous replacement of blood with blood
transfusion from another person

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Therapeutic Procedures (2 of 2)
Procedure Definition
transfusion of only red blood cells
packed red cells
without plasma
removal of whole blood, followed by
separation of plasma from formed
plasmapheresis elements; formed elements are
returned to the patient with donor
plasma
transfusion that is a mixture of both
whole blood
plasma and formed elements

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Blood Pharmacology (1 of 2)
Term Definition
the sum action of two or more drugs given
additive to a patient; the total strength is equal to
the sum strength of the individual drugs
a condition in which a particular drug
contraindication
should not be used
alteration of the effect of one drug by
drug interaction
another drug taken at the same time
use of one drug to boost the effects of
potentiation another; the total strength is greater than
the sum of the individual strengths

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Blood Pharmacology (2 of 2)
Drug Type Use Example
prevents blood clot warfarin,
anticoagulant
formation Coumadin
antihemorrhagic prevents bleeding Amicar, vitamin K
interferes with action
antiplatelet agent Plavix, Ticlid
of platelets
Activase, tissue
fibrinolytic dissolves existing clots plasminogen
activator
increases RBCs or
hematinic Procrit, Aranesp
hemoglobin

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Blood Abbreviations (1 of 4)
Term Definition
ac before meals
ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia
AML acute myelogenous leukemia
ante before
basos basophils
BMT bone marrow transplant
CBC complete blood count
CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia

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Blood Abbreviations (2 of 4)
Term Definition
CML chronic myelogenous leukemia
diff differential
eosins, eos eosinophils
ESR, SR, sed rate erythrocyte sedimentation rate
et and
HCT, Hct, crit hematocrit
Hbg, Hb, HGB hemoglobin
lymphs lymphocytes

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Blood Abbreviations (3 of 4)
Term Definition
monos monocytes
PA pernicious anemia
pc after meals
PCV packed cell volume
PMN, polys polymorphonuclear neutrophil
PT, pro-time prothrombin time
RBC red blood cell
Rh+ Rh positive

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Blood Abbreviations (4 of 4)
Term Definition
Rh- Rh negative
segs segmented neutrophil
WBC white blood cell

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The Lymphatic and Immune Systems at a
Glance
• The lymphatic system is a network of vessels that picks up excess tissue fluid and
absorbed fats.

• The immune system fights disease and infections.

• Organs include lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, the spleen, the thymus gland, and the
tonsils.

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The Lympatic and Immune Systems Illustrated

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Anatomy and Physiology of the Lymphatic
and Immune Systems
• The lymphatic system serves three diverse purposes:
– It collects and purifies excess tissue fluid, called lymph.
– It assists with fat absorption.
– It works with the immune system to form the body’s defense against pathogens.

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Figure 6.7
Lymphatic vessels (green) pick up excess tissue fluid, purify it in lymph nodes, and
return it to the circulatory system.

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Lymphatic Vessels (1 of 2)
• Lymphatic vessels form a network of ducts throughout body.

• Ducts are one-way pipes that conduct lymph toward the thoracic cavity.

• It is a low pressure system that uses valves to prevent backflow.

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Figure 6.8A
Lymphatic vessel with valves within tissue cells.

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Figure 6.8B
Photomicrograph of lymphatic vessel with valve clearly visible.

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Lymphatic Vessels (2 of 2)
• Lymphatic vessels begin as very small lymph capillaries in tissues.

• The capillaries merge into larger lymph vessels.

• Finally, the vessels drain into one of two large lymphatic ducts:
– The right lymphatic duct
– The thoracic duct

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Lymph Nodes (1 of 2)
• Lymph nodes are small organs made of lymphatic tissue.

• They house lymphocytes and antibodies that remove pathogens and cell debris from
lymph.

• They also trap and destroy cells from cancerous tumors.

• Lymph nodes are particularly concentrated in several body regions.

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Lymph Nodes (2 of 2)
Lymph Node Place on Body Procedure
drain arms and
axillary armpits
shoulders

cervical neck drain head and neck

drain legs and lower

inguinal groin area
pelvis

mediastinal chest drain chest cavity

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Figure 6.9
Location of lymph vessels, lymphatic ducts, and areas of lymph node concentrations.

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Figure 6.10
Structure of a lymph node.

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Tonsils
• The tonsils are a collection of lymphatic tissue on each side of the throat.

• There are three sets of tonsils:

– Palatine tonsils (oropharynx)
– Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) (nasopharynx)
– Lingual tonsils (root of tongue (laryngopharynx)

• Tonsils act as filters to protect the body from pathogen invasion.

• They are not essential organs.

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Figure 6.11
The shape of a tonsil.

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Spleen
• The spleen is located in the left upper quadrant (left hypochondriac region)

• It consists of lymphatic tissue that is highly infiltrated with blood vessels.

• Vessels spread out into slow-moving blood sinuses lined with macrophages.

• The spleen destroys old red blood cells, recycles iron, and stores blood.

• It is not an essential organ.

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Figure 6.12
The shape of the spleen.

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Thymus Gland
• The thymus gland is located in the upper portion of the mediastinum.

• It is essential for immune development.

• It secretes thymosin, which changes lymphocytes to T lymphocytes.

• The thymus is active through adolescence, when it begins to shrink in size (involution).

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Figure 6.13
The shape of the thymus gland.

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Immunity (1 of 3)
• Immunity is the body's ability to defend itself against pathogens.

• There are two forms of immunity.

– Natural immunity is non-specific and does not require prior pathogen exposure.
– Acquired immunity is the body’s response to a specific pathogen and may be
passive or active.

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Immunity (2 of 3)
• Passive acquired immunity results when a person receives protective substances
produced by another human or animal.

• Examples:
– Maternal antibodies crossing the placenta (natural passive)
– Antitoxin or gamma globulin injections (artificial passive)

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Immunity (3 of 3)
• Active acquired immunity develops following direct exposure to a pathogen (natural
active).
– The pathogen stimulates the immune response.
– Upon subsequent exposure, the body recognizes the pathogen quickly.

• Immunizations or vaccinations create active acquired immunity (artificial active).

– They contain weakened or modified pathogens (attenuated).

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Immunity: Immune Response (1 of 3)
• Pathogens are recognized as foreign because of their unfamiliar proteins.

• These proteins are called antigens, and they stimulate the immune response.

• The immune response involves two distinct and different processes:

– Humoral or antibody-mediated immunity
– Cellular or cell-mediated immunity

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Immunity: Immune Response (2 of 3)
• Humoral immunity is production of B lymphocytes or B cells.

• B cells respond to antigens by producing antibodies.

• Antibodies combine with the antigen to form an antigen–antibody complex.

• The complex can target the pathogen for phagocytosis.

• It can also prevent the pathogen from harming healthy cells.

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Immunity: Immune Response (3 of 3)
• Cellular immunity involves production of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells.

• These are cytotoxic defense cells.

– They physically attack and destroy pathogenic cells.

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Immunity: Standard Precautions (1 of 3)
• Nosocomial infections are acquired in the hospital and take several forms:
– Cross-infection: A pathogen is acquired from another person.
– Reinfection: A person becomes infected again with same pathogen.
– Self-inoculation: A pathogen spreads from one body site to another.

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Immunity: Standard (Universal)
Precautions (2 of 3)
• Wash hands before putting on and after removing gloves and before and after working
with each patient or with patient equipment.

• Wear gloves when in contact with any body fluid, mucous membrane, or non-intact skin,
or if you have chapped hands, a rash, or open sores.

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Immunity: Standard Precautions (3 of 3)
• Wear a nonpermeable gown or apron during procedures that are likely to expose you to
any body fluid, mucous membrane, or non-intact skin.

• Wear a mask and protective eyewear or face shield when patients are coughing or if
body fluid droplets or splashes are likely.

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Standard Precautions
• Wear face mask and eyewear that seal close to the face during procedures that cause
body tissues to vaporize.

• Remove for proper cleaning any shared equipment that has come into contact with body
fluids, mucous membranes, or non-intact skin.

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Additional Combining Forms (1 of 3)
Combining Form Definition
adenoid/o
axill/o
conjunctiv/o
cortic/o
immun/o
inguin/o
lymph/o
lymphaden/o

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Additional Combining Forms (2 of 3)
Combining Form Definition
lymphangi/o
myel/o
nas/o
nucle/o
path/o
pneumon/o
rhin/o
sarc/o

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Additional Combining Forms (3 of 3)
Combining Form Definition
splen/o
thym/o
tonsill/o

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Additional Suffixes (1 of 3)
Suffix Definition
-al
-ar
-ary
-atic
-ectomy
-edema
-gram
-graphy

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Additional Suffixes (2 of 3)
Suffix Definition
-ia
-iasis
-ic
-itis
-logy
-megaly
-oma
-osis

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Additional Suffixes (3 of 3)
Suffix Definition
-pathy
-therapy

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Additional Prefixes
Prefix Definition
anti-
auto-
mono-

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Anatomical Terms
Term Definition
axillary
inguinal
lymphangial
lymphatic
splenic
thymic
tonsillar

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Medical Specialties
Term Definition
A physician who specializes in testing for
allergist
and treating allergies.
A branch of medicine concerned with
diagnosis and treatment of infectious
immunolog
diseases and other disorders of the
y
immune system. Physician is an
immunologist.
A branch of medicine concerned with
determining the underlying causes and
pathology
development of diseases. Physician is a
pathologist.

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Signs and Symptoms
Term Definition
appearance of wheals as part of allergic
hives
reaction
tissues' response to injury; includes redness,
inflammation
pain, swelling, and feeling hot to touch
edema in the extremities due to an
lymphedema obstruction of lymph flow through lymphatic
vessels
splenomegal
an enlarged spleen
y
severe itching associated with hives; linked to
urticaria
food allergies, stress, or drug reactions

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Figure 6.15
Inflammation as illustrated by cellulitis of the nose. Note that the area is red and
swollen. It is also painful and hot to touch.

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Allergic Reactions (1 of 2)
Term Definition
allergic inflammation and narrowing of airways
asthma triggered by inhaling allergens
allergic
inflammation of the conjunctiva caused
conjunctivit
by allergens in the air
is
allergic an allergic reaction caused by inhaling an
rhinitis allergen
hypersensitivity to a common substance;
allergy
substance is called an allergen

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Allergic Reactions (2 of 2)
Term Definition
life-threatening condition from severe
anaphylactic allergic reaction; circulatory and
shock respiratory problems occur; also called
anaphylaxis

contact skin irritation caused by the skin coming

dermatitis in direct contact with an allergen

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Lymphatic System (1 of 3)
Term Definition
adenoiditis inflammation of the adenoids
disease resulting from immune system
autoimmune attacking its own body; examples include
disease rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus
erythematosus
inflammation and obstruction of lymph
elephantiasis vessels; results in enlarged tissues due
to edema
Hodgkin's cancer of the lymphatic cells found in
disease (HD) concentration in lymph nodes

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Lymphatic System (2 of 3)
Term Definition
inflammation of lymph nodes;
lymphadenitis
commonly called swollen glands
lymphadenopat
general term for lymph node disease
hy
lymphangioma tumor in a lymphatic vessel

lymphoma tumor in lymphatic tissue

mononucleosis acute viral infection with a large
(mono) number of atypical lymphocytes

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Lymphatic System (3 of 3)
Term Definition
non-Hodgkin's cancer of the lymphatic tissues other
lymphoma (NHL) than Hodgkin's lymphoma
thymoma tumor of the thymus gland

tonsillitis inflammation of the tonsils

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Figure 6.16
Photo of the neck of a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma showing the swelling
associated with enlarged lymph nodes.

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Immune System Pathology (1 of 3)
Term Definition
acquired
defect in cell-mediated immunity; result
immunodeficiency
of final stages of HIV infection
syndrome (AIDS)
AIDS-related early stage of AIDS; mild symptoms
complex (ARC) include weight loss, fatigue, and anorexia
complication of bone marrow transplant;
graft versus host
immune cells from donor marrow attack
disease (GVHD)
recipient's body
human
virus that causes AIDS; known as a
immunodeficiency
retrovirus
virus (HIV)

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Figure 6.17
Color enhanced scanning electron micrograph of HIV virus (red) infecting T-helper
cells (blue).

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Immune System Pathology (2 of 3)
Term Definition
immune system does not function
immunocompromised properly; also called
immunodeficiency disorder
skin cancer seen in AIDS
Kaposi's sarcoma
patients; brownish-purple skin
(KS)
lesions that spread to organs
cancer that originates in plasma
multiple myeloma cells; over time, malignant cells
collect in the bone marrow
opportunistic infection appearing in an
infection immunocompromised person

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Immune System Pathology (3 of 3)
Term Definition
pneumocystis common in AIDS patients; an
pneumonia (PCP) opportunistic infection
autoimmune disease; forms
sarcoidosis fibrous lesions in multiple organs
of body
severe combined genetic disorder; individuals are
immunodeficiency born without a functioning
syndrome (SCIDS) immune system

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Nosocomial Infections
Term Definition
infection by a group of bacteria with
carbapenem-resistant
resistance to antibiotics called
Enterobacteriaceae
carbapenems; occurs in healthcare
(CRE) infection
settings
infection causes inflammation of the
Clostridium difficile
colon; symptoms include diarrhea,
(C. diff) infection
nausea, fever, and abdominal pain
methicillin-resistant infection with bacteria resistant to
Staphylococcus many common antibiotics; spread
aureus (MRSA) through contact with contaminated
infection surfaces

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Clinical Laboratory Tests
Term Definition
blood test to diagnose autoimmune
antinuclear
disease; presence of antibodies
antibody test
indicates the immune system is
(ANA)
attacking the body
blood test for HIV that detects both
HIV HIV antigens and antibodies;
antigen/antibody antigens can be detected shortly after
immunoassay exposure and antibodies can be
detected within eight weeks

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Diagnostic Imaging
Term Definition
lymphangiogram X-ray record of lymphatic vessels
lymphangiograp X-ray taken of lymphatic vessels
hy after injection of dye
images of soft tissues created using
magnetic electromagnetic energy; when
resonance imaging exposed to the magnetic field, nuclei
(MRI) in the body’s atoms emit radio-
frequency signals

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Figure 6.18
Magnetic resonance image (MRI) showing a sagittal view of the brain, oral cavity,
nasal cavity, and spinal cord.

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Additional Diagnostic Procedures
Term Definition
Monospot blood test for infectious mononucleosis
allergy testing in which body is exposed
skin allergy
to allergens through light scratch,
testing
injection, patch, or prick on the skin

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Medical Procedures
Procedure Definition
Immunotherapy in which a regular
injection of a tiny amount of allergen is
allergy shots
administered; over time, sensitivity to the
allergen is reduced
immunotherap Injection of immunoglobulin or antibodies
y to treat a disease
exposure to weakened pathogen to
stimulate immune response; person is then
vaccination able to fight off the pathogen on
subsequent exposure; also called
immunization

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Surgical Procedures
Procedure Definition
adenoidectomy surgical removal of the adenoids

lymphadenectom surgical removal of a lymph node;

y done to test for malignancy

splenectomy surgical removal of the spleen

surgical removal of the thymus
thymectomy
gland
tonsillectomy surgical removal of the tonsils

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Lymphatic and Immune Pharmacology (1 of
2)
Drug Type Use Example
blocks the effects of
Zyrtec,
antihistamine histamine released during
Benadryl
allergic reaction
anti-inflammatory
prednisone,
corticosteroids hormones; used to treat
Solu-Medrol
autoimmune diseases
block immune system;
immuno- CellCept,
prevent rejection of
suppressants Neoral
transplanted organs

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Lymphatic and Immune Pharmacology (2 of
2)
Drug Type Use Example
inhibit protease, an
protease Crixivan,
enzyme needed for viruses
inhibitor drugs Fortovase
to reproduce
inhibit reverse
reverse
transcriptase, an enzyme Epivir,
transcriptase
needed for viruses to Retrovir
inhibitor drugs
reproduce

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Lymphatic and Immune Abbreviations (1 of
3)

Term Definition
AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ANA antinuclear antibody
ARC AIDS-related complex
C. diff Clostridium difficile
CRE carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae
GVHD graft versus host disease
HAI healthcare-associated infection

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Lymphatic and Immune Abbreviations (2 of
3)

Term Definition
HD Hodgkin’s disease
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
Ig immunoglobulin (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM)
KS Kaposi's sarcoma
mono mononucleosis
MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
NHL non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

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Lymphatic and Immune Abbreviations (3 of
3)

Term Definition
NK natural killer cells
PCP pneumocystis pneumonia
SCIDS severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome

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Copyright

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